Major Research Designs (Calcmorin)

1. Historical Research – describes what was?

- describes the present situations in terms of past events
- must be interpretative
4 Major Activities in Historical Research
1. Choosing and defining the problem
2. Collecting of data
A. Written Sources
1. Official and public documents
Ex. a) Legislative Acts
b) Records of proceedings and orders, circulars, bulletins, decisions
c) Records of court trials, deliberations and decisions
d) Registration of population (census)
e) Contracts, treaties, executive agreements
f) School records
2. Books, Master’s theses, doctoral dissertations
3. Newspapers and periodicals
4. Personal materials ( Legal instruments executed by individuals in personal capacity)
5. Hand written materials, including papyri, bricks
B. Orally transmitted materials such as folklore, legends, ballads, myths, anecdotes
C. Artistic Production
D. Tape Recordings
E. Relics and remains
a) physical – historic sites
b) non-physical – language, social institutions, customs, ceremonies
3. Critical Analysis of Data
All data in historical research have to be subjected to a critical analysis to
determine
a) authenticity or genuineness
b) truth of the statements
4. Writing the research report

When to use historical research?

a) any geographical area or place
b) any institution
c) any important historical event

2. Descriptive Research – describes what is?

It involves description, recording, analysis and interpretation of the present nature,
composition or processes of phenomena (Mauel & Medel), It is a fact finding with adequate
interpretation (Aquino). It describes and interprets what is? (Best) It is a process goes beynd
mere gathering and tabulation of data.
Importance of Descriptive Research
1. Contributes much to the formulations of principles and generalizations in behavioral
science
2. Contributes much to the establishment of standards norms of conduct, behavior or
performance.
3. Reveals problems or abnormal conditions so that remedial measures may be
instituted
4. Makes possible the prediction of the future on the basis of findings on prevailing
conditions, correlations, and on the basis of reactions of people toward certain issues.
5. Gives a better and deeper understanding of a phenomenon on the basis of an in-
depth study of the phenomenon
6. Provides a basis for decision-making
7. Helps fashion many of the tools with which we do research such as instruments that
are employed in all types of quantitative research

Techniques under Descriptive Method of Research

a. Survey - otherwise known as normative survey. It is a fact finding study

with adequate and accurate interpretation. It is used to collect demographic
data about people’s behavior, practices, intentions, opinions, judgments,
beliefs, attitudes, interests and perceptions.

Types of survey
1. Total Population - the entire population are involved in the study
2. Sample – only a portion of the population are involved in the study
3. Social – the attitudes and behavior of the people are being studied
4. Public Opinion – reactions of people toward the issue of the society
5. School – data on the educational achievement are considered
6. Poll – survey on voting a candidate
7. Market – gathered data on the kind of products purchased
8. Evaluation – data on what has been accomplished
9. Comparative – looks at two or more similar groups, individuals, or conditions by
comparing them.
10. Short-term – data gathered are less than 5 years
11. Long-term – research conducted more than 5 years
12. Longitudinal – make an observation and collect data over an extended period of
time
13. Cross-sectional – administered to a small sample from larger population.
- offers a quick summary of what respondents think at given time
14. Job Analysis - gather information general duties and responsibilities of the worker
15. Community – gather information on various aspects of the community
16. Correlation - shows the relationship between 2 or more variables

b. Case Study – a comprehensive, complete detailed and in depth study and

analysis of an individual, institution, group or community over a period of time.
c. Content Analysis – is a research which deals with documentary that are already
existing and available. It is a research technique for the objective, systematic and
quantitative description of the manifest content of communication.
3. Experimental Research – describes what will be?
It describes and analyzes var9iables in carefully controlled conditions as a basis for
inferring or concluding. It is a problem solving approach that the study is described in
the future or what will be when certain variables are carefully controlled or manipulated.
It is the most prestigious method for advancing science and technology as well as
research and development because it is a product oriented.

Variables – anything that may change or maybe changed from one condition to
another, either quantitatively or qualitatively.
Kinds of Variables
1) Independent variables – anything, condition or process manipulated by the
researcher.
2) Dependent variables – anything, condition n, process exposed to treatment
from the independent variable and whose values or changes depends upon the
independent variables.
3) Control variables – factors, conditions which might affect the value of the
dependent variables.
TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
1. Single-group design – involves a single treatment with two or more levels
Example. Determine the effectiveness of teaching Math using different methods. Single group
of subject is exposed to three different methods of teaching Math
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is used to determine the significant difference of the
achievement of the respondents.
2. Two Group Design – two comparable groups are employed as experimental
and control groups. Example. Teaching Math in Traditional approach (control) and modern
approach (experimental. T-test is used to determine the significant difference in the mean
weight.
3. Two Pair Group Design – elaboration of the two group design wherein there
are two experimental groups and two control group. Example- Acceptability of Canned
Bangus in Salmon and Spanish styles with and without Sargassum
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is used to determine the significant difference
4. Parallel Group Design – two or more groups are used at the same time with
only one single variable (control) manipulated or changed. The experimental group
varies while parallel group serve as control comparative purpose. Example –
Acceptability of Bangus Spread using different treatments. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
is used
5. Pretest – Posttest Group Design – involves experimental and the control group
which are carefully selected through randomization procedures. Both groups are given
pretest at the beginning of the semester and posttest at the end of the semester. But the
control group is isolated from all experimental influences. Example – The Effects of
Traditional and Modern Methods of Teaching Physics. T-Test is used
6. Counter balanced or Latin Square Design – also called rotation design/quasi
experiment. It involves exchange of two or more treatments taken by the subjects
during the experiment. Arrangement employed in this design is Latin square in which
each variables is a form of square occurring once in each row or column.
Example – Effectiveness of the four methods of teaching math taught by 4 instructors to four
groups of subjects. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is used to determine effectiveness.
7. Complete Randomized Design – design in which a group of test plants or animals is
studied only once but subsequent treatment is applied to determine the cause of
change. There is no control in this design but the subjects will undergo randomization
procedures
8. Randomized complete block design (RCBC) – uses a group of test plants and
animals as subject of the study which are studied once but subsequent treatment
applied are replicated to determine the cause of change. There is control and the
subject will undergo randomization process.
9. Correlation Design – experimental design is used to determine the relationship of
two dependent variables (X and Y) on how they are manipulated by the independent
variable..
Correlation coefficient is used to determine relationship.

Statistical Tools for Research Designs

1. Descriptive Research Design- chi-square, Friedman’s two way Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-wallis one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) by ranks,
correlation, pooled percentages and Z-score
Chi-square is used to compare the difference of two or more variables with data that
can be readily transformed into frequencies.
2. Experimental Research Design
a. T-test – applicable in a pretest-posttest design
- used to determine two variable means which differ significantly.
b. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) – used to find out of the frequency of two or more
variables differ significantly
c. Correlation- used to determine the relationship of two variables which differ
significantly.