PISA Based Questions in Scientific Literacy 2 Preapared by Students

Acid Rain
The Taj Mahal at Agra is a beautiful

historical monument made of pure white marble. The experts have warned that air pollution
around the Taj Mahal area is discolouring its white marble and also corroding it slowly. This poses
a threat to the beauty of Taj Mahal. Actually, the Mathura oil Refinery near Agra as well as the
various industries in and around Agra are emitting gaseous pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides into air which cause acid rain. The acids present in acid rain react with the marble
(calcium carbonate) of Taj Mahal monuments and corrode it slowly.
The slow corrosion of marble of a monument

by acid rain is also known as Marble
Cancer. The suspended particulate matter such as soot particles emitted in the smoke from
Mathura Oil Refinery is discolouring the pure white marble of Taj Mahal by turning it yellowish.
The supreme court of India has taken several steps to save Taj Mahal from the damage being
caused by air pollution. It has ordered all the industries in Agra area to switch over to cleaner fuels
like LPG and CNG to reduce air pollution. It has also asked vehicles to be run on CNG or
unleaded petrol in the Taj Mahal area.
QUESTION NO 1.The phenomenon of acid rain was discovered during industrial revolution. Who
discovered the phenomenon of acid rain?
QUESTION NO 2.Though the PH of neutral water is 7, rain water is acidic due to mixing up with
atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Select the pH value of acid rain from the following values which of the following PH is rain
regarded as acid rain?
a) 7
b)7.3
c) 5.6
d) 6.9
QUESTION NO 3. Complete the following reaction between Acid rain and the marble (calcium
carbonate)
CaCO3+H2SO4 ----------> ----------+ ---------+ CO2
QUESTION NO 4.The acidic air pollution gets deposited on the Earth’s surface. The acidic air
pollutants reach the Earth’s surface because of wet deposition only.
a)True
b)False
Answer Key
1. Answer: Robert Angus Smith.

Full Credit: for correct response
No Credit: for no or incorrect response.
2. Answer: Option c
No Credit: for no or incorrect response
3. Answer: CaSO4+H2O
Full Credit: for all correct response
Partial Credit: for one correct response
4. Answer: b False
No Credit: for no or incorrect response.
Prepared by:
SURPREET KOUR
8TH
JNV
Jammu
BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is the key to managing environment. An ecosystem that retains a high biodiversity
(that is, a wide variety of living things) is much more likely to adapt to human-caused
environmental change than is one that has little.
Consider the two food webs shown in the diagram. The arrows point from the 5 organism that
gets eaten to the one that eats it. These food webs are highly simplified compared with food webs
in real ecosystems, but they still illustrate a key difference between more diverse and less diverse
ecosystems.
Food web B represents a situation with very low biodiversity, where at some levels the food path
involves only a single type of organism. Food web A represents a more diverse ecosystem with, as
a result, many more alternative feeding pathways. Generally, loss of biodiversity should be
regarded seriously, not only because the organisms that have become extinct represent a big loss
for both ethical and utilitarian (useful benefit) reasons, but also because the organisms that remain
have become more vulnerable (exposed) to extinction in the future.
Q1. In FOOD WEB A, Only two animals have three direct (immediate) food sources. Which two
animals are they?
a. Native Cat and Parasitic Wasp
b. Native Cat and Butcher Bird
c. Parasitic Wasp and Leaf Hopper
d. Parasitic Wasp and Spider
Q2. Food webs A and B are in different locations. Imagine if Leaf Hoppers died out in both
locations. Which one of these is the best prediction and explanation for the effect this would have on
the food webs?
a. The effect would be greater in food web A because the Parasitic Wasp has only one food
source in web A.
b. The effect would be greater in food web A because the Parasitic Wasp has several food
sources in web A.
c. The effect would be greater in food web B because the Parasitic Wasp has only one food
source in web B.
d. The effect would be greater in food web B because the Parasitic Wasp has several food
sources in web B.
Q3. What is the purpose of a food chain?
a. To show that organisms eat which food.
b. To show the importance of Sun’s energy.
c. To depict the predator/prey relationships between organisms.
d. To show the transfer of energy between trophic levels.
Q4. Biodiversity is important to keep an area (biome) healthy. In this example “Food Web A” is
sustainable. Why?
a. If one organism is removed the food web can still operate with little or no negative effect.
b. If an organism is removed, the food web will collapse and will affect the environment.
c. It depends on the organisms, which is to be removed.
d. None of the above.
Q5. Biodiversity also known as biological diversity refers to

