General Chemistry II Equation Sheet

Think about how to set up the problem first, then apply the needed principles and formulas.

Phase Changes Acids and Bases

∆Tb = iKb m Kw = [H3 O+ ][OH − ] = Ka × Kb
∆Tf = iKf m pOH = − log[OH − ]
π = iM RT [OH − ] = 10−pOH
c = kP pH + pOH = pKa + pKb = 14.00 (at 25◦ C)
c1 c2 [A− ]
p1 = p2 pH = pKa + log [HA]
◦ [BH + ]
Psolution = χsolvent Psolvent pOH = pKb + log [B]
◦ ◦ [H3 O+ ]eq
∆P = Psolvent − Psolution = χsolute Psolvent % ionization [HA]0
× 100%
pKa = − log(Ka )
Cells pKb = − log(Kb )
E = E◦ − RT
nF ln(Q) Ka = 10−pKa
E = E◦ − 0.0592
n log(Q) (at 25◦ C) Kb = 10−pKb
∆G = −nF Ecell
∆G◦ = −nF Ecell
◦ Equilibria
◦ = RT [C]c [D]d
Ecell nF ln(K) Qc = [A]a [B]b
◦ = [C]c [D]d
Ecell 0.0592V
n log(K) (at 25◦ C) Kc = [A]a [B]b
d
PD ·PCc
USE ONE: Qp = PA ·PBb
a

d
◦ = E◦ ◦ PD ·PCc
Ecell cathode(red.) − Eanode(red.) Kp = PA ·PBb
a

◦ = E◦
Ecell ◦ Kp = Kc [R × T ]∆n
cathode(red.) + Eanode(ox.)
∆G = ∆G◦ + RT ln(Q)
Thermodynamics ∆G◦ = −RT ln(K)
∆G = ∆H − T ∆S rate = k[A]x [B]y
−∆Hsys Ea
∆Ssurr = T k = Ae− RT
∆Suniv = ∆Ssys + ∆Ssurr ln( kk21 ) = Ea 1
R ( T2 − 1
T1 )
◦ ◦ ◦ ln(2)
∆Srxn = ΣSproducts + ΣSreactants half life = k (1st order reactions only)
∆G◦rxn = Σ∆G◦products + Σ∆G◦reactants [A]t = −kt + [A]o
ln([A]t ) = −kt + ln([A]o )
1 1
Concentrations [A]t
= kt + [A]o
molessolute
molality = mass
solvent(kg)
molessolute
% by mass = masssolute +masssolvent × 100%
molessolute 6
parts per million = masssolute +masssolvent × 10
molessolute 9
parts per billion = masssolute +masssolvent × 10
Burdge, J., & Overby, J. (2018). Chemistry: Atoms First. McGraw-Hill Education.