LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF THE AUTOMOTIVE STUDENTS OF EASTERN

BONTOC NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL AND VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL OF THE

PROTOCOLS ON DEFENSIVE DRIVING IN THE SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF EASTERN BONTOC NATIONAL

AGRICULTURAL and VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL- SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL,
BARLIG, MOUNTAIN PROVINCE

HOSEA K. WAY-YAS

ALMA MAE C. DONGPOPEN

XYRON C. ALIMAN

DIAZ P. AWICHEN

SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024

 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Safety driving is very important in today’s generation. The most common transportation are
automobiles. In order to have a successful handling on the vehicle, it requires drivers to be aware of
the safety protocols. Safety driving reduces the likelihood of accidents. Every driver should be aware
of the potential hazards. Wearing seatbelt, aim to look on the mirrors, and use signal lights when
taking a turn are one of the rules in safety driving.

According to the Department of Transportation (DOTr) and the World Health Organization
(WHO, 2023) every year more than 1.3 million people died in road traffic crashes worldwide. Road
traffic crashes are 8th leading cause of death for people of all ages. In the Philippines, road traffic
crashes are increasing. Data from the Philippines Statistics Authority (PSA) indicate that road traffic
deaths increase by 39% from 7,938 deaths in 2011 to 11,096 deaths in 2021. Road traffic injuries are
the leading cause of death among Filipinos 15-29 years old.

Based on the data of the Philippine National Police (PNP), PNP-Highway Patrol Group (PNP-
HPG), Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), and Philippine Statistics Authority
(PSA) the causes of road accidents in the Philippines are drunk driving, mechanical failure, lost
brakes, over speeding, using mobile phone while driving, and bad turning. Being aware about traffic
rules and safety driving can ensure the safety of people.

Automotive Servicing is one of the strands offered in Eastern Bontoc National Agricultural
and Vocational High School (EBNAVHS). Automotive servicing is all about how to inspect,
maintain, and repair automobile whether it is light or heavy. Students are taught how to perform
servicing maintenance to cars. However, automotive students are offered driving lessons even though
driving is a different competency. Since automotive servicing has a relation to driving, thus, this study
aims to measure their level of awareness in the safety protocols on defensive driving.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the level of awareness of the automotive students in the safety
protocols of safety driving. This study answers the question:

1. What is the level of awareness of the automotive students in defensive driving?

Significance of the Study

The result of the study will show the level of awareness of the automotive students in
defensive driving.

To the automotive students, the result of the study will help them identify their awareness in defensive
driving. It won’t be difficult for the automotive students in getting their driver’s license.

For the automotive teacher to be aware and will be able to give tips for the students to improve their
driving activity.

In the society, it would help reduce road accidents.

To future researchers this study can be a reference for the upcoming automotive researches
Scope and Delimitation

The study will be focusing on the level of awareness of the automotive students in defensive
driving. Defensive driving includes the proper handling of the steering wheel, wearing of seatbelts,
knowledge in road signs, and do BLOWBAGETS Checklist. The respondents of the study are 33
automotive students of Eastern Bontoc National Agricultural and Vocational High School
(EBNAVHS) in the school year 2023-2024.

Conceptual Framework

Input Protocols on
defensive driving

Process
Descriptive analysis
Test questionnaire
Analyzing of data

Level of awareness

Ouput of the automotive

students in
defensive driving

Definition of Terms

Automotive servicing- servicing and maintaining the good performance of the car.

Defensive driving- the practice of drivers to reduce dangers and accidents related to the road.

Level of awareness- the degree to which the learners are aware of the different protocols on
defensive driving.

Driving -operating and driving the car into its proper use.

BLOWBAGETS- the inspection of battery, lights, oil, water, brake, air, gas, engine,

tire, and self.

Review of Related Literature

Knowing the protocols in defensive driving would surely reduce the records of road
accidents. Based on the study of Jeremy Diamond, (2021) “no accident is intentional, it is crucial to
know of any safety measures you can take to protect yourself, your passengers, the vehicles involved,
and the other driver, even if they are at fault.

