CHAPTER ONE:

General English

1.1 Part of speech

There are 8 parts of speech:

1. Noun
a) A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea.
b) Nouns are the subject of a sentence.
Example:
 The bakery has fresh baked goods.
 Kylie is a pro-golfer.
 The dog was so cute

Types of Noun:

1
S
P
c
o
e
g
n
i
r
u
l
t
s
b
N
C
a
p
A
Another types of Noun:

Concrete Nouns:
A noun denoting something material, such as: chair, water, house, sand, etc.

The following chart shows several examples of concrete nouns:

2
d
u
v
e
m
a
,
s
p
fi
g
n
i
h
t
r
o
e
c
a
l
A
n
P
-
M
l
i
p
y
v
ti
I
d
c
n
b
g
u
s
–
r
t
a
w
e
m
o
C
U
S
W
/
h
(
)
p
o
e
P
l
Especially for Collective Noun, each noun has different term:

There are some rules to determine whether Noun is Countable or Uncountable Noun:

Uncountable Noun can be Countable Noun:

3
IG
"
b
k
,:
1
2
tt
iv
2
d
y
m
o
l!
t
n
w
s
p
c
e
h
f
r
a
g
u
st

nd

3rd
(m)
3rd(f)
3rd(n
)
There are also Irregular Countable and Uncountable Nouns:

2. PRONOUNS
a) A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.
c) Examples: I, me, my, you, your, he, she, it , us, we, they, them, his, her, their,
mine, our, myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, themselves, ourselves, who,
whose, whom, anybody, anyone, everybody, nobody, someone, somebody.
Types of PRONOUN:
Subjec Object Possessi Possessi Reflexive Demonstra Indifinit Recipro
t
Prono un
un
I
You
He
She
It
Prono ve

Me
You
Him
Her
It
e
My___
Your__
His__
Her__
Its__
ve
Adjectiv Pronou
n
Mine
Yours
His
Hers
Its

4
Pronoun tive

Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
Pronoun

This

That
e

Somebo
dy,
Everybo
dy,
None,
Anythin
g,
cal
Pronoun Pronou
n
Each
other
One
another
1st Yourselv
You You Your__ Yours These
(pl) es
2nd(p Ourselve
We Us Our__ Ours
l) s Nobody,
Those
3rd(p Themsel All, few,
They Them Their__ Theirs
l) ves Somethi
ng,
Example:
My mother and I buy her oranges for everybody in the party
Nobody knows his secret about somethinghe has done

3. ADJECTIVES
a) An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun. It tells what kind, how many,
or which one.
d) Example: green shirt, sour limes
o Erin has blonde hair.  adjective = blonde

4. VERB
a) A verb is the action of the sentence. It shows what someone or something is doing.
e) Example: run, paint, drink
f) Verb- A verb is the action of the sentences What is the subject doing in the
example below?
o Erin is running the 5K. Verb = is running

5. ADVERB
a) An adverb describes how the action is performed. They tell how much, how often,
when and where something is done.
g) Example:
• The fished jumped quickly from the water.  Adverb quickly
• The man sat alone.  Adverb = alone
• Erin ran the 5K quickly.  Adverb = quickly
h) Kinds of Adverb:
• a. Adverbs of Manner How?
• b. Adverb of Time  When?
• c. Adverb of Frequency  How often?
• d. Adverb of Place  Where?
• e. Adverb of Degree  To what degree?
• f. Adverb of Reason  Why?
• g. Adverb of Duration  How long?

6. CONJUNCTION
a) A conjunction is a word that joins words or word groups together. Some examples
conjunctions are: and, but, or, nor, although, yet, so, either, and also.
i) Example: We ate pizza and drank pop for dinner.  Conjunction = and
j) Conjunction- A conjunction is a word that joins word groups together (Clauses).
Some examples conjunctions are: who, whom, what, that, where, why, when, and how.
Check out this example:
o Erin who is my cousin loves to swim and play at the beach. Conjunction =
who, and
Types of Conjunction:
1) Coordinating Conjunction: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

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time.
p
m
s
e
ir
n
o
T
P
D
ti
c
2) Subordinating Conjunction: after, although, because, if, when, who, that, unless,
whether, what, which, whom, whose
3) Correlative Conjunction: both….. and…..; not only….. but also….; either…. Or….;
neither….nor….; rather….than….

