1

THE VEHICLE ENTHUSIASTS’ PREFERENCE BETWEEN AUTOMATIC AND

MANUAL VEHICLES IN TERMS OF SAFETY

 2

1.0 Introduction

According to Bolt Burdon Kemp (2014), that one of the problems of road

accidents is lack of knowledge about vehicles. In relation to this, the researchers found

out that one of the problems of road related accidents is having a problem of the vehicle

in the middle of the road and the vehicle user don’t know how to deal with these

vehicles. The researchers find this study as a way of knowing on the characteristics and

the stability of both manual and automatic vehicles in relation to road related accidents.

According to Ministry of Transport (n.d), safety innovations have played a huge

part in improving vehicle safety and saving lives. From a horse-riding down to what we

called cars, the reliability of early automobiles increased and their cost went down, they

quickly became a safer and more popular alternative vehicles than the horse-drawn

carriage. In lined on this modernization is the increased number of deaths.

Nevertheless, the government has invested in education campaigns, better-quality

roads, improving the regulation of vehicle safety features, and regulating driver

behavior.

The research of Fancher and Campbell (n.d) stated that the characteristics of a

vehicle may also affect the safety mechanisms other than handling and stability. A

vehicle can operate “safely” when its level of performance is sufficient to meet the

demand presented by the combination of driver, roadway, and environment.

This study aims to give more information on the comparison of manual and

automatic vehicles in terms of the user’s safety. Specifically, this study will provide

answer to the following questions. 1) What are the disadvantages and advantages of
 3

both vehicles? 2) What is the relevance of Vehicle Stability in relation to safety road

trip?

The researchers hypothesized that if all vehicular users and future car owners

will be informed about the characteristics of both manual and automatic vehicles in

relation to vehicle stability, then there will be less traffic and road related accidents.

The gap in knowledge of this study is that this study will serve as a differentiator

between manual and automatic vehicles and a beneficiary study for the vehicular users

of the locale of this study.

The researcher’s objective is to deal with the contrast between automatic and

manual vehicles for the benefit of all vehicular users and future car owners and to be

able to maintain the vehicle’s proper condition. Likewise, this study will also help the

flow of vehicles and lessen road related accidents.

2.0 Conceptual/Theoretical Framework

Being illiterate about vehicular stuffs can lead to road accidents. It is important to

know the basic principles when driving motor vehicles. Likewise, the drivers must be

knowledgeable enough when driving especially when the route that they are driving in is

in heavy traffic mostly every day.

2.1 Review of the Related Literature

According to Peng, H. (n.d), human error is thought to be the main factor

for 75% of all ground vehicle crashes. Human error as a cause of vehicle

accident, about 90 percent of motor vehicle accidents are caused partly by

human error. (Smith, B.W. 2013). Furthermore, according to WHO (2017) that
 4

every year about 1.25 million people die caused by a road traffic crashes. Road

traffic injuries cause considerable economic losses to individuals, families, and to

the whole nation. According to K. Kusunuki (2006), the visibility of innovation

dimension means the degree to which both customers and firms can capture

innovation’s value of terms of specific objectively defined dimensions.

As the modernization of today is clearly observed, government has taken

the action to increase safety and to reduce road related accidents.

According to Ministry of transport (n.d), safer vehicles are almost

impossible to crash. In the future, where autonomous vehicles are ever-present,

accidents will only occur when a car has to change its direction to avoid harming

someone. If a vehicle has to swerve suddenly to avoid hitting pedestrian or a

cyclist, its occupants might sustain some minor injuries. However, on a crowded

street this swerving vehicle could cause a chain reaction from one vehicle to the

next which causes a huge traffic.

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2.2 Theoretical Framework

Theory of Ground
Vehicles

Guided Ground Vehicle Stability Guided Ground

Vehicles and Characteristics Vehicles

Performance Handling Ride

Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic
Automatic Manual Engine
Engine Vehicles Vehicles

Knowledge and
Information

Less road related accidents

and increase the user’s
safety

Explanation: This is a framework that compares and contrast both manual

and automatic vehicles in relation to USJR (Main) vehicle owner’s safety. This

diagram of the framework shows that prior knowledge of the vehicle’s engine

usage will improve higher chances of the driver’s safety and lower the road

related accident rate chances. This first focus on how the principles of a vehicle

work in terms of the user’s knowledge on how to use it. Our theory which is the
 6

‘‘Theory of Ground Vehicles’’ portrays how a certain vehicle programs when it is

used with respect to its specified characteristics. In both transmissions, however,

varies on how the engines work. Our point is that whatever characteristics are

present in both transmission it is still always the knowledge of the driver to his/her

vehicle matters most when we talk about the safety precautions of the vehicle.