a. The same species in a general location.
b. The number of different species in a given area.
c. The number of animal species in a given area.
d. The number of plant species in a given area.
Answer Key
1. Answer: Option a
2. Answer: Option a
3. Answer: Option d
4. Answer: Option a
5. Answer: Option b
Prepared by
INJEELA NAZIR
CLASS XITH
JNV SHOPIAN
BIODIVERSITY
It is presumed that life on the planet earth originated around 4billion years ago. The original life forms
underwent progressive changes from simple to complex forms in the course of ages and resulted in
great variety of microorganisms, algae, fungi, plants and animals in the biosphere. Biodiversity refers
to array of species of microbes, algae, fungi, plants and animals. India is rich in biodiversity due to
diversified climatic conditions. But many factors contribute to the extinction of species resulting in
loss of biodiversity such as hunting, forest fires, deforestation and pollution. According to
IUCN(International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) Red list data 2004
there is extinction of 784 species in the last 500years.recent extinctions include Dodo bird, Quagga,
Steller’s sea cow; Java, Caspian and Bali species of tiger. Biodiversity is important to run the food
chain and food webs of our ecosystem. Due to mass extinction these chains will be going to disturb
the balance of our ecosystems. So government has initiated several programmes under the guidance of
IUCN and constructed National parks, Wildlife sanctuaries and Biosphere reserves to protect the flora
and fauna.
Read the above passage carefully and answer the following questions:
1. Which of the following specie(s) are/is extinct?
a) Quagga b) Dodo c) Both a and b d) None of the

above
2. Man and wild animals survive in their individual habitats. Is their existence linked or
not? Substantiate.
3. What can we do to protect these animals?
4. In 2004, which organization was not involved for providing the data for the extinction of
784 species of organisms.
a)UNESCO and IUCN b)IUCN and MAB c)MAB and UNESCO d)UNEP
and IUCN
5. Give the term used to denote the diversity among living beings.
6. Answer Key
1. Both a & b
Full credit- Option C
Partial Credit: Option a OR b
No credit- No response or other response
2.
Full credit- They are components of various food chain and food webs
Their elimination will cause disturbance in the ecosystem.
Partial Credit: If response correct partially
No credit- No response
3.
Full credit- We can protect these animals by prohibiting hunting and deforestation,
by constructing national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves.
Partial Credit: for partially correct response
4.
Full credit- Option C
No credit- Other response or no response
5.
Full credit- Biodiversity
No credit- Other response or no response
Prepared by
Adity Sharma
Xth
JNV Udhampur
BIOFERTILISERS
During morning walk one day, Rahul asked his uncle who was a plant pathologist that he wanted to
control plant pests as these were destroying his garden. But he did not want to use chemicals due to
their long-term harmful effects on the environment. His uncle suggested him to go for biological
control methods. He told Rahul that the fertilizers reduces the fertility of soil and further in the later
stages that area become barren due to prolonged use of harmful fertilizers whereas biofertilzers do not
affect the environment; further cause no harm to the useful organisms present in the soil. They have
certain microbes such as Cyanobacteria, Azospirillum, Nostoc and Oscillatoria.
They also not cause atmospheric pollution, are cheap and economical. These fertilizers improve
physical and chemical properties of soil.
That is why biofertilisers are in trend as they are useful and beneficial for soil.
Read the above passage carefully and answer the following questions:
1. Which of the following is an example of Biofertiliser?
a)Nostoc b)Urea c) NPK d)None of these
2. Why do scientists advise to use Biofertilisers?
3. Which of the following is a harmful fertilizer that affects the soil?
a)DAP b)Urea c)Urea and NPK d)All of these

4. What value is displayed by Rahul?
5. Give two examples of Biofertlisers?
Answer Key
1. Nostoc
Full credit- Option a
No credit- Other option
2. a. Cause no harm to soil
b. Biofertilizers are Eco-friendly
Full credit- for correct response

No Credit: for incorrect response
3. All of these
Full credit-Option d
No credit- Other option
4. Care of Environment/ Concern for Safe Envioronment

Full credit- He was concerned about the environment
5. Cyanobacteria, Azospirillum, Oscillatoria and Nostoc