7. Other Conjunctions:
Conjunctive Adverbs:
A semicolon and a comma used together when a conjunctive adverb separates two
main clauses.
These are conjunctive adverbs:
Accordingly, Afterwards, Also, Anyway, Besides, Consequently, Furthermore, However,
Indeed, In fact, Likewise, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, Otherwise, similarly, Still, Therefore,
Thus.
Example:

8. PREPOSITIONS
• You must do your homework; otherwise, you might get a bad grade
• I will not be attending the show. Therefore, I have extra tickets for
anyone that can use them

A preposition is a word that shows position or, direction. Some examples are
in, out, under, over, after, out, into, up, down, for, and between.
Example:
o She worked at her desk.
o I ran towards the school bus.

a) Prepositions of Place
Some prepositions show where something happens. They are called
prepositions of place.
Example:
• Sally was sitting under a tree.
• There’s a wooden floor underneath the carpet.
• Some geese flew over their house.
• John and Sarah were hiding inside the wardrobe.
• There was a tree beside the river.
• I have a friend who lives in Wyoming.

k) Prepositions of Time
Some prepositions show when something happens. They are called prepositions of

Example:
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 • School starts at nine o’clock.
• I brush my teeth in the morning and at night.
• We’re going to the zoo on Saturday.
• No, you can’t watch a video. It’s past your bedtime already.
• I visited my grandparents during the summer.
• You must finish the work by Friday.
• I’ll do my homework before dinner.

l) Prepositions of Direction
Some prepositions show where something is going. They are called prepositions of
direction.
Example:
• The boys chased after each other.
• The football rolled down the hill.
• A man was walking his dog along the riverbank.
• The freeway goes right through the city.
• We were travelling towards Miami.
• A girl went past them on a bike.
• This road leads away from the stadium.
• They watched the train pull out of the station

m) Prepositions with Special Uses

Many prepositions are used in other ways. Here are some of them.

of
I bought a bag of rice and a quart of milk.
Would you like a glass of orange juice?
Kathleen is a member of the chess club.
I need three pieces of paper.
Most of the children in my class like school.
There are several ways of cooking meat.

for
I made this bookmark for Mom.
Is there room for me on this seat?
I’d like a new computer for Christmas.
We’re going downtown for a meeting.
What’s this bag for?
This word is too difficult for me to spell.
Prepositions of Direction and with Special Uses

with
He pounds nails in with a hammer.
Mix the flour with water.
She painted the picture with her new paints.
Would you like to come with us to the arcade?
I can do difficult problems with help from Mom.
Who is the man with the beard?
Michael came home with dirty hands.
Cross the busy street with care.

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n) Prepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or Nouns
Prepositions are used with some adjectives. The adjectives in these examples are
printed in color.
Example:
• Dad was angry with us.
• We were afraid of the big dog.
• She’s not very interested in sports.
• John is very good at drawing.
Prepositions are used with some verbs. The verbs in these examples are
printed in color.
Example:
• I’m looking for my pencil. Have you seen it?
• Can you think of another word for ‘pleased’?
• Does this book belong to you?
• We’re listening to CDs.
• I agree with you.
• I lent my skateboard to Sue.
• Tell me about the show you saw.
• Cut the cake into five pieces.
• They borrowed money from the bank.
Prepositions are used with some nouns. The nouns in these examples are printed in
color.
Example:
• What’s the answer to this question?
• Is there a reason for this delay?
• What’s the matter with you?
• Here’s an example of good behavior.
• Congratulations on winning the competition!
• Traffic can cause damage to the environment.
• Mr. Lee is pleased with our work.
• The teachers are always kind to us.