2.3 Theoretical Background

The researchers affixed this study by the theory of Ground Vehicles.

According to J.Y Wong (2001), this theory is a theory that starts with the stability

and characteristics of a vehicle. Wherein, this theory stated that ground vehicles

may be classified as Guided Ground Vehicles and Non-Guided Ground Vehicles.

On which the characteristics of a Ground Vehicle may be described in terms of

performance, handling, and ride. The stability aspect of a vehicle has to do with

assuring that the vehicle does not depart spontaneously from a desired path.

This theory has the same philosophy of emphasizing the fundamental

engineering principles underlying the rational development and design of non-

guided vehicles including road vehicles, off-road vehicles, and air-cushion

vehicles.

3.0 Research design and Methods

The research is designed as a comparative type of study where in we compared

both the manual and automatic vehicles characteristics in relation to road related

accidents. This study will benefit all vehicular owners/drivers. The people who are

involved in this program will be 160 vehicular enthusiasts specifically 5 th year College of

Engineering students studying in USJR Main Campus.

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The instruments that we used in this research are survey questionnaires. The

independent variable is the manual and the automatic vehicles. The dependent variable

is the user’s safety. The controlled variables are the 160 engineering vehicle

enthusiasts student studying in USJ-R Main campus.

4.0 Results and Discussion

The pilot study conducted on January 18 to March 3, 2018 at the University of

San Jose-Recoletos included all the 5th year College of Engineering students. The

respondents were requested to answer the survey questionnaires.

Question Yes No
Percentage Percentage
Do you have a
n n
(%) (%)
car?
66 41.25 94 58.75

Among 160 College of Engineering (COE) 5th Year vehicle owners and

enthusiasts (students) the researchers had been surveyed, 41.25 % owned vehicle/s

(either manual or automatic type of transmission/s) leaving 58.75 % are solely

vehicle enthusiasts only.

Questions Automatic Manual

n Percentage n Percentage
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(%) (%)
Which vehicle
would you 63 39.38 97 60.62
prefer?
Which vehicle
do you think is 63 39.38 97 60.62
safer?
Which vehicle
would you
71 44.38 89 55.62
prefer to
advertise?
What type of
vehicle do you
think causes 102 63.75 58 36.25
more
accidents?

On the first set of questions of the survey which consists of four questions, two of

which (the first and the third questions) are in relation of preferring which type of

transmissions between the two (automatic and manual) would the owners and

enthusiasts choose and the other two (the second and the fourth questions) are in

relation of the idea of being safe. In relation of preference, an average of 58.12 % are in

favor of the manual type of transmissions; a difference of 16.24 % than of the automatic

type of transmissions which has an average of 41.88 %. In relation of being safe, since

the fourth question seems to be a negative one, an average of 62.185 % are in favor of

the manual type of transmissions; a difference of 24.37 % than of the automatic type of

transmissions which has an average of 37.815 %.

Yes No
Question
Automatic Manual n Percentage
Have you n Percentag n Percentag
(%)
 9

been to e e

an (%) (%)

accident

caused
7 21.88 25 78.12 128 80
by the

vehicle’s

defect?

Among the vehicle owners and enthusiasts being surveyed, 20 % of them have

been to an accident caused by the vehicles' defect. Of the latter percentage, the manual

type of transmissions caused 56.25 % than of the automatic type of transmissions.

On the second set of questions of the survey which consists of eleven questions,

an average of 52.73 % are in favor of the automatic type of transmissions; a difference

of 5.46 % than of the manual type of transmissions which has an average of 47.27 %.

Yes No
Percentage Percentage
Question
n N
(%) (%)
I like to drive
with a manual 38 76.25 122 23.75
gear
I enjoy the
feeling of
control of the 14 91.25 146 8.75
car when I’m
driving
More car 82 51.25 78 48.75
driving
activities
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should be
automated
Cars would
actually be
safer if they 78 48.75 82 51.25
were fully
automated
I would
consider
switching to
‘automated 103 64.38 57 35.62
control’ for
longer
distances
I get
satisfaction
from being in 139 86.88 21 13.12
control of a
car
If the weather
is poor, I
would feel
safer in a car
with automatic 107 66.88 53 33.12
steering and
braking rather
than the
manual
I don’t always
trust new
technology to 75 53.13 85 46.87
be as safe as
it might be
New
technology
can make 142 88.75 18 11.25
modern life
much easier
Technology
can often
perform tasks 120 75 40 25
better than
people
I would not 30 81.25 130 18.75
trust a driving
system that
 11

took away my
control of
steering

Automatic Manual
Question Percentage Percentage
n n
(%) (%)
The Vehicle

Enthusiasts’

Preference

Between

Automatic and 1227 51.13 1173 48.87

Manual

Vehicles In

Terms Of

Safety

Among the vehicle owners and enthusiasts (students) the researchers had been
surveyed, 51.13 % are in favor of the automatic type of transmissions; a difference of
2.26 % than of the manual type of transmissions which has an average of 48.87 %. The
research study conducted shows that more vehicle owners and enthusiasts prefer
automatic type of transmissions than manual type of transmissions.