Full credit- Any of two abovementioned examples
No credit- No response or incorrect response
Prepared by
Arun saloch
IXth
JNV Udhampur
Carbon cycle
Carbon cycle involves the following processes:-
a. Photosynthesis: In this process plants form their food by absorbing the atmospheric carbon in
the form of carbon dioxide gas and release oxygen gas.
b. Respiration: In this process plants and animals use oxygen for the breakdown of glucose stored
in the cells to release CO2, water and energy.
c. Decomposition: In this process dead plants and animals get decomposed to release carbon into
the environment.
d. Combustion: Burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide gas into the environment as a
byproduct.
e. Movement of carbon from the atmosphere to the oceans: The oceans, and other water bodies,
soak up about a quarter of the carbon dioxide to form carbonates. Thus, the amount of carbon
dioxide, so formed, is almost equal to the amount of carbon dioxide consumed & hence, its
concentration in air remains same.
Now answer following Questions
Q.1 Carbon is absorbed from the atmosphere by :

a) Respiration of human beings.
b) Leguminous plants.
c) Photosynthesis in plants.
d) All the above.
Q.2 Suggest two ways to control the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Q.3 Carbon is released back into atmosphere by:

a) Respiration of all living organisms.
b) Decomposition of plants and animals by microbes.
c) Burning of fossil fuels.
d) All the above.
Q.4 Select Agree / Disagree for the following statements.
a) Carbonates are formed when the oceans and other water bodies soak up about quarter of CO2
cycle is the process by which carbon compounds in producers are taken by the consumers.
b) Photosynthesis is the process in which breakdown of glucose happens
Answer key
1. Answer: Option c
Full credit: for correct response
No credit: for any other response
2. Answer: i. Plantation ii. Not burning the fossil fuels

Full credit: for any two appropriate facts.
Partial credit : for one correct response
No Credit: for No or incorrect response
3. Answer: Option d
No credit: for any other response
4. a. Answer: a. Agree
Full credit if response is Agree
No credit for any other response
b. Answer: b. Disagree
Full credit if response is Disagree
No credit for any other response
Prepared by:
Harmanpreet Singh
IX
JNV Ropar
1. Community and individual health issues:
If health means a state of physical, mental and social well-being, it cannot be something that each one
of us can achieve entirely on our own. The health of all organisms will depend on
their surroundings or their environment. The environment includes the physical environment. So, for
example, health is at risk in a cyclone in many ways. Human beings live in societies. Our social
environment, therefore, is an important factor in our individual health. We live in villages,
towns or cities. In such places, even our physical environment is decided by our social Environment.
Consider what would happen if no agency is ensuring that garbage is collected and disposed. So, if
there is a great deal of garbage thrown in our streets, or if there is open drain water lying stagnant
around where we live, the possibility of poor health increases.
Therefore, public cleanliness is important for individual health. We need food to be healthy,
and this food will have to be earned by doing work. For this, the opportunity to do work has to be
available. We need to be happy in order to be truly healthy, and if we mistreat each other and are
afraid of each other, we cannot be happy or healthy. Social equality and harmony are therefore
necessary for individual health. We can think of many other such examples of connections between
community issues and Individual health.
On the basis of your understanding of the above passage answer the following questions:
Q1.What would happen if no one takes responsibility for clearing the drains and ensuring that water
does not collect in the streets or open spaces?
i) results in spread of water borne disease. ii) results in spread of vector borne diseases
iii) affects community health iv) all of the above
Q2. Out of following which statement is true about the provisions made by your local authority
(panchayat/municipal corporation) for the supply of clean drinking water.
a. listing of sources of drinking water in an area
b. amount of drinking water required in an area
c. ensuring safe drinking water in all schools, anganwadis and other public places.
d. all of the above
Q3.From a global point of view ______________ is very important , otherwise it would lead to filthy
physical environment which increases the uncleanliness (like accumulation of garbage in soil,
polluted water bodies & polluted air).
Answer Key
Q1. Option d
Q2. Q1. Option d

Q3. Social environment / social harmony / social awareness.

