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ENGINEERING DRAWING AND DRAFTING FUNDAMENTALS

What is Engineering Drawing? (Madsen, Engineering Drawing and design , 2011)
• Engineering drawing is a graphical means of expression of technical details without the barrier of a
language
• Universal language for Engineers
• Drafting, Engineering Drafting, Mechanical Drawing, Mechanical Drafting, Technical Drawing, and
Technical Drafting

Early Drawing Practices (Madsen, Engineering Drawing and design, 2011)

• pictograms and petroglyphs

Source: Steve Allen/Photodisc/Getty Images

Engineering Drawing Pioneers (Madsen, Engineering Drawing and design, 2011)

• Leonardo da Vinci's design of the glider

Source: Frederic Lewis/Getty Images

• Leon Battista Alberti – writings covered wide range of subjects, architecture and engineering
• Wrote two (2) works that explored to incorporate geometry in drawings
• Proposed drawings in multiple views

Architectural drawing for an Ionic capital by Italian Renaissance architect, Leon Battista Alberti (1404-
1472) from his TEN BOOKS ON ARCHITECTURE. Ca. 1480.
(Source: shutterstock.com)

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• René Descartes – Cartesian Coordinate System

Source: google.com

• Gaspard Monge – Descriptive Geometry

Source: google.com

DRAFTING PRACTICES AND EQUIPMENT

Images Source: google.com

Drawing Reproduction (Madsen, Engineering Drawing and design , 2011)

• Blueprint process
• Diazo process
• Generic term “Print”

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Blueprint (Source: google.com)

Diazo Blueprint (Source: google.com)

Regardless of the level of responsibility or the drafting specialization, all drafters must: (Wallach, 2014)
• Understand the basics of drafting and design
• Be familiar with the basic types of engineering drawings
• Clearly communicate ideas with the freehand sketches
• Be proficient with computer-aided drafting and design systems
• Have some skill with manual drafting instruments

TODAY’S TECHNICAL DRAWINGS (Wallach, 2014)

• Multiview Drawings
• Pictorial Drawings
• Schematic Drawings
• Block Diagrams

Multiview drawing of a machinist vise

(Source: Cengage Learning)

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Pictorial Drawing (Source: Cengage Learning)

An example of an electronic schematic drawing for

a small radio (Source: Cengage Learning)

An example of a block diagram for a sound

system (Source: Cengage Learning)

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DRAFTING FIELDS (Wallach, 2014)

• Top-Level Professionals
• Midlevel Drafters
• Intern-Level Drafters

TOP-LEVEL PROFESSIONALS: MIDLEVEL DRAFTERS:

• Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineers • Checker

• Architect • Chief/Senior Drafter
• Cartographer • Commercial Artist
• Civil Engineer • Design Technician
• Chemical Engineer • Senior Detailer
• Developmental Engineer • Technical Illustrator
• Drafting/Engineering Supervisor
• Electrical/Electronics Engineer INTERN-LEVEL DRAFTERS:
• Environmental Engineer
• Industrial Designer • Computer-aided drafting (CAD) operator
• Industrial Engineer or Mechanical Engineer • Junior Detailer
• Instructor of engineering or drafting • Junior Drafter
• Molecular and Nanotechnology Engineers • Printing Operator
• Robotics Engineer • Trace
• Tool Designer

ELECTRICAL DRAFTER

Wiring Diagram (Source: google.com)

ELECTRONIC DRAFTER

Electronic schematic

(Source: google.com)

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TECHNICAL ILLUSTRATOR

Technical Illustration (Source: google.com)

Exploded Assembly (Source: google.com)

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DRAFTING SCALES (Wallach, 2014)

• Mechanical Engineer’s Scale
• Civil Engineer’s Scale
• Architect’s Scale
• Metric Scale

The mechanical engineer's scale uses inch-fraction units of measure (Source: Cengage Learning)

The civil engineer's scale uses inch-decimal units of measure (Source: Cengage Learning)

The architect's scale uses foot-inch units of measures, the most often used architect's scale is 1/4" = 1' - 0"
(Source: Cengage Learning)

The basic unit of measure for metric scales in millimeter (mm) (Source: Cengage Learning)

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Drafting scales are either open-divided or full-divided (Source: Cengage Learning)

Typical scale selection for engineering drawings

(Source: Cengage Learning)

DRAFTING STANDARDS (Madsen, Engineering Drawing and design , 2011)

• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
• ISO Drafting Standards

Drawing standards apply to most settings and procedures, which includes:

• CADD file storage, naming, and backup

• File templates, which are files that contain standard file settings and objects for use in new files
• Units of measurement
• Layout characteristics
• Borders and title blocks
• Symbols

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• Layers, text, table, dimension, and other drafting styles

• Plot styles and plotting
• ASME Drafting Standards - ASME Y14.1, Decimal Inch Drawing Sheet Size and Format and ASME
Y14.1M, Metric Drawing Sheet Size, and Format
• American National Standards (ANSI)

The following is a list of standard and optional items found on common sheet sizes:

• Border
• Zoning
• Title Block
• Angle of Projection Block
• Dimensioning and Tolerancing Block
• Revision History Block
• Revision Status of Sheets Block
• Revision Status Notation
• Margin Drawing Number Block
• Applications Block
• Microfilm Alignment Arrows

Title Block elements according to ASME Standards (Source: Cengage Learning

Sample Title Block slightly different than specified by ASME standards (Source: Hunter Fan Company,
Memphis, TN)

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Other sheet data blocks (Source: Madsen Designs, Inc.)

An example of an inch and a metric dimensioning and tolerancing block

(Source: Cengage Learning)

Revision block elements according to ASME Standards (Source: Cengage Learning)

Margin drawing number block (Source: Cengage Learning)

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Examples of vertical and horizontal revision status of sheets blocks (Source: Cengage Learning)

Application Block (Source: Cengage Learning) Microfilm alignment or centering arrows

(Source: Cengage Learning)

ISO DRAFTING STANDARDS

• ISO 2768 standard, General Tolerances, details specific ISO dimensioning, and tolerancing practices
• Intended to simplify drawing specifications for mechanical tolerances
• Mainly for parts that are manufactured by way of machining or removal of materials

References:

Madsen, D. P. (2011). Engineering Drawing and design. Delmar Publishers Inc. .

Wallach, P. R. (2014). Fundamentals of Modern Drafting . Cengage Learning .

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