5.0 Conclusion

5.1 Findings of the Study

1. The vehicle owners and enthusiasts mostly preferred the manual type of

transmission in terms of their safety.

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2. There is only a small difference between automatic type of transmission

and manual type of transmission according to the vehicle owners and

enthusiasts' preference in terms of their safety.

5.2 Conclusion

As a conclusion to this research, the researchers concluded that to

achieve a road related accident free city the driver must first undergo in

seminars or programs related to this topic for them to benefit and apply what

they’ve learned to their trip. With the help of the empirical data, the researchers

were able to know what the most preferred vehicle between the two types of

transmissions that contributes mostly to road related accidents in relation to

safety.

Moreover, the researchers found out that the most preferred vehicle

among all vehicular enthusiasts and drivers with respect to all of their opinions

that it was the automatic transmission which best fit to their interests with

regards to the researchers questioned queries throughout their survey.

In addition, the researchers concluded that if the drivers are literate to the

characteristics and stability of both manual and automatic vehicles, then there

would be less road related accidents.

5.3 Recommendations

To the vehicle owners and future car owners, we suggest to use a

manual type of transmission as it is the most preferred type of transmission

chosen by our respondents in terms of safety.

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In order to meet and achieve the standard the users and enthusiasts

expect, they should be enhanced more on the characteristics and the stability

of the type of transmission they wish to have and own.

In order to have the assurance of having accurate data that will be

collected, it would be better to conduct the survey from a larger number of

respondents for the benefit of future researchers. The researchers in this study

chose purposive non-random sampling from 5th year College of Engineering

(COE) students.

The study would be better if future researchers conduct survey from

all COE students. It would also be better to use printed questionnaires and

online survey with proper and clearer instructions wherein respondents can

easily understand the purpose of the study. With the use of the data collected

by the said questionnaires, the study will get its best result.

To inform the respondents about the result of the study, future

researchers shall use any kins of advertisement, such as social media or media

advertisement.

6.0 References Cited

Fancher, P.S. ,Campbell, K.L (n.d). Vehicle characteristics affecting safety. Retrieved

from https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/tswstudy/vehiclsaf.htm

Markovich, T(2003,February). 10 Common Car Problems You Shouldn't Need a

Mechanic To Fix. Retrieved from http://www.complex.com/sports/2013/02/10-car-

problems-you-shouldnt-need-a-mechanic-to-fix/

Mega Cebu Blog(n.d). HERE ARE ROAD ACCIDENT STATISTICS AND FACTS YOU
 14

NEED TO KNOW. Retrieved from https://megacebu2050.wordpress.com/2014/0

5/19/here-are-road-accident-statistics-and-facts-you-need-to-know/

Ministry of transport (n.d)“The future of road safety”. Retrieved from http://www/transport

.nz/assets/Uploads/Futures/Documents/Future-of-Road-Safety-FULL-STORY-

FINAL.pdf

Peng, H.(n.d). Ground Vehicle Active Safety Systems. Retrieved from http://arc.engin.u

nmich.edu/events/archive/annual/conf99/peng.pdf

Smith. B.W. (2013). Human error as a cause of vehicle crashes. Retrieved from http://cy

berlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2013/12/human-error-cause-vehicle-crashes

TOYOTA - global.com (n.d.). Vehicle Stability Control. Retrieved from http://www.toyota

global.com/innovation/safety_technology/safety_technology/technology_file/active

/vsc.html

WHO (2017). Road traffic injuries. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsh

eets/fs358/en/

Wong, J.Y.,(2001,March). Theory of Ground Vehicles. Retrieved from https://books.goo

gle.com.ph/books?id=LH8wd8im13AC&dq=ground+vehicles&source=gbs_navli

nks_s
 15

APPENDICES

Researchers’ Curriculum Vitae

CURRICULUM VITAE

CONTACT INFORMATION Add 2x2 digital photo

here.
Name: Sean Raymond M. Solitario
Attire: University
Address: Tangkong,Kangka-ibe,Bantayan,Cebu uniform
Hair – Boys: Side comb
Girls: Pony-tail
 16