1.1.1 Order of Adjectives and Adverbs

1. Order of Adjectives
Sometimes order of adjectives in a sentence is confounding.
For example:

BLACK FUNNY
I have dog
SMART
BIG

How can we arrange all adjectives in correct order?

8
:
v
ti
a
r
t
s
n
o
m
e
Y
,
N
A
D
l
c
i
fi
S
I
g
R
E
H
T
O
C
W
m
t
i
s
o
a
r
e
n
D
S
P
G
p
l
fi
c
r
s
e
n
v
So, we can determine all adjectives:

P
D
D

1.2 Tenses
os
et er
s
ner
es
v es
Example:
TH
im
efini
S pec
G ener
s
•
•
•
•
•
• Smart  Quality
• Big

sAN
i
I nt
fic
a
TH
A N
et
l e
r gA
I S
W
ES
O
O
TH
TH
T
,
TH
H
r
t
 Shape
• Funny  Opinion
• Black  Color
Thus, the sentence becomes:
I have funny smart big black dog

2. Order of Adverb
For example:

D em
•
•
•
•

1.1.2 Determiners
Adverb of Manner: I drive the car carefully
Adverb of Place: He stayed behind
Adverb of Time: I will tell you tomorrow or Tomorrow I will tell you
Adverb of Frequency: They are always here in

A, ons , ati
ar
H
I
E, TH
AN
titi
A
ERT,
E CH
ERO
v
Y es :
v es
cl
,
e:

SE
Can you pass the salt?
Look those lovely flowers
Would you like another glass?
It’s very easy. Any child can do it.

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 The concept of TENSES in English is a method that we use to refer to TIME (past,
present, and future) and ASPECT (the action/verbs).
These are the following tenses-formed:

The TIME in Tenses:

The ASPECT in Tenses is related to VERB TENSE:

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1. Present Simple
a) Menggunakan Present Simple untuk menggambarkan aktivitas secara umum dan
selalu benar
Example: People need food
o) Menggunakan Present Simple untuk situasi yang kita anggap sudah tetap dan
tidak berubah
Example: I like pecel
p) Menggunakan Present Simple untuk menggambarkan kebiasaan sehari-hari
Example: She swims every Saturday
q) Menggunakan Present Simple untuk menggambarkan kejadian singkat,
misalnya dalam mengkomentari aktivitas olah raga atau demonstrasi
Example: He kicks the ball and scores
r) Menggunakan Present Simple untuk mengungkapkan jadwal atau perencanaan
yg sudah dipastikan
Example: The movie starts at seven tomorrow night

Simple Present formed-aspect:

( + ) You buy a book
( - ) You do not buy a book
( ? ) Do you buy a book?
Verb “-s” is determined by
( + ) She buys a book subject pronoun: HE, SHE,
( - ) She does not buy a book
IT, TOM, MY SISTER, Mrs.
( ? ) Does she buy a book?
BUDI, MY TEACHER, etc.

9. Present Continuous
a) Menggunakan Present Continuous untuk sesuatu yang terjadi di saat sesuatu
tersebut sedang terjadi
s) Menggunakan Present Continuous untuk menggambarkan sesuatu yg terjadi di
masa yang akan datang sesuai perencanaan

Present Continuous formed-aspect: Verb “-ing” is determined

by the existence of “TO
( + ) You are eating banana BE” and subject pronoun:
( - ) You are not eating banana I am
( ? ) Are you eating banana? He / She / It is
You / We / They are
Car /dog /my friend is
Cats / children / mice are

Past Simple uses Past Simple

10.Past Simple Verb or Verb-2
a) 1. Menggunakan Pas Simple ketikaThere are two types
membicarakan of Verb-2:
sesuatu yg sudah selesai di masa
lalu secara umum. - Regular Verbs
Example: The Vikings invaded Britain - Irregular Verbs
Regular
t) 2. Menggunakan Past Simple untuk Verbs:
menggambarkan cerita atau kejadian yang
terjadi di masa lalu. Verb-2 = V-ed
Example: I went to Malang Yesterday
Irregular Verbs:
Take  Took
Go  Went
11  Ate
Eat
*Look at the list of Irregular
Verbs
 Past Simple formed-aspect:
( + ) You took a course
( - ) You did not take a course
( ? ) Did you take a course?