According to the study of Zutobi, (2023), defensive driving is about using a number of safe
driving techniques that enable you to identify hazards and adapt to your driving before you are at risk
of an accident. It is about anticipating hazardous situations and making safe decisions based on the
situation and road accidents. Weaver, (1996) explained that all crashes regardless of fault, extent of
injuries, or value of property damage, are included in the crash frequency rates (as cited in
Christopher Millar, (2013)

Result of the study of Feng Chen (2020) stated that traffic accidents are often related to the
driver’s driving behavior, which is mainly decided by his or her characters, such as the age, driving
experience, and driving style.

This was supported by the study of Malik, R. et.al (2019) that the severity and frequency of
road traffic accidents are influenced by factors related to vehicle, road environment, and human error.

Moreover, study of Wendy, M. (1987) shows evidence that behavior is determined by the
interactions of factors reflecting both driving skill (perception, cognition and vehicle control) and
motivation.

Meanwhile, Toshiaki, K. et.al (2022) justified that it is possible to prevent human error by
focusing on the balance and connection between cognition and the behaviors required for a series of
driving behaviors.

On the other hand, a person’s level of awareness in defensive driving can be measured by
their knowledge on its safety protocols. As for the study of, Dr. Kolita Weerasekera, (1998) that it
should be that at the same time the defensive driving programs are conducted the law enforcement
campaigns should be geared up stressing the importance of correct driving process.

Being knowledgeable in the road sign has a great impact on the drivers’ safety and its
passengers. In the study of, R. Abd Rahmanet et al. (2021), conclude that road safety programs and
education are still relevant to university students as young drivers on the road which is important to
increase safety awareness. On the other hand, Jerold J. Fernandez et al. (2020), claim that the use of
traffic signs is one of the most reliable control devices used to guide the safe and orderly movement of
traffic and pedestrians.

Proper handling of steering wheel has a high impact on defensive driving. In the study of Soulmana B.
et al (2021) concludes that it is essential to have a good position of the hands on the steering wheel, to
act accurately and efficiently on the direction of a vehicle, and therefore on its trajectory, in order to
keep control of the vehicle in any circumstances. On the other hand, wearing of seatbelts, Shiva K. et
al. (2023) recommends that effective interventional programs to improve seat belt use should be
designed and implemented, particularly among these risk population in Asia, the Middle East, and
Africa. Lastly is the (battery, lights, oil, water, brake, air, gas, engine, tire, and self) BLOWBAGETS,
in the article of M. F. Durano. (2023) mentioned that many accidents can actually prevented if the
driver is prepared enough to practice the inspection of BLOWBAGETS before getting on the road.
 REFERENCES

Adrian, L. and Allan, W. (2002). A review of the literature evaluating the defensive driving

course. ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii

Christopher, M. (2010). The importance of an Emergency and Defensive Driving Techniques

Course Component: Analyzing Student response to Searching Identifying, Predicting,

Deciding, and Executing Skills. https://encompass.eku

Feng, C. (2020, June 02). A Study on Correlation of Traffic Accident Tendency with Driver

Characters Using In-Depth Traffic Accident Data. Hindawi.

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jat/2020/9084245

Heather A. et al. (2019). Purposive sampling in a qualitative evidence synthesis: a worked

example from a synthesis on parental perceptions of vaccination communication.

BMC Medical research Methodology.
https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com

Jerold J. Fernandez et al. (2020). Understanding of traffic signs by driver in the city of

Manila,Philippines.
ScienceDirecthttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S23521

Kolita, W. (1998, June). Training on defensive driving. Research Gate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication

Malik et al. (2019) Evaluation of a Road Safety Education Program Based on Driving Under

Influence and Traffic Risks for Higher Secondary School Students in Belgium.
MDPI. https://www.mdpi/2313

M. F. Durano. (2023). Road Safety Basics: BLOWBAGETS. Carlos Hilado Memorial State

University. https://chmsu.edu.ph/road-safety-basics-blowbagets

Ng Chirk Jenn. (2006). Designing a Questionnaire. National Library of Medicine.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

R. Abd Rahmanet et al. (2021). Road Safety Awareness Among University Students Case

Study at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor. ResearchGate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351127314

Rocel, J. (2023, May 31). Department of Transportation, World Health Organization launch

Philippine Road Safety Action Plan 2023-2028. World Health Organization.

https://www.who.int/philipines/news/detail/
Shell Global. (n,d.). The importance of defensive driving.