Contact number(s): 09562864488

E-mail: seanraymond23monte@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth:November 23, 2000

Place of Birth: Minglanilla, Cebu

Citizenship: Filipino

Gender: Male

EDUCATION

Completing

Level Institution Year Completed Year’s Honors

and Awards
University of San
Senior High To Be Completed TBD
Jose-Recoletos

Junior High Bantayan National High School 2017 With honors

Bantayan Central Elementary 2nd honor (grade

Elementary 2013
School 2)
Bantayan Central Elementary Most neat and
Pre-elementary 2007
School clean

NON-ACADEMICS HONORS AND AWARDS

 17

Honors and Awards Awards Giving Body Year

Area Press

conference 9th placer Juan Pamplona National High School 2016

in sports writing
Area Press

conference 6th placer Juan Pamplona National High School 2016

in science writing

Best in Arts Bantayan Central Elementary School 2011

Most neat and clean Bantayan Central Elementary School 2006

Bantayan National High School

Best in T.L.E. 2017

SKILLS QUALIFICATIONS

 Writing Skills

 Drawing Skills

 Computer Skills

 Mathematical Skills

 Language Skills

RESEARCH AND/OR PUBLICATIONS

 A Comparative Study Between Automatic and Manual Engine Vehicles In Relation To

Road Related Accidents (submitted)

INTERESTS
 18

 Writing

 Arts

 Sports

 Music

 Social Media

 Orating

CONTACT INFORMATION Add 2x2 digital photo

here.
Name: Bryan S. Baguio
Attire: University
Address: Masiwa, Marigondon, Lapu-Lapu City uniform
Hair – Boys: Side comb
Contact number(s): +639083578439 Girls: Pony-tail
E-mail: nayrbsajoniabaguio@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth:June 17, 2001

 19

Place of Birth: OMH, Lapu-Lapu City

Citizenship: Filipino

Gender: Male

EDUCATION

Completing Year’s
Level Institution Year Completed
Honors and Awards
University of San Jose
Senior High To Be Completed -
- Recoletos
Marigondon National
Junior High 2017 With High Honors
High School
Marigondon
Elementary 2013 Salutatorian
Elementary School
Atabay Day Care
Pre-elementary 2007 Valedictorian
Center

NON-ACADEMICS HONORS AND AWARDS

Honors and Awards Awards Giving Body Year

2nd Place (Space Challenge) STEAM Robotics 2017

SKILLS QUALIFICATIONS

 Accountable

 Analytical Skills
 20

 Processing Skills

 Writing Skills

RESEARCH AND/OR PUBLICATIONS

 Safety Management System of 2GO and Cokaliong Shipping Line

 A Feasibility Study of Capsicum annuum and Averrhoa bilimbi as an Insect Repellant

INTERESTS

 Arts

 History

 Science and Technology

 Sports

 Solving problems

CONTACT INFORMATION

Name: Sweet Melice G. Rivera

Address: Guadalupe , Monterrazaz Cebu City

Contact number(s): 09327389214

E-mail: riverasweetmelice@yahoo.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: September 26 , 2000

Place of Birth: Cebu Ctiy

Citizenship: Filipino
 21

Gender: Female

EDUCATION

Completing

Level Institution Year Completed Year’s Honors

and Awards
University of San Jose
Senior High To Be Completed -
Recoletos
St. Mary’s Academy of San
Junior High 2016-2017 -
Nicolas

Elementary Guadalupe Elementary School 2012-2013 -

Pre-elementary Sambag - 2 Nursery 2006-2007 -

NON-ACADEMICS HONORS AND AWARDS

Honors and Awards Awards Giving Body Year

Department awardee SMA-SN 2015

2nd in speech choir SMA-SN 2016

Cleanest classroom SMA-SN 2016

SKILLS QUALIFICATIONS

 Computer Skills

 Communication Skills
 22

 Analytical Skills

 Logical Thinking Skills

 Writing Skills

RESEARCH AND/OR PUBLICATIONS

 Investigatory project

 Baby Thesis(submitted)

 Using Construction Waste To Develop Sustainable Concrete Materials For Construction

(Submitted)

INTERESTS

 Painting Skills

 Reading Books (Academic and Fictional Books)

 Watching Historical Books

 Solving Problems (Math Problems and Real life problems)

 Playing Sungka Games

 Listening to music
 23

CONTACT INFORMATION

Name: Mary Stephanie A. Rodriguez

Address: 280 B Tupas St. Cebu City

Contact number(s): 09234436019

E-mail: msarodriguez01@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: August 01, 2001