( + ) She helped her mother

( - ) She did not help her mother
( ? ) Did she help her mother?

He went to a café, sat - I went to cinema yesterday

downand lit a cigarette - We visited Japan in 2009

If I won a lottery, I would

buy a house I’ve been on holiday, I
went to Spain and Portugal

11.Perfect Simple
a) Menggunakan Perfect Simple ketika membicarakan sesuatu atau aktivitas yang
belum terselesaikan di masa lampau
Example: I have done my project since 2015
b) Menggunakan Perfect Simple ketika membicarakan pengalaman hidup
Example: I have been to Jakarta
c) Menggunakan Perfect Simple ketika membicarakan hasil dari aktivitas yang
terselesaikan
d) Example: I have read 2 books for 5 hours

Perfect simple uses Verb-3 or

Perfect Simple formed-aspect: Past Participle
( + ) You have eaten hamburger There are two types of Verb-3:
( - ) You have not eaten hamburger - Regular Verbs
( ? ) Have you eaten hamburger? - Irregular Verbs
Regular Verbs:
( + ) He has typed a letter Verb-3 = V-ed
( - ) He has not typed a letter
( ? ) Has he typed a letter? Irregular Verbs:
Take  Took Taken
Go  Went Gone
Eat  Ate Eaten
*Look at the list of Irregular
Verbs

12.Simple Future

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 Simple Future formed-aspects:

( + ) You will buy a book

( - ) You will not buy a book
( ? ) Will you buy a book?
WILL + V-1
( + ) She will buy a camera
( - ) She will not buy a camera
( ? ) Will she buy a camera?

( + ) You are going to buy a book

To Be + GOING TO + V-1 ( - ) You are not going to buy a book
( ? ) Are you going to buy a book?

( + ) She is going to buy a camera

( - ) She is not going to buy a camera
( ? ) Is she going to buy a camera?

There are two aspects of Simple Future Tense:

WILL + V-1 TO BE GOING TO + V-1
1. Menggunakan ‘will’ untuk 1. Menggunakan ‘to be going to’ ketika
memperkirakan sesuatu yang membicarakan kecenderungan di masa yang
akan datang akan dating atau perencanaan
Eample: Example:
The sun will rise A: We have run out of milk
B: Okay, I am going to buy some
2. Menggunakan ‘will’ ketika 2. Menggunakan ‘to be going to’ untuk
membicarakan tentang janji, memperkirakan sesuatu yang akan dating
permintaan dan penawaran berdasarkan tanda-tanda yang terjadisaatitu
Example: Eample:
A: I am cold The sky is getting darker, it is going to rain
B: I will close the window

13. Past Continuous

a) 1. Menggunakan Past Continuous untuk menggambarkan sesuatu yang terjadi di
masa lalu bersamaan dengan kejadian lain
u) 2. Menggunakan Past Continuous sebagai latar belakang sebuah cerita

Past continuous formed-aspect:

( + ) You were studying when your mother called
( - ) You were not studying when your mother called
( ? ) Were you studying when your mother called?

( + ) She was cooking while her sister was reading

( - ) She was not cooking while her sister was reading
( ? ) Was she cooking while her sister was reading?

Past continuous tense has longer, temporary, changing, or developing time and
repeated action in limited time. Therefore, past continuous is different with past tense
which has exact time in the past.
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 For example:
 For the first three months in London, Susan was sleeping early.
 I was listening to the radio when my friend knocked the door
 They were playing football while the other were flying kites

14.Past Perfect Tense

Menggunakan Past Perfect untuk menggambarkan kejadian di masa lampau
sebelum hal lain terjadi juga di masa lampau
Example: Before we arrived, the train had left.