Full credit: for Correct response
No credit: any other response.
JNV Bilaspur
COVID-19
In February, 2020, WHO announced a disease, COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus. COVID-
19 is an acronym that stands for coronavirus disease of 2019.A novel coronavirus is a new
coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. It is different from the coronavirus that
cause common cold and those that caused SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) in 2002 and
MERS in 2012.
It is a zoonotic disease. A zoonotic disease is one that begins in animals and is transmitted from
animals to people. Now this disease has become a pandemic and crores of people across the world has
been infected by this virus.
So be cautious, wear mask, stay safe and maintain physical distancing not social distancing to remain
unaffected from this disease. Take preventive measures to stop this disease from spreading.
Q. 1 Write the full form of Covid-19.
Q. 2 Which animal is the vector of this virus-
a. Pig b. Cow
c. Bat d. None of the above
Q. 3 Name any two zoonotic disesases.
Q. 4 MERS and SARS are –
a. Viral disease
b. Bacterial diseases
c. Fungal diseases
d. Both a and b
Answer Key
1. Answer: Corona Virus Disease-19. 19 stands for 2019

2. Option d
3. Answer: Malaria, Chicken pox, Dengue, Cholera etc
Full credit: for all correct response
4. Answer: Option a
Prepared by-
Karamveer kaur
8A
JNV, BATHINDA
DISEASES
The disease causing micro organisms are called pathogens. Microbial disease that can spread from an
infected person to a healthy person through any agency are called communicable diseases. Agencies
that can cause the spread of communicable diseases may be air, contaminated food, water and other
drinks, use of utensil and clothes of infected person and physical contact.
Flies carry the disease causing microbes from excreta (faecal matter, spit etc) of the infected person to
the food or drinks of a healthy person. In this way, flies and some other insects like cockroaches act as
carriers of microbes. These carriers of disease causing microbes are also called vectors.
Ques.1 What is the other name given to disease causing microorganisms?
Ques.2 Tick True/ False
a) Common cold spreads through sneezing. T/F.
b) common cold is not a communicable disease. T/F.
Ques.3 Cholera is caused by-----
a. Virus b. Bacteria c. Fungi d. Protozoa
Ques.4 Select the communicable diseases from the following:
a. Diabetes b. Hypertension c. Malaria d. Covid-19 e. Coronary Heart Disease f. Influenza

g. Cancer h. Diarrhea i. Cataract j. Dengue
Ques.5 Name any two vectors other than flies and cockroach.
ANSWER KEY
Q1. Full credit—pathogens
No credit---for wrong respons
Q2. Full credit—(a) T , (b) F
Partial credit—for any one correct answer
No credit----for both wrong answers
Q3. Full credit-----bacteria
No credit—for other options
Q4. Full credit--- c, d, f, h and j
Partial Credit: for any correct response

No credit---for all incorrect response
Q5. Full credit---Mosquito, ticks, fleas
Partial credit---for one correct response.
No credit---for all incorrect responses
Prepared by:
Abhijeet Kumar
Class VIII
JNV Faridkot
Evaporation
Evaporation takes place all around us, always and everywhere. Science has been studying it more
carefully for more than 120 years and so far we have all been convinced that we have a good
understanding of this phenomenon. However, when we look into the details of the process of
evaporation, we suddenly see how much we have missed. Seemingly, we already know everything
there is to know about evaporation. However, we've had another surprise: it turns out that small drops
are stragglers and they evaporate more slowly than their larger counterparts, according to physicists
from the Warsaw Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences. When a gas molecule approaches a
liquid surface at a distance of several to a dozen or so means free paths, it virtually stops colliding
with other molecules in its environment. At this point, a typical description of the phenomenon by
means of thermodynamics is no longer sufficient. Near the surface of the liquid, energy transport
takes place in a different manner, ballistically. The gas molecule simply takes its energy and hits the
surface, sometimes several times. If the drop is large, its surface from the point of view of the gas
molecule will be practically flat. Therefore, when such a molecule bounces off the surface, it can
collide with another nearby gas molecule and hit the surface again, depositing another portion of
energy into it. The situation changes when the drop decreases in size and its surface becomes more
and more curved. The particle then bounces off the surface generally once, after which it flies off into
space. The transfer of energy to the interior of the liquid is thus less effective. As a result, the drops
evaporate more slowly the smaller they are, and the process can be slowed down at least several
times.
Q1. What is referred to as ‘straggler’ in this paragraph? Why is it so?
Q2. Write true of false:
i) Evaporation takes place at a particular temperature.

ii) ii) Surface exposure has no role in evaporation.
iii) iii) Evaporation decreases on increasing humidity.
iv) iv) Process of evaporation brings about cooling effect.
Q3. What happens when a gas molecule approaches a liquid surface at a distance of several to a dozen
or so means free paths?
Q4. Which phenomenon can not merely b described by means of thermodynamics? What else is
required to be considered?
ANSWER KEY
1. Answer: Someone in a group which becomes separated from the others in some manner. It is so
because it evaporates more slowly as compared to their larger counterparts.
Full Credit: for all correct responses

