03/11/2019 Drilling Fluid Properties - Drilling Formulas and Drilling Calculations

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Drilling Fluid Properties

By DrillingFormulas.Com | January 30, 2010 - 8:14 pm |Oil Field Knowledge

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Drilling fluid properties are essential information that everybody should understand.

Density: Mud density is the weight per unit volume of mud and normally it is reported in Pound Per Gallon (PPG). Mud density is used for providing
hydrostatic pressure to control well for drilling operation.

Viscosity: It is defined as the internal resistance of fluid flow. There are 2 types of viscosity which are Funnel Viscosity and Plastic Viscosity.

1) Funnel Viscosity: It is time, in seconds for one quart of mud to flow through a Marsh funnel which has a capacity of 946 cm3 (See Figure 1). A quart
of water exits the funnel in 26 seconds. This is not a true viscosity, but serves as a qualitative measure of how thick the mud sample is. The funnel
viscosity is useful only for relative comparisons.

Figure 1 Marsh Funnel

2) Plastic Viscosity (PV): A parameter of the Bingham plastic rheological model (See Figure 3). PV is the slope of the shear stress-shear rate plot
above the yield point (See Figure 4). Viscometer is equipment to measure Plastic Viscosity (See Figure 2). Plastic Viscosity is derived from the 600 rpm
reading minus the 300 rpm reading and PV is in centipoises (cp). A low PV indicates that the mud is capable of drilling rapidly because of the low
viscosity of mud exiting at the bit. High PV is caused by a viscous base fluid and by excess colloidal solids. To lower PV, a reduction in solids content can
be achieved by dilution.

There are many rheology models shown in Figure 3. Normally Bingham Plastic Model is used to describe mud properties as Plastic Viscosity and Yield
Point (See Figure 4).

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Figure 2 Viscometer

Figure 3 Rheology Model (Ref slb.com)

Figure 4 Bingham Plastic Model describes PY and VP

Yield Point: Physical meaning is the resistance to initial flow, or the stress required starting fluid movement. The Bingham plastic fluid plots as a straight
line on a shear-rate (x-axis) versus shear stress (y-axis) plot, in which YP is the zero-shear-rate intercept (PV is the slope of the line). YP is calculated
from 300-rpm and 600-rpm viscometer dial readings by subtracting PV from the 300-rpm dial reading and it is reported as lbf/100 ft2. YP is
used to evaluate the ability of mud to lift cuttings out of the annulus. A higher YP implies that drilling fluid has ability to carry cuttings better than a fluid of
similar density but lower YP.

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Bio-based, Biodegradable, High Flash Point
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Gel Strength: It is the ability of fluid to suspend fluid while mud is in static condition. Before testing gel strength, mud must be agitated for awhile in order
to prevent precipitation and then let mud is in static condition for a certain limited time (10 seconds, 10 minutes or maybe 30 minutes) and then open the
viscometer at 3 rpm and read the maximum reading value. In a morning report, there are 3 values of gel strength, which are Gel 10sec (lbf/100 ft2), Gel
10 mins (lbf/100 ft2) and Gel 30 mins (lbf/100 ft2).

Ph: This value tells the acid of drilling fluid. Ph paper is used to measure Ph.

Electrical Stability (ES): This value reflects to the stability of emulsion of SDF. If water disperses well in oil phase (good emulsion), the resistivity of
drilling fluid will be higher. In contrast, if water disperses badly in oil phase (bad emulsion), the resistivity of drilling fluid will be lower. As the concept
above, applied Ohm’s law (V=IR), electricity from the electrical stability meter is emitted in to mud and voltage is measured by the electrical probe.
Normally if the measured voltage is higher than 500 volt, the electrical stability is good.

Figure 5 Electrical Stability Meter

CaCl2 Concentration: Cl+ can prevent formation swell hence this value must be maintained. It is measured by a titration test by using silver nitrate as
titrant with potassium chromate as the endpoint indicator and when titration reaches the equilibrium point mud will change into red.

Retort Test: There are 2 values that are Saraline Water Ratio (SWR) and Solid Content (LGS, Barite) obtained from this testing. Mud is retorted in retort
test skid at 950 F for 2 hrs. High temperature can vaporize liquid phase into gas phase and then gas phase will be transferred to a condenser and
condense in liquid form. Liquid is stored in a tube that has a level indicator to see how much of water and oil (saraline) extracted. Moreover, solid left in
the retort reflects the solid content in mud.

Figure 6 Retort Test Skid

HTHP Fluid Loss: This test is conducted for testing fluid loss behavior of mud. Mud is pressed through filter paper located in the HTHP filter press at
300 F with differential pressure at 500 psi for 30 mins. Thickness of filter cake stuck in filter paper should be less than 2 ml.

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Figure 7 HTHP filter press

Reference books: Drilling Fluid Books

Fracking Solvent Viscosity of Drilling Search Oil And Gas Gel Strength and
Boosts Flow - HFS 10 Mud Jobs Operational Impact
Microemulsion Solvent

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Non Destructive API and HTHP Fluid Mud Filter Cake pH in Drilling Mud
Testing - Testing & Loss (Water Based Mud)
Consultancy

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9 Responses to Drilling Fluid Properties

cna training JUNE 13, 2010 AT 8:39 AM

My cousin recommended this blog and she was totally right keep up the fantastic work!

Reply

hamza victor DECEMBER 31, 2011 AT 7:30 AM

This site is wonderful, i saw exactly what i was looking for. So i urge you guys to keep up the good work.

Reply

deden MARCH 9, 2012 AT 6:01 PM

what the different meanings of rheology in mud and cement ?

Reply

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DrillingFormulas.Com MARCH 10, 2012 AT 10:04 AM

The meaning of rheology in mud and cement is the same.

Reply

deden MARCH 9, 2012 AT 6:07 PM

what the different meanings of rheology in mud and cement ?

different function of PV and YP in rheology of cement slurry?
thanks

Reply

Lau DECEMBER 2, 2014 AT 1:44 PM

Please quote complete set of Retort Test Skid (as Figure 6) include shipping cost. Or else, please advice the brand and model.
Thank you.

Reply

Abdo FEBRUARY 26, 2015 AT 2:35 PM

Thank you very much guys for the effort you are doing to help people to understand the meaning of what they are doing in the drilling fields
(rigs).
I really appreciate your help. Please, keep up the good effort. Best Regards.

Reply

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