Past Perfect bias dikenal sebagai “lampaunya masa lampau”. Untuk

menentukannya, harus memahami atau mengidentifikasi urutan kejadians esuatu yang
dibicarakan.
Example:
• Tina arrived at the station after the train had left

Kejadian awal = “the train leaves”  The train had left (Past Perfect)
Kejadian selanjutnya = “Tina arrives”  Tina arrived (Past Simple)

Past Perfect formed-aspect:

( + ) You had done the project
( - ) You had not done the project
( ? ) Had you done the project

( + ) She had checked the house

( - ) She had not checked the house
( ? ) Had she checked the house?

1.3 Modal Auxiliaries

1. Modal Auxiliaries:

e
T
L
W
D
H
S
G
I
Y
M
U
O
N
A
C
Past Perfect also uses Verb-3 or Past
Participle
There are two types of Verb-3:
- Regular Verbs
- Irregular Verbs
Regular Verbs:
Verb-3 = V-ed

Verbs that are used with other verbs (not modals) to express: obligation,
certainty, permission, ability, etc.

15.Semi-Modals
Verbs that are used with other verbs (not modals) to express: obligation,
certainty, permission, ability, etc. However, their negative forms are different.

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What is the difference between Modals and Sem-Modals?

15
d
s
U
o
T
N
e
r
a
D
 Don’t Have to / Doesn’t Have to
Don’t Dare
Don’t Need to
(No negative ) = used to

Cannot, Could not, May

not, Might not, Shall not,
Should not, Will not,
Would not, Must not,
Ought not, Need not
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The Meaning of Modals
1. CAN
a) Ability tell about the physical or mental power or skill needed to do something
Example:
• Ryan can speak French but he cannot speak German.
• Superman can do things that ordinary people can’t.
• I can manage my time for studying and having fun
• I can do my test today

v) Permission  tell If someone is given permission to do something, they are

allowed to do it
Example:
• Tom, can I use your motorcycle?
• Can you help Sue?
• Can I offer you something to drink?
• Can I use your cell phone?
• You can’t go out with Victor.

w) Possibility tell about a chance that something may happen or be true

Example:
• If the weather is perfect tomorrow, we can go on a picnic.
• If you don’t mind to wait, I can be ready by five.

16.COULD
a) Ability in the Past  tell about a chance that something happened in the past
Example:
• Jason could do 50 push-ups in five minutes when he was young.
• Jason could talk when he was four
x) Politeness / Permission  tell If someone asks politely to do something, they
are allowed to do it
Example:
• Could you lend me two grants?
• Mom, could you explain that part again, please?

y) Past /Future Possibility  tell about a chance that something may happen or be
true in the past or in the future.
Example:
• I could get an A or B in grammar. It depends on the final exam.
• You could have been killed in that accident.
• I could have won that game.

17.SHALL & SHOULD

a) Future  tell about a chance that something may happen or be true in the future
Example:
• Shall we meet at the bus stop?
• I shall never forget your help.

z) Suggestion / Advice  tell about an opinion which someone offers you about
what you should do or how you should act in a particular situation
Example:

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 • You are driving too fast; you should slow down a little bit.
• You have gained a lot of weight. You should go on a diet.

aa) c. Prohibition (in negative)  tell about to prevent a particular activity

Example
• The baby is crying. You shouldn’t have talked so loudly.
• Mom is angry. You shouldn’t have come back so late.

18. WILL & WOULD

a) Future  tell about a chance that something may happen or be true in the future
Example:
• Sean will leave tomorrow. She will be back in a few days.
• If it rains, the soccer game will be put off.

bb)b. Decision / Volition  tell about a choice that you make about something after
thinking about several possibilities.
Example:
• If you won’t go and help him, I will.
• I will wash the dishes if you cook.

cc) c. Past Possibility  tell about a chance that something may happen or be true
in the past
Example:
• She said she would buy dinner on her way home.
• I believed it would rain so I brought my raincoat.

dd)d. Politeness  tell If someone asks politely to do something, they are allowed
to do it
Example:
• Would you please take off your coat?
• Would you mind turning the radio off?