No Credit: for no or all incorrect response
2. Answer: i)F; ii) F; iii) T; iv)T

Partial Credit: for one/ two/three correct responses
3. Answer: It virtually stops colliding with other molecules in its environment

4. Answer: Evaporation. Ballistic collision of gas molecules with liquid molecules and energy
transfer between them must be considered.
Prepared by:
HARSHDEEP KAUR,
11TH SCIENCE
JNV HOSHIARPUR
HERBARIUM
Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed and preserved on
sheets. Further, these sheets are arranged according to universally accepted system of classification.
These specimens along with their description on herbarium sheets, become a store house or
repository for future use. The herbarium sheets also carry a label providing information about date
and place of collection, English local and botanical names, family, collector’s name, etc. Herbaria
also serve as quick referral systems in taxonomical studies.
1. Herbarium is _____________________
a. A collection of the herbs in dried form
b. A garden with varied collection of herbs
c. A garden with a collection of medical herbs
d. A centre for the preservation of dried specimens of plants
2. Quick referral systems in taxonomical studies is ________

a. Monograph
b. Manual
c. Herbaria
d. Botanical Garden
3. Which type of information is provided by label in herbarium sheets?

4. How plant is preserved on herbarium sheet?
Answer Key
1. Option d
2. Option c
3. Provides information about date and place of collection; botanical and vernacular name; its
taxonomical classification and collector’s name
4. Plant is spread flat on herbarium sheets and dried in a plant press between absorbing paper like
blotting paper
Radhika
11th science
JNV Kullu
2
Inheritance of Characters
Organisms look like their parents. On Mango plant mangoes grow, not the guava; Cat gives birth to
cat and so on. What makes it possible to pass the characters from one parent to the offspring? It was
a big question for the Biologists. Gregor Mendel, a Austrian Monk performed the experiments and
gave the concept of Inheritance of characters. He performed the experiments on Pea plant. Let us
take example of hybridisation experiment carried out by Mendel where he crossed Tall and dwarf
pea plants to study the inheritance of One gene. He collected the seeds produced as a result of this
cross and grew them to generate plants of the first hybrid generation. This generation is also called
First Filial progeny or F1.Mendel observed that all the F1 progeny plants were tall, like one of its
parents, none were dwarf.
He made similar observation for other pairs of traits- he found that F1 always resembled either one of
parents, that the trait of other parent was not seen in them.
Mendel then self pollinated the tall F1 plants and to his surprise, he found that in the Filial generation
2 some of the offsprings were dwarf, the character that was not seen in F1 generation was now
expressed.
QUESTIONS:-
1. The plants observed by Mendel in F1 generation are-
a)Tall b)like one of its parents c)dwarf d) None of these
d)1and 2
2. Mendel self pollinated the tall a F1 generation plants and found that there were not any dwarf
plants in F2 generation as in F1 generation.
a)True b)False.
3. Why did Mendel conduct this experiment?
4. What is Filial1 progeny?
3
ANSWER KEY
1. Answer: Option d)1 and 2

2. Answer: False. In F2 progeny plants were dwarf also.
3. Answer: The experiment was conducted to study the inheritance of one Gene.
4. Answer: When cross was conducted and seeds were grown to generate plants of first hybrid
generation. This Generation is also known as first Filial progeny or F1 .