https://www.shell.com/business- customers/shell-fleet-solutions/health-security-
safety-

Shiva K. et al. (2023). The prevalence of seatbelt use among drivers and passengers: a

symmetric review and meta-analysis. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health

Association. https://jepha.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/

Soulmana B. et al. (2021). Hand position on steering wheel during fatigue and sleepiness

case: driving simulator. Research Gate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349836413

Stephanie G Pratt et al. (2019, August). Analytical observational study of nonfatal motor

vehiclecollisions and incidents in a light-vehicle sales and service fleet. PubMed.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Toshiaki, K. et.al. (2019). An experimental study on errors regarding the driving behavior of

young males caused by temporal urgency on open roads: A Bayesian estimation.

ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii

Wendy, M. (1987). https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/defaults

 METHODOLOGY

Research design

The study made use of descriptive research design. A method that describes the level of
awareness of automotive students through defensive driving. On the definition of Manjuanatha. N.
(2019). Descriptive studies may be characterized as simply the attempt to determine, describe or
identify what is.

Sampling Procedure

There are 33 identified sample among the 35 population by using purposive sampling.
According to Heather A. et al. (2019) mentioned that purposive sampling of primary studies for
inclusion in the synthesis is one way of achieving a manageable amount of data.

Data Gathering Instrument

Test questionnaire has been used as data collecting instrument made by the researchers. In the
work of Ng Chirk Jenn (2006). A questionnaire is a very convenient way of collecting information
from a large number of people within a period of time. Therefore, set of questioners will be given to
the 33 automotive students of Eastern Bontoc National Agricultural & Vocational high school about
their knowledge on the protocols on defensive driving.

Data Gathering Procedure

The test questionnaire was distributed among the 33 identified automotive students.

Treatment of Data

Since it is quantitative research, the researcher used statistical treatment and analysis wherein
they analyze and concluded the findings of the data. Moreover, Microsoft Excel will be used in
analyzing the collected data.
 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter present the analysis and interpretation of the data gathered from the conduct of
this study. The result of this study was based on the awareness of the automotive students in defensive
driving. The researchers seek out an answer to the problems that is presented. Using the questionnaire,
they find out what is the level of awareness of the automotive students in defensive driving.

TABLE. Level of awareness of the automotive students in EBNAVHS on defensive driving.

Protocols on Defensive Driving Mean Descriptive Equivalence

1. Proper handling of
steering wheel 2.97 Aware

2. Wearing of seatbelts
3.18 Aware

3. Road signs
3.01 Aware

4. BLOWBAGETS
3.07 Aware

Grand Mean 3.08 AWARE

Legend: 1- 1.74 1= Unaware

1.75-2.49 2= Slightly aware

2.50- 3.24 3= Aware

3.25- 4.00 4= Highly aware

Table 1 present the level of awareness of the 33 automotive students of EBNAVHS about
defensive driving which are the proper handling of steering wheel with the mean of 2.97, wearing of
seatbelt with the mean of 3.18, road signs with the mean of 3.01 and BLOWBAGETS with the mean
of 3.07. Therefore, the totaled grand mean is 3.08 that conclude the level of awareness of the
automotive students falls under aware. Being aware is having known of something but not fully
understood of what it really meant. However, it be improved more to be highly aware of it.
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENTATION

Summary and Conclusion

The researchers came up with a study entitled level of awareness of the automotive students
in EBNAVHS on defensive driving sy 2023-2024. With a guide question that is, what is the level of
awareness of the automotive students in defensive driving? The study uses descriptive analysis to
describe their level of awareness, purposive sampling in identifying the respondents of the study and
in gathering the data’s, test questionnaire has been used. Lastly, the researchers used statistical tools
using the Microsoft excel in computing the gathered data and came up with a reliable and honest
conclusion. It is concluded that there is awareness in the automotive students of EBNAVHS sy 2023-
2024 on defensive driving. Nevertheless, it is really necessary for the automotive students to be aware
on defensive driving since there is a relationship according to their strand and in applying in real life
situations.

Recommendation

Based on the study, the researchers would like to recommend the following:

1. Practice and read more about defensive driving.

2. Seek for mentors such as professional drivers, and policemen to give advices and add
more knowledge about safety protocols on defensive driving.