19.MAY & MIGHT

a) Possibility  tell about a chance that something may happen or be true
Example:
• It may rain.
• Elizabeth may know his telephone number.

ee) Politeness / Permission  tell If someone asks politely to do something, they

are allowed to do it
Example:
• May I come in?
• You may come

ff) c. Wish / Hope  tell about to want something to happen or to be true, and
usually have a good reason to think that it might
Example:
• May you a long life!

gg) d. Possibility  tell about a chance that something may happen or be true
Example:

18
 • Ashley might be in the library. I am not sure.
• George might come as well.
• Edward is late. He might have missed his bus or he might have
overslept.

20.MUST, HAVE TO & OUGHT TO

a) Obligation tell about something that you must do
Example:
• You must pay by cash.
• You have to drive on the right in France.
• Students have to wear uniform.
• You ought to be more careful
• You ought to tell the police
• You ought not to drive like that

hh)Prohibition  tell about to prevent a particular activity

Example:
• You mustn’t smoke, eat and drink in the museum.
• You must not drink and drive.

ii) Unnecessary to do  tell about not needed or wanted, or more than is needed
or wanted to do
Example:
• We don’t have to get up early on Saturday.
• She doesn’t have to live in the hotel. She can live with us.

The Certainty Value of Modals

Uncertain
TO
T
CAN
WILL 0%

MAY
MUST
OUGHT
WOULD
MIG
COULDH
SHOULD
100%

Certain

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1.4 Gerund

Use of the gerund

as the subject of a sentence
as the object after certain verbs*
after certain verbs + prepositions
after certain adjectives +
prepositions
after certain nouns + prepositions
after verbs of perception (action
going on)
Buying Rover was a big mistake for BMW.
Most people enjoy driving.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
He's not very good at managing people.
We'll have no difficulty in selling the product.
I saw him staggering down the road towards the
pub.

*Verb + gerund: avoid, can't help, deny, dread, enjoy, (can't) face, fancy, feel
like. finish, give up, imagine, keep (on), mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, resent,
risk, spend time, (can't) stand, suggest

Use of the infinitive

a) without to after
 modal auxiliaries We can't raise the prices by more than 5%.
 make and let My boss wouldn't let me leave early. She made me do
 verbs of overtime.
perception I saw him open the safe and help himself to the money.
(completed
action)
b) withto after
 adjectives I'm sorry, but I'm not ready to go yet.
 certain verbs* She wants tofind a job in marketing after she's graduated.
 question words Can you tell me where to park my car?
 the first/last/only Henry Ford was the first to use flow production in a car
 adjectives + for factory.
Until then cars had been too expensive for most people to
buy.

*Verb + infinitivewith to: afford, agree, aim, dare, decide, expect, fail, happen, hope,
manage, mean, offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, threaten, want, wish

Gerund or infinitive - little difference in meaning

I began to play the piano when I was six. I began playing the piano when I was six.
We must continue to look for new staff. We must continue looking for new staff.

After some verbs (begin, start, continue, like, love, hate, intend and prefer) you can
usually use either a gerund or an infinitive. There is practically no difference in meaning.
Exception: After would/should + like/love, only the infinitive can be used.

Gerund or infinitive - important difference in meaning

stop  I've stopped smoking. The activity (smoking)

stops.
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  We stopped to smoke a cigarette. The activity is the reason
for stopping.
remember  I remember playing with Lego. The activity or event has
forget  I'll never forget driving into that brick already happened.
regret wall.
 I regret not learning Latin.
 Remember to take back those library The activity has not yet
books. happened. It can or is/was
 She forgot to lock the door. supposed to be done.
 We regret to say that we are unable to
help you.
mean  I didn't mean to interrupt. to intend to
 A 7.45 lesson means getting up early. to have as a result/an
effect
try  They tried giving him penicillin, but it had to test something to see if it
no effect. works
 I tried to lift the crate, but it was too to attempt something
heavy. difficult

1.5 Conditional Sentences

There are 4 types of Conditional Sentence:

• Zero Type Conditional
• First Type Conditional
• Second Type Conditional*
• Third Type Conditional*