Prepared by:
DIKSHA
12th Sci
JNV Bhatinda
4
Microorganisms
There are tiny organisms everywhere in the world which cannot be seen with the naked eye. They are
located in water, on land, and in the air. They can be found in people’s homes, workplaces, and even
in places that seem to be spotlessly clean. These tiny organisms are called microorganisms or
microbes. There are five different types: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
They are the smallest and simplest kind of living things, numbering into the billions upon trillions,
and can only be seen using a microscope. They come in all kinds of varieties, shapes and sizes. These
can be found alone or in groups called colonies. There are more microbes on the planet than any other
kind of living organism. There are some called heterotrophic, which depend on other living organisms
to survive. Others make their own food, just like plants, and are called autotrophic. Microorganisms
can reproduce sexually, parents are involved, or asexually, no parent cells are joined.
The microorganisms live in cold, hot, wet, and dry climates living between rocks, in caves, deep
below the ocean, at the North Pole, or in food which can then be dangerous to consume. However,
there are microorganisms which are beneficial to other living organisms as well.
Many of them have symbiotic relationships, meaning they benefit themselves and the larger
organisms. Some of the relationships are beneficial, but others can be damaging to a larger organism.
Some of the microorganisms can cause a disease and are known as pathogens. This is how many
people become ill.
An example of a beneficial microorganism is a bacterium in milk which helps convert milk to curd.
Microorganisms are also helpful in other food-making such as brewing, winemaking, and baking.
Microorganisms are vital to the food, nitrogen, and carbon cycle and they have a key role in virtually
all ecosystems. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, help with breaking down the dead and decaying
organisms’ remains through decomposition increasing the soils fertility. They are used for making
medicines such as the antibiotics a person takes when they have a flu or fever. Some bacteria and
fungi are used to make the medicines. In addition, some vaccines are dead or weakened versions of
microbes used to help the body produce natural antibodies to prevent diseases like polio, cholera,
typhoid, small pox, hepatitis and others.
Though microbes are extremely valuable to people and other organisms, they can also become
harmful and deadly. They can cause diseases in plants and animals, as well as grow in various food
substances. The food can become poisonous causing a person serious illness or even death. There are
microorganisms that can spoil items in the home like clothing, leather, wood and many others.
Microorganisms can cause many of the infectious diseases as well, such as the pathogenic bacteria
causing plague, tuberculosis and anthrax. Protozoa can cause malaria; fungi can cause ringworm. All
of the disease-causing microbes can enter a person’s body through the air, water, food, or contact with
others, or by insects.
5
Question 1 – Microorganisms come in all kinds of varieties, shapes and sizes and can be found alone
or in groups called ________.
a) Herds
b) Antibodies
c) Colonies
d) Hives
Question 2 - All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:
a) Microbes are extremely valuable to human being and other organism.

b) Bacteria help with breaking down dead and decaying organisms' remains.
c) Microorganisms can be harmful and deadly.
d) Fungus cause malaria
Question 3 - Which of the following microorganisms are used to make medicines?
a) Bacteria and fungi

b) Fungi and protozoa
c) Protozoa and bacteria
d) Algae and viruses
Question 4 - Which of the following best describes a heterotrophic microorganism?
a) Depends on other organisms for food.

b) Can survive by making its own food.
c) Survives only on plants.
d) Uses other organisms to survive and can make its own food
Question 5 – Write any five benefits of Microorganisms.
6
Answer Key
Q1. Option c)
Full Credit: For correct Response
No Credit: For incorrect response
Q2. Option d)
Q3. Option a)
Q4. Option a)
Q5. Benefits of Microorganisms are : Making of curd, Brewing, Decomposition of Organic Waste,
Wine-making, Preparation of medicines
Full Credit: For all correct Response
Partial Credit: For partially correct responses
Prepared by:
SAMAYRA
CLASS – VIII
JNV KULLU
7
Sexual Reproduction and Genetic Variation
If all reproduction were accomplished through the cell cycle, life would be quite dull, because mitosis
produces only genetically identical progeny. With only mitosis; you, your children, your parents, your
brothers and sisters, your cousins, and many people you don’t even know would be clones — copies
of one another. Only the occasional mutation would introduce any genetic variability. This is how all
organisms reproduce for the first 2 billion years of Earth’s existence (and the way in which some
organisms still reproduce today). Then, some 1.5 billion to 2 billion years ago, something remarkable
evolved: cells that produce genetically varied offspring through sexual reproduction. The evolution of
sexual reproduction is one of the most significant events in the history of life; the pace of evolution
depends on the amount of genetic variation present. By shuffling the genetic information from two
parents, sexual reproduction greatly increases the amount of genetic variation and allows us for
accelerated evolution. Most of the tremendous diversity of life on Earth is a direct result of sexual
reproduction. Sexual reproduction consists of two processes. The first is meiosis, which leads to
gametes in which chromosome number is reduced by half. The second process is fertilization, in
which two haploid gametes fuse and restore chromosome number to its original diploid value.
Now answer following questions:

Question 1) What is mitosis?
Question 2) ………. produces only genetically identical progeny
Question 3) What makes offspring different (in looks/genetically) from parents?