Place of Birth: Cebu City

Citizenship: Filipino

Gender: Female
 24

EDUCATION

Completing

Level Institution Year Completed Year’s Honors

and Awards
University of San Jose
Senior High To Be Completed -
Recoletos - Main Campus
University of San Carlos Basic

Junior High Education Department – South 2017 Class Achiever

Campus
University of San Carlos Basic

Elementary Education Department – South 2013 -

Campus
YLAC San Nicolas Cebu City
Pre-elementary 2006 Top 7
Foundation Incorporated

NON-ACADEMICS HONORS AND AWARDS

Honors and Awards Awards Giving Body Year

Math Quiz Bowl University of San Carlos Basic
2011
Participant Education Department – South Campus
University of San Carlos Basic
Math Jingle 2012
Education Department – South Campus
University of San Carlos Basic
Volleyball 2012
Education Department – South Campus
Winner in Speech University of San Carlos Basic
2013
Choir Competition Education Department – South Campus

Math Quiz Bowl University of San Carlos Basic 2014

 25

Participant Education Department – South Campus

nd
2 in Pangkatang University of San Carlos Basic
2016
Awit Education Department – South Campus
University of San Carlos Basic
Cleanest Classroom 2017
Education Department – South Campus

SKILLS QUALIFICATIONS

 Computer Skills

 Writing Skills

 Critical Thinking Skills

RESEARCH AND/OR PUBLICATIONS

 Lemon Grass Extract as Insect Repellant (submitted)

 Active Charcoal as Underarm Whitener (submitted)

 Analysis on the Drainages of the University of San Jose – Recoletos, Main Campus in

Terms of the Student’s Safety (submitted)

INTERESTS

 Finding out new things

 Trying something new

 Playing word search

 26

CONTACT INFORMATION

Name: Sam Joseph T. Tabotabo

Address: Pusok Seawage Gate Lapu-Lapu City

Contact number(s): 09225950025 or 09339339210

E-mail: JTabotabo115@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: May 02, 2000

Place of Birth: Mactan Doctor’s Hospital, Lapu - Lapu City

Citizenship: Filipino

Gender: Male

EDUCATION

Completing

Level Institution Year Completed Year’s Honors

and Awards
University of San Jose-
Senior High To Be Completed -
Recoletos
 27

Junior High St. Alphonsus Catholic School 2016-2017 -

Elementary St. Alphonsus Catholic School 2012-2013 -

Pre-elementary St. Alphonsus Catholic School 2006-2007 -

NON-ACADEMICS HONORS AND AWARDS

Honors and Awards Awards Giving Body Year

Volleyball SACS 2017

Darts SACS 2017

Bulletin Board SACS 2016

Dance
SACS 2016
Festival(Sinulog)

SKILLS QUALIFICATIONS

 Communication Skills

 Teamwork

 Learning Skills

 Organizational Skills

 Writing Skills

RESEARCH AND/OR PUBLICATIONS

 Baby Thesis (Submitted)

 Investigatory project
 28

 Using Construction Waste To Develop Sustainable Concrete Materials For Construction

(Submitted)

INTERESTS

 Reading books

 Watching movies

 Listening to Music

 Sports

 Editing pictures
 29

CONTACT INFORMATION

Name: Joyce T. Versales

Address: Pajac Lapu-lapu Ciy

Contact number(s): 0932 619 5694

E-mail: versalesjoyce@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: September 06, 2000

Place of Birth: Opon Maternity Hospital

Citizenship: Filipino

Gender: Filipino

EDUCATION

Completing

Level Institution Year Completed Year’s Honors

and Awards
University of San Jose
Senior High To Be Completed -
Recoletos

Junior High St. Alphonsus Catholic School 2016-2017 -

Elementary Pusok Elementary School 2012-2013 -

Pre-elementary Maranatha Christian School 2006-2007 -

 30

NON-ACADEMICS HONORS AND AWARDS

Honors and Awards Awards Giving Body Year

Occupation Galore SACS 2013

Math jingle SACS 2014

Youth camp Sacred heart of Jesus Parish 2015

2016
Poster Making SACS

SKILLS QUALIFICATIONS

 Teamwork and Interpersonal skills

 Flexibility

 Proficient in MS Word, and Excel.

 Strong leadership skills; able to prioritize, delegate tasks, and make sound decisions

quickly while maintaining a focus on the bottom line.

 Willingness to Learn

 Ability to work without supervision

 Time Management

RESEARCH AND/OR PUBLICATIONS

 Investigatory project

 Baby Thesis (submitted)

 31

 Using Construction Waste To Develop Sustainable Concrete Materials For Construction

(Submitted)

INTERESTS

 Travelling

 Painting

 Music & Sports

 Reading