*Conditional type 2 and type 3 are not included in “English for Nursing”

1st CONDITIONAL adalah untuk membicarakan kemungkinan yang bias terjadi di

masa sekarang atau akan datang, jika sesuatu hal tidak atau harus dilakukan.
Example:
If you take this medicine, you will be better

1.6 Clauses

Understanding Clauses needs to know types of sentence:

1. Simple Sentence:
Simple sentence memiliki satu independent clause.
Example:
The Presidentflew to Camp David. (One subject, one predicate)
subjectpredicate

Simple sentence bisa juga memiliki sebuah compound subject dan/atau

sebuah compound predicate.
Example:
The President and his advisors flew to Camp David and began work on the subject.
compound subject compound Predicate

21.Compound Sentence:
Sebuah kalimat yang memiliki dua pokok pikiran dengan dua kalimat lengkap.
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 Examples:
• Chris invited me to his birthday party, and I told him I would be there.
• Do you want to play basketball, or would you rather go fishing?
• I was going to buy a candy bar, but I decided to make a healthy choice instead

22. Complex Sentence

Sebuah kalimat yang memiliki pokok pikiran dengan dua kalimat lengkap,
tetapi satu kalimat bergantung dengan kalimat utama.

Pada bagian ini, pembahasan Clause yang dibutuhkan untuk English for
Nursing adalah: Compound Sentence and RELATIVE CLAUSE.
Example:
Compound Sentence:
- You can take a bus
- You can take a taxi You can take a bus or a taxi

Relative Clause:
- I bought a new car
- It is very fast I bought a new car that is very fast

23.Conjunctions and Relative Clause

a) Who
'Who' digunakan untuk menunjukkan tambahan keterangan tentang SUBJECT di
kalimat utama.
For example:
• That girl / is my sister. She / works in this office.
• → That girl who works in this office is my sister

jj) Whose
'Whose' digunakan untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan atas sesorang atau benda.
For example:
• The dog / is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.
• → The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.
• The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.
• → The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.

kk) Whom
'Whom' digunakan untuk menunjukkan tambahan keterangan tentang OBJECT di
kalmiat utama.
For example:
• The boy / has graduated from abroad. My mother spoke to him/ last
night.
• → The whom my mother spoke to last night has graduated from abroad.

ll) Where / when / why

‘Where’ untuk menunjukkan tempat, ‘When’ menunjukkan waktu atau masa,
dan ‘Why’ menunjukkan alas an mengapa sesuatu terjadi di kalimat utama.
For example:
• I live in a city. I study in the city.

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 • → I live in the city where I study.
• The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.
• → The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.

1.7 Passive Voice

Bentuk passive ditandai dengan perubahan kata kerja dalam kalimat active
menjadi TO BE +PAST PARTICIPLE (V-3). Subject dalam kalimat berubah menjadi object
dengan menggunakan BY yang diletakkan di akhir kalimat atau bisa pula tidak dituliskan.

Example:
Passive uses past participle verb
ACTIVE: My grandfather plants this tree which also includes regular and
PASSIVE: This tree is planted by my grandfather irregular verbs
Regular verbs: -ed
ACTIVE: He ate pizza yesterday Irregular verbs:
PASSIVE: Pizza was eaten by him yesterday Buy  boughtbought
Eat  ate  eaten

Passive Verb Tense:

Active
Present Simple She writes a letter
Present Continuous She is writing a letter
Past Simple She wrrote a letter
Past Continuous She was writing a letter
Present Perfect She hasbwritten a letter
Past Perfect She had written a letter
Future Simple She will write a letter
Going To She is going to write a letter
Infinitive She has to write a letter
Modals She may write a letter
Passive
A letter is written
A letter is being written
A letter was written
A letter was being written
A letter has been written
A letter had been written
A letter will be written
A letter is going to be
written
A letter has to be written
A letter may be written

How to change a sentence from Active to Passive:

PASSIVE  ACTIVE

You study Math

Math Is studied by

You Some
took courses
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Some Were taken You
courses

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CHAPTER TWO:

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