a) Mutation b) Error during gamete formation
c)Combination of two different gametes d)All the above
Question 4) which type of reproduction cause most variation in offsprings?

a)Asexual reproduction b)Sexual reproduction
c)Binary fission d)Fragmentation
Answer Key
1. Mitosis is a type of cell division in which a cell divides into two daughter cells which are
identical to each other and have no variation.
Full Credit: for correct definition
2. Mitosis
8
3. Option d
4. Option d
Prepared by JAGROOP SINGH CLASS XI SCI
CHECKED By Hemant Sharma PGT BIOLOGY
JNV GOINDWAL SAHIB TT PUNJAB 143422
9
TOOTH DECAY
Normally bacteria are present in our mouth but they are not harmful to us. However, if we do not
clean our teeth and mouth after eating, many harmful bacteria also begin to live and grow in it. These
bacteria break down the sugars present in the leftover food and release acids. The acids gradually
damage the teeth. This is called tooth decay. If it is not treated in time, it causes severe toothache and
in extreme cases results in tooth loss. Chocolates, sweets, cold drinks and other sugar products are the
major culprits of tooth decay. Therefore, one should clean the teeth with a brush or daatun at least
twice a day and rinse the mouth after every meal. Also one should not put dirty fingers or any
unwashed object in the mouth.
Ques.1 Microorganisms are---
a. Harmful only b. Beneficial only c. Both harmful as well as beneficial.
d. None of the above
Ques.2 The discovery of _________proved that microorganisms are our friend as well as foe.
a. Cell b. Microscope c. Nucleus d. Cytoplasm
Ques.3 Tick True/ False
a) Bacteria are present only in our mouth. T/F
b) We all carry microorganisms on all our body, more than our own weight. T/F
Ques.4 Why should we brush the teeth after dinner ?
ANSWER KEY
Q1. Full credit---option c
No credit----for any other option
Q2. Full credit---option b
No credit---any other option
Q3. Full credit----(a)F, (b) T
Partial credit----for any one correct response
1
0
No credit-----all wrong responses
Q4. Full credit---To prevent tooth decay
Partial Credit—Any other relevant response
No credit---for irrelevant response
Prepared by-
Abhijeet Kumar
Class: 8th
JNV Kauni Faridkot
1
1
WATER POLLUTION
Like air pollution, water pollution is also becoming big problem in India. Any undesirable and
harmful change in the quality of water which makes it unfit for living organisms or drinking by
humans is called water pollution. When we add waste containing organic waste in water, the
decomposers start its decomposition. As a result decomposers consume dissolved oxygen (DO)
present in water, So biological oxygen demand (BOD) increases in the water. High BOD is an
indicator of polluted water which can be tested in the laboratory by chemical test.When hospital waste
is added in the water bodies, it releases harmful bacteria and other germs which can spread many
diseases in peoples using this water. Some industries add hot water to water bodies which suddenly
increase the temperature of water and kill many aquatic animals like fishes.
Q1.1 Which of the fallowing do not indicate water pollution :
a. High BOD
b. High DO
c. High temperature
d. Disease causing bacteria
Q1.2 a. Decomposers increases the amount of oxygen in water true/ false
b. Decomposers plays important role in water pollution true/ false
c. We can test the amount of BOD in water. True/ false
Q1.3. Name any one diseases spread by water pollution.
Q1.4. What is Ganga Action Plan?
Ans.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..
Q. 1.5. Why does the BOD of polluted water increase?
Ans………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………
1
2
Answer Key
1.1 Answer: Option b High DO

1.2 a. false -- all three correct then full credit

b. true -- any of the three wrong then no credit
c. true
Full credit: for all correct response
Partial Credit: for one or two correct responses
No Credit: for all incorrect response
1.3 Answer: Cholera/ diarrhoea etc any one.

