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Virtual LANs

3 Collision domains
3 Broadcast domains

Virtual LANs (VLANs)

If we want to move computers from group 1 to group 3, then

rewiring (physical replacement) has to be done
What is the alternative solution??
VLAN: Virtual (logical) Local Area Network : Local Area
Network configured by software not by physical wiring

1 ECSE 2106 2

Figure 16.15 A switch using VLAN software

Figure 15.17 Two switches in a backbone using VLAN software

VLAN1: Ports 1,2,5,7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
VLAN2: Ports 3,4,6
VLAN3: Ports 8,9,10
Separate broadcast domain 
separate network

Using the Virtual LAN technology will allow grouping computers

logically instead of physically.
VLAN divides the physical LAN into several logical LANs called
VLANs
 Switch maintains a look up table to know to which LAN a
machine belongs to.
Switch referred to as layer 3 switch.
ECSE 2106 ECSE 2106
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Advantages Of VLAN
Note: • Reduce cost and installation time:
– Instead of physically moving a station to another segment or another
switch, it can be moved by software.
VLANs create separate broadcast • Increase security:
– A group of users needing a high security can be put into a VLAN so
domains. that NO users outside the VLAN can communicate with them.
– Stations belong to the same group can send broadcast messages that
will NOT be received by users in others VLAN groups
• Creating Virtual Workgroups
– EXAMPLE: people from different departments working on the same
project can be put on the same VLAN
– Different departments can be in different VLANs

ECSE 2106 5 ECSE 2106 6

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Overview of wireless networks

MAN
Wireless Networks PAN
802.15.x
LAN
802.11
802.16
WAN
10m 100m e.g 2G,
e.g Bluetooth e.g WiFi 2-6km
e.G WiMax
3G, 4G

PAN – Personal area network

LAN – Local area network
MAN – Metropolitan area network
7 WAN – Wide area network 8

Elements of a wireless network Elements of a wireless network

Base station
Wireless hosts  Typically connected to
 Laptop, mobile phone, IP wired network
phone  Relay role - responsible
 Run applications for sending packets
 May be stationary (non- between wired network
network mobile) or mobile network and wireless host(s) in its
infrastructure  Wireless does not always infrastructure “area”
mean mobility  E.G., Cell towers,
802.11 access points

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Elements of a wireless network Elements of Wireless Network

Wireless link
 Typically used to connect
mobile(s) to base station
• Two modes of wireless network:
 Also used as – Infrastructure mode - has base stations
backbone/backhaul link
(line of sight) – Ad hoc mode – no base stations
network  Multiple access (MAC)
infrastructure protocol coordinates link
access
 Various data rates,
transmission distance

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Elements of a wireless network Elements of a wireless network

Infrastructure mode
 Base station connects Ad hoc mode
mobiles into wired  No base stations
network  Nodes can only transmit
 Handoff: mobile node to other nodes within
changes base station link coverage
providing connection  Nodes organize
network into wired network themselves into a
infrastructure network: route among
themselves
 They may select one to
be the master device

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Introduction
• The linking of two or more computers without using wires
• Uses radio communication to accomplish the same
functionality that a wired LAN
Wireless LAN • IEEE 802.11 (WiFi – Wireless Fidelity)
• Uses unlicensed spectrum – 2.4GHz or 5GHz
• 10-600 Mbps, 1.5km
– 802.11 (1997): upto 2 Mbps, 2.4 GHz
– 802.11a (1999): upto 54 Mbps, 5 GHz, ~75 feet outdoor
– 802.11b (1999): upto 11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz, ~150 feet indoor, 300
ft outdoor [most popular]
– 802.11g (2003): upto 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz, ~150 feet [backward
compatible with 802.11b]
– 802.11n – up to 600 Mbps, 2.4GHz or 5GHz

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Basic Service Set Basic Service Set

• IEEE 802.11 defines the basic service set (BSS) as the
building block of a wireless LAN.
• A basic service set is made of stationary or mobile wireless
stations and an optional central base station, known as the
access point (AP).
• Fig. 3.23 shows two sets in this standard.
• The BSS without an AP is a stand-alone network and cannot
send data to other BSSs. It is called an ad hoc architecture
• In this architecture, stations can form a network without
the need of an AP; they can locate one another and agree
to be part of a BSS.
• A BSS with an AP is sometimes referred to as an
infrastructure network.

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3

Extended Service Set
19
Extended Service Set
• When BSSs are connected, the stations within reach of one
another can communicate without the use of an AP.
• However, communication between two stations in two
different BSSs usually occurs via two APs.
• The idea is similar to communication in a cellular network if
we consider each BSS to be a cell and each AP to be a base
station.
• Note that a mobile station can belong to more than one BSS
at the same time.
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Introduction
• Bluetooth is a wireless LAN technology designed to
connect devices of different functions such as
telephones, notebooks, computers (desktop and
laptop), cameras, printers, coffee makers, and
so on.
• A Bluetooth LAN is an ad hoc network, which means
that the network is formed spontaneously; the devices,
sometimes called gadgets, find each other and make a
network called a piconet.
• A Bluetooth LAN, by nature, cannot be large. It cannot
handle many devices
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Extended Service Set
• An extended service set (ESS) is made up of two or more
BSSs with APs.
• In this case, the BSSs are connected through a distribution
system, which is usually a wired LAN.
• The distribution system connects the APs in the BSSs.
• IEEE 802.11 does not restrict the distribution system; it can
be any IEEE LAN such as an Ethernet.
• Note that the extended service set uses two types of
stations: mobile and stationary.
• The mobile stations are normal stations inside a BSS.
• The stationary stations are AP stations that are part of a
wired LAN. Fig. 3.24 shows an ESS.
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Bluetooth
22
Introduction
• Bluetooth was originally started as a project by the Ericsson
Company.
• It is named for Harald Blaatand, the king of Denmark (940-
981) who united Denmark and Norway.
• Blaatand translates to Bluetooth in English.
• Today, Bluetooth technology is the implementation of a
protocol defined by the IEEE 802.15 standard.
• The standard defines a wireless personal-area network (PAN)
operable in an area the size of a room or a hall.
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Technical Specs Applications

• Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz range.
– Unlicensed, same band that certain wireless phones,
garage door openers, and baby monitors use.
• Bluetooth devices typically operate at low power -
around 0.1 Watts.
– Much less than the 3 Watts that a typical cell phone
operates at.
• Maximum range is supposed to 10 meters.
• Bluetooth can connect up to 8 devices.
– 1 master, 7 slaves with about a 10 meter radius
– Peripheral devices such as a wireless mouse or
keyboard can communicate with the computer
through this technology.
– Printing via Bluetooth
– Bluetooth headhones
– Conference attendees can synchronize their
laptop computers at a conference.

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Architecture Piconet
• Bluetooth defines two types of networks:
piconet and scatternet.

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Piconet Scatternet
• A Bluetooth network is called a piconet, or a
small net.
• A piconet can have up to eight stations, one of
which is called the primary the rest are called
secondary.
• A piconet can have only one primary station. The
primary station is the master and the other are
slaves.
• The communication between the primary and the
secondary can be one-to-one or one-to-many.
Fig. 3.25 shows a piconet.
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Scatternet
• Piconets can be combined to form what is called
a scatternet.
• A secondary station in one piconet can be the Wimax
primary in another piconet.
• This station can receive messages from the
primary in the first piconet (as a secondary) and, Wireless Interoperability for
acting as a primary, deliver them to secondaries
Microwave Access
in the second piconet.
• A station can be a member of two piconets. Fig.
3.26 illustrates a scatternet.
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Introduction
• In practical terms, WiMAX operation is similar to WiFi
but at higher speeds, over greater distances and for a
greater number of users.
• Range - 30-mile (50-km) radius from base station
• Speed – Up to 70 Mbps
• Line-of-sight not needed between user and base
station
• Frequency bands - 2 to 11 GHz and 10 to 66 GHz
(licensed and unlicensed bands)
• Defines both the MAC and PHY layers and allows
multiple PHY-layer specifications

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Architecture
• A WiMAX system consists of two parts:
– A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone
tower
• A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage to a very
large area – radius of up to 50km - as big as 8,000
square km.
– A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna
could be a small box, or they could be built into a
laptop the way WiFi access is today.
Architecture
• A WiMAX tower station can connect directly to the
Internet using a high-bandwidth, wired connection
e.g fiber.
• It can also connect to another WiMAX tower using a
line-of-sight, microwave link.
– This connection to a second tower (often referred to as
a backhaul), along with the ability of a single tower to
cover up to 3,000 square miles, is what allows WiMAX to
provide coverage to remote rural areas.

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Wimax Services
– There is the non-line-of-sight, WiFi sort of service, where a
small antenna on your computer connects to the tower.
• In this mode, WiMAX uses a lower frequency range -- 2 GHz to 11
GHz (similar to WiFi).
• Lower-wavelength transmissions are not as easily disrupted by
Cellular Networks
physical obstructions -- they are better able to diffract, or bend,
around obstacles.
• Up to 8km
– There is line-of-sight service, where a fixed dish antenna
points straight at the WiMAX tower from a rooftop or pole.
• Line-of-sight transmissions use higher frequencies, with ranges
reaching a possible 66 GHz.
• Up to a range of 50km

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Cellular Network Cellular Network Generations

• Made up of cells
• The service area of each base station is called a cell • It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in
terms of generations:
• Each mobile terminal is typically served by the ‘closest’ base
– 1G: Analog cellular telephony
stations
– 2G: Digital cellular telephony
– Handoff when terminals move
– 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video
telephony)
– 4G: IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and multimedia
telephony at faster data rates than 3G
– 5G: More use cases – internet of things, vehicle to vehicle
communications
• G refers to generation

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Evolution of Cellular Networks 1G

• 1st generation, 1980s
– Analogue communication
– Voice only
5G
• G refers to generation

1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G

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GSM GSM Services

• Voice
• Abbreviation for Global System for Mobile
• Short Message Service (SMS)
Communications – 1985 GSM standard that allows messages of at most 160 chars. (incl.
spaces) to be sent between handsets and other stations
• Concurrent development in USA and Europe in • General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
the 1980’s – GSM upgrade that provides IP-based packet data transmission up to
114 kbps
– GPRS is an example of 2.5G telephony – 2G service similar to 3G
• The European system was called GSM and
deployed in the early 1990’s
• GSM is a 2G technology

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GSM Evolution to 3G UMTS

High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS)
• UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE
GSM
9.6kbps Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
• The standardization work for UMTS is carried out
GSM Data HSCSD 3x improvement in data rate on short distances by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Also called CSD (Circuit Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
switched data) Can also be combined with HSCSD • Data rates of UMTS are:
– WCDMA - 2048 kbps for indoor and low range
GSM GPRS
outdoor
WCDMA
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps EDGE
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time

WCDMA – Wideband code division multiple