Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter I
Introduction
Rationale
Traffic signs are an essential component of the road system, and their primary duty is to provide
information to road users in order to support the efficient and safe flow of products and vehicles.
All drivers must be well-versed in traffic signs, signage, and pavement markings. Even in the
absence of an officer, every driver must be able to recognize and obey them without hesitation.
pedestrian cases are the most vulnerable but the most rapid occurrence on the roads. Accidents
are inevitable. The fault is either on the citizen or the lack of action and precautionary measures
EDSA and Commonwealth Avenue are two well-known thoroughfares that are not only well-
The brand traded to Commonwealth Avenue being the killer highway and EDSA has been dealt
thoroughly by the Local Government especially the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
(MMDA). However, the actions seem to be ineffective since these roads continue to steal the
considered. Except for the over speeding on the Avenue, Jaywalking is the pinnacle of the roots.
Ironically, warning signs for anti-jaywalking and other road problems are quickly put on these
roadways. There are warning signs everywhere, but only a few people read and follow the
material.
Signs and signals are put on our roadways to inform, warn, and govern motorists and pedestrians.
They must be obeyed at all times while offenders are captured. Warning and road signs shall be
constructed in accordance with the general criteria for sign position as specified in Sections 2A-
21 to 29, because the road signs are largely for the benefit of vehicular motorists, commuters,
and pedestrians who are unfamiliar with the route. Road signs should provide readers enough
A growing use of symbols in place of word communications is a desirable and crucial step
toward increased transportation safety and convenience. Changing from messages to symbols
can sometimes take a long period due to public education and transition.
Signs is an important aspect in traffic advisory and warning signals because it provides adequate
information and orders to motorists, passengers, and pedestrians to follow local memorandums
and ordinances regulating road signage. This study aimed to determine the level of awareness of
the student motorists of criminology along the dimensions of traffic sign and signage.
The transportation system is one of the essential components of an urban settlement's
socioeconomic and physical structure. However, a well-planned transport network not only gives
people mobility opportunities but also affects a city's growth trend and level of economic
activity. In addition, traffic signals are one of the essential facts for drivers and pedestrians.
Moreover, drivers and pedestrians need to understand traffic signs to avoid an accident on the
road. Therefore, traffic control devices (TCDs) – signals and markings are crucial for the
transportation system. Roadway TCDs include traffic signs, pavement markings, and traffic
lights. Traffic signs are the most common and have been around the oldest of the three kinds of
TCDs presently in use. Understanding the traffic signal is essential for the enforcement of traffic
regulations for citizens and necessary for their road safety. Therefore, traffic signals are
commonly used as the oldest and most widely used instruments for traffic control. Besides, road
markings are used for driver's and pedestrian traffic guidance. Road markings provide advice and
Traffic signs not only guide road users but also convey messages to them. However, the traffic
signs can be ineffective if drivers or pedestrians do not understand the encoded messages from
the traffic signs. Furthermore, the American National Standard Institute (ANSI Z535.3-2011)
and the International Standardization Organization (ISO 3864-1:2011) recommend that symbols
must meet a level of at least 85% or 67%, respectively, in a comprehension test to be satisfactory
(Razzak and Hasan, 2010). In transportation engineering, traffic signs are one of the most
important research topics for researchers. Actually, this research topic is directly connected with
the engineering sector (especially transportation engineering), traffic safety (both for drivers and
pedestrians), and not only knowledge about traffic signs are important in reducing congestion but
also in decreasing the accident rate on the road. There is one public impression of the citizens
that drivers and pedestrians do not have proper knowledge of traffic signs and marking.
However, the lack of understanding of traffic signs could be a significant reason behind fatal
road accidents.
Road accidents do not only harm property and cars but also cause damage, fatal injuries, and
cause unbearable pain and misery to the victim's family members. The main objective of this
research work is to determine the percentage of understanding of traffic signs in Dhaka capital of
Bangladesh, both for drivers and pedestrians. Particularly for this reason, a survey will be
conducted among drivers and pedestrians in Dhaka. Moreover, the study area and content of the
survey form were analyzed in this research paper to obtain the primary research goal.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the level of awareness of the criminology student motorists along
the dimensions of traffic sign and signage. Specifically, it aimed to answer the following
questions:
a. Age
b. Sex
c. Driving eligibility
d. Driving experience
2. What is the level of awareness of the respondents along the dimensions of the traffic sign and
signage?
criminology along the dimensions of traffic signs and signage when grouped according to their
profile?
Research Hypothesis
along the dimensions of traffic signs and signage on the varied driving eligibility and driving
experience.
Scope and Delimitation
This study aims to determine the different profile of the respondents. Profiles can be age, sex,
driving eligibility and driving experience. Also, aims to determine the level of awareness of the
respondents along the dimensions of traffic signs and signage. And finally, this study would like
to determine if there is significant difference in the level of awareness of the student motorists of
criminology along the dimensions of traffic signs and signage when grouped according to their
profile.