1.4 Answer: It is a plan made by government of India to control the water pollution of Holy river
Ganga.
1.5 Answer: When microbes consume waste present in the water they use dissolved oxygen so BOD
increases.
Preparede by - Sneha
11th medical
JNV-Hoshiarpur, Punjab
1
3
Noise and Music
The sound which produces pleasant effect on our ears and mind is called musical sounds e.g. the
sound produced by musical instruments like piano, violin flute etc is a musical sound. The sound level
in musical sound usually lies between 10dB and 30dB. Melophobia is the fear of music.
The sound that produces discordant and not pleasing to our ears is called noise. The sound produced
by machines in factory, old car, scooter, airplanes etc are noise. The sound level in noise usually lies
above 80Db.
Musical sound is produced by services of regular waves which follow one another at regular intervals
without any sudden change in amplitude. Noise produced by series of waves at irregular intervals of
time and there are sudden changes in amplitude. Noise is usually at low amplitude.
Q1.what is the sound level in which music lies?
a. 10-30
b. 30-40
c. 40-70
d. Above 80
Q2.Complete the following paragraph by using: pleasant, sound level, regular manner, amplitude.
The wave of musical sound is present in _______, while in noise it is irregular. The main
difference is music is light and______ to hear and nose is harsh and unpleasant, which means______
of music is low while in noise it is high. Generally the ________ of music is low and high in noise.
Q3. Fear of noise is called __________.
Limit of sound level of music is___________.
Q4. State whether true or false.
Acoustic phobia is the fear of music.
1
4
Answer Key
Q1.
Answer: Option a
Full credit: Correct Response
No credit: any other answer
Q2. Answer: regular manner, pleasant, sound level, amplitude.
Full credit: for all correct responses
Partial Credit: For one/two/three correct responses
No credit: any other answer.
Q3.
Answer: Acoustic phobia, 40dB
Full credit: for all correct responses
Q4.
Answer: false.
Kumar Ayush
8th class
JNVUNA
1
5
1
6

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Acid Rain

The Taj Mahal at Agra is a beautiful

The slow corrosion of marble of a monument

CaCO3+H2SO4 ----------> ----------+ ---------+ CO2

1. Answer: Robert Angus Smith.

No Credit: for no or incorrect response.

Q5. Biodiversity also known as biological diversity refers to

1. Which of the following specie(s) are/is extinct?

a) Quagga b) Dodo c) Both a and b d) None of the

3. What can we do to protect these animals?

1. Which of the following is an example of Biofertiliser?

a)Nostoc b)Urea c) NPK d)None of these

2. Why do scientists advise to use Biofertilisers?

3. Which of the following is a harmful fertilizer that affects the soil?

a)DAP b)Urea c)Urea and NPK d)All of these

5. Give two examples of Biofertlisers?

Full credit- for correct response

4. Care of Environment/ Concern for Safe Envioronment

5. Cyanobacteria, Azospirillum, Oscillatoria and Nostoc

Q.1 Carbon is absorbed from the atmosphere by :

Q.3 Carbon is released back into atmosphere by:

Q.4 Select Agree / Disagree for the following statements.

2. Answer: i. Plantation ii. Not burning the fossil fuels

Q2. Q1. Option d

Q3. Social environment / social harmony / social awareness.

Q. 1 Write the full form of Covid-19.

Q. 2 Which animal is the vector of this virus-

c. Bat d. None of the above

Q. 3 Name any two zoonotic disesases.

Q. 4 MERS and SARS are –

1. Answer: Corona Virus Disease-19. 19 stands for 2019

Ques.1 What is the other name given to disease causing microorganisms?

Ques.2 Tick True/ False

a) Common cold spreads through sneezing. T/F.

b) common cold is not a communicable disease. T/F.

Ques.3 Cholera is caused by-----

a. Virus b. Bacteria c. Fungi d. Protozoa

Ques.4 Select the communicable diseases from the following:

a. Diabetes b. Hypertension c. Malaria d. Covid-19 e. Coronary Heart Disease f. Influenza

Q1. Full credit—pathogens

No credit---for wrong respons

Q2. Full credit—(a) T , (b) F

Partial credit—for any one correct answer

No credit----for both wrong answers

Q3. Full credit-----bacteria

No credit—for other options

Q4. Full credit--- c, d, f, h and j

Partial Credit: for any correct response

Q5. Full credit---Mosquito, ticks, fleas

Partial credit---for one correct response.

No credit---for all incorrect responses

Q1. What is referred to as ‘straggler’ in this paragraph? Why is it so?

Q2. Write true of false:

i) Evaporation takes place at a particular temperature.

Full Credit: for all correct responses

2. Answer: i)F; ii) F; iii) T; iv)T

3. Answer: It virtually stops colliding with other molecules in its environment

also serve as quick referral systems in taxonomical studies.

2. Quick referral systems in taxonomical studies is ________

3. Which type of information is provided by label in herbarium sheets?

No Credit: for incorrect response

No Credit: for incorrect response

Partial Credit: for partially correct response