The study’s findings will be significant addition to Land Transportation office (LTO) and
Philippine National Police (PNP) since they will serve as one of the data for them to develop
traffic management programs or initiatives. Furthermore, the study’s findings will be useful to
the Local Government Unit (LGU) specifically the municipal council, as a ready reference in
order to enact municipal ordinances concerning traffic signs and rules and regulations. The
findings of the study will also benefit the community because they will feel more secure or safe
when using public roads. Furthermore, the study’s findings benefit motorcycle drivers or
motorists because they will be more aware and discipline when operating the vehicles.
Furthermore, the researchers will benefit from the study’s findings because of the better
awareness of traffic signs and signage. Finally, the study’s findings could serve as a springboard
This chapter presents related literature and studies, both local and foreign, that
deals with the problem encountered by basic education teachers in local teaching during the New
Normal. The information and relevant facts included in this chapter were gathered by the
Injuries from car accidents are a public health crisis. In poor nations, injuries and fatalities
predominate. Unless there is a new commitment to prevention, projections for the following few
This study looked at how intercity commercial minibus drivers in urban Lagos responded to
health education about their knowledge, attitudes, and use of specific road safety indicators. The
intervention to educate the intervention group about health and safety, and a follow-up
questionnaire survey three months later. From a list of motor parks in two LGAs, participating
parks for the intervention and control groups were chosen. Additionally, a qualitative survey
(Key Informant Interview, or KII), involving important representatives from the licensing
According to the findings, travelers from various origins showed varying degrees of perception
and understanding of road safety. Additionally, respondents could only partially grasp road
signs; for example, text traffic signals like the yield sign and stop sign appeared to be
challenging to comprehend from the views of tourists. The outcomes of statistical modeling point
respondent's age, whether they have a driver's license, if they have driven abroad, and their
nationality are all significant socioeconomic factors. The important travel characteristic
variables, however, are the length of the journey, its purpose, the means of transportation, and
the frequency of visits. The results would aid highway and traffic authorities in better
comprehending tourist travel habits and help to develop standards for road safety design that
Pressure on the current roadways infrastructure is increasing as car ownership in the United
Kingdom (UK) rises more. In order to guarantee adequate safety levels and maximum utilization
capacity, it is crucial to govern and manage network users. The primary method of
communicating with highway users is through traffic signage, and the enormous amount of
information needed, such as access, parking, and directions, can result in complicated and
crowded messages that must be communicated in a very short amount of time. Numerous
compromises in signs usage and design have resulted from the transmission of these signals.
Since there are more and more highway work zones present on highways for maintenance and
growth, the significance of work zone safety has significantly increased over the years. Due to
the disruption of regular traffic flow, rural work zones on two-lane highways are extremely
dangerous and raise serious safety concerns. This study examined drivers' reactions to warning
signs in two-lane rural highway work zones. The portable changeable message sign (PCMS)
OFF, PCMS ON with the message of Slow Down, Drive Safely, and a temporary traffic sign
(W20-1, "Road Work Ahead") were used in the study to compare the mean change in speed of
the three classes of vehicles (passenger cars, trucks, and semitrailers). Two two-lane work zones
under flagger control were used for field tests. To ascertain whether there was a meaningful
interaction between drivers' responses and the sign arrangements, statistical studies were carried
out. According to the results of the data analysis, a visible PCMS, whether it was on or off, was
the most successful at lowering truck speeds in rural, two-lane work zones. The temporary traffic
sign (W20-1) had a greater impact on lowering semitrailer and passenger car speeds. Traffic
engineers will be able to better design the two-lane work zone layout and implement the essential
safety measures to prevent vehicle collisions according to the findings of this research project.
and road safety, and to suggest any necessary corrective action. Using a self-administered
questionnaire, a cross-sectional survey of university students was conducted from January 2015
to April 2016. Results: Of the 384 enrolled students, 54% were male and 46% were female, with
ages ranging from 18 to 31 (mean 20.1 years and SD2.3). Give way was the traffic sign that
students knew the least about (24%) while all students were familiar with the "No horn" sign.
The most common risky driving activity was exceeding the posted speed limit (25%) while
driving while intoxicated (3.1%) was the least common. Students reported not using seat-belts or
helmets while operating two- and four-wheeled cars, respectively, by 36 and 23 percent of those
surveyed. The study's findings highlight the importance of raising public awareness about a few
obscure traffic signals, such as the yellow light, the give-way sign, and the no parking sign, as
well as about financial penalties and safe driving habits including the use of seat-belts and
helmets. 2018 is the year for the Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development.
According to A.M. Mackie on his book “Progress in learning the meanings of symbolic Traffic
Signs”, a considerable amount of research into traffic sign design has been carried out over the
last 15-20 years. From this research principles of design have been evolved and in the main these
are equally applicable to bilingual traffic signs as they are to monolingual ones. One of the basic
facts about the sign design is that number of words or names on the sign directly affects the time
taken to read the sign. It is always important therefore that the number of words or names on a
traffic sign should be kept to minimum. Making traffic signs bilingual will of course increase the
number of words on the sign; consequently in considering their provision this is one of the major
problems to be faced. The time taken to read a direction sign depends on the order in which the
individual reads the names on the sign. On some occasions the name required will be the last to
be seen. The size and design of the sign should therefore be such that it allows all drivers
adequate time in which to find the name they want, no matter in what order the names are
scanned.
International Effort toward Uniformity on Road Traffic Signs, Signals, and Markings
According to Jose M. Zuniga in the International Road Federation, in the last three years, a great
effort has been made by the United Nations and the Organization of American States to achieve
uniformity in the field of road signs, signals, and markings. These efforts have culminated in
three major conferences: (a) the Highway and Highway Transport Subcommittee of the United
Nations Economic Commission for Asia and Far East (ECAFE) meeting in Bangkok, Thailand at
which the position of the Asian countries with regard to the news draft the convention on road
signs and signals determined and (b) Tenth Pan American Highway Congress in Montevideo,
Uruguay, which recommended that governments of the countries of the Americans adopt as a
guide to the Inter-American Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. In view of the
differences among languages, alphabets and meanings of the words and symbols throughout the
world, uniform signs present monumental difficulties. Fully uniform international signs may
never be reached, but significant improvements of present situation seem possible, particularly
elimination of direct conflicts among the several existing systems. The decision must be based
on facts and in the results of objective research, for ethnocentrism and prejudice can only
increase the troubles. The proliferation of both vehicles and drivers continues, and each day’s
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The researchers used the descriptive-survey design. The design described the profile of
respondents and determine the difference in level of awareness of the student motorists of
The criminology students of HG Baquiran college are the respondents of this research. The
researchers had a pre- survey first on the prospective students. After which, the researchers
Name (Optional)___________________________________________
Date_____________
Age_______ Sex_________
Driving Eligibility:
Driving Experience:
() 0-1 year
() 2-3 years
() 4-5 years
() 6-8 years
() 8-10 years or more
II. Direction: Choose your answer on the given choices and encircle the correct answer.
A. Regulatory Signs
a. Stop sign
a. No entry
b. No overtaking zone
c. Give way sign
d. Stop sign
b. No u turn
c. No overtaking zone
d. No pedestrian crossing
B. Warning Signs
a. Sharp turn
d. Winding road
b. Approach to intersection
c. T-junction
d. Intersection ahead
3. What does this traffic sign mean?
b. Intersection ahead
a. Uneven road
b. Hump ahead
c. Landslide-prone area
c. Route markers
d. Service signs
b. Service signs
c. Route markers
D. Sign on Expressways
a. Supplementary sign
c. Both a and b
a. Supplementary sign
c. Both a and b
a. Supplementary sign
c. Both a and b
c. Both a and b
a. Supplementary sign
c. Both a and b
F. Marker signs
b. Obstruction markers
c. Width markers
d. Obstruction markers
f. Obstruction markers
g. Width markers
b. Obstruction markers
c. Width markers
f. Obstruction markers
g. Width markers
Pavement Markings:
A. LONGTIUNAL LINES
b. Lane line
b. Lane line
a. Continuity line
b. Lane line
B. Traverse Lines
c. Pedestrian intersection
a. Rumble strips
c. Pedestrian intersection
a. Rumble strips
c. Pedestrian intersection
C. Other lines
1. What does this sign mean?
b. Turn line
c. Parking bay
b. Turn line
c. Parking bay
c. Parking bay
D. Object markings
a. Markings on curbs
a. Markings on curbs
a. Markings on curbs
a. Cat’s eyes
b. Dog’s eyes
c. Eagle’s eyes
F. Other markings
1.What does this sign mean?
a. Chevron
b. Rumble strips
a. Chevron
b. Rumble strips
a. Chevron
b. Rumble strips
B. Directions: Put a check on the box when you think it is a YES or NO that the descriptions
3.When you encounter a BROKEN YELLOW LINE it means you are allowed to
pass/overtake?
4.When you encounter a BROKEN AND SOLID YELLOW LINES it means you are
permitted only to overtake on the side of the broken line but not on side of
solid line?
6.When you are crossing of a SOLID WHITE LINES you are required special
care and is discouraged.
7. When you encounter a STOP LINES it means you are required to stop
before the white line?
8.When you encounter a NO U TURN sign it means you are not allowed to
make a U-TURN?
9.When you encounter a no parking sign it means you are not allowed to
park?
10.When you encounter LANE LINE it means you are allowed changing of lane
provided that it is safe to do so and will not result to obstruction?
The researchers used to two sets of questionnaires for gathering data for the profile of the
respondents. The main tool that was used in gathering data for this researcher made instrument.
Part I includes data information, it describes important information about their age, sex, driving
Part I includes data information, it determines the level of awareness of the student motorists of
Statistical Tools
The data gathered will be analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The
1. Frequency and percentage distribution will be used to find out the profile of the student
motorists of criminology.
2. The weighted mean will be employed to determine the level of awareness of the student
student motorists of criminology along the dimensions of traffic signs and signage.
References
Choocharukul, K., & Sriroongvikrai, K. (2017). Road safety awareness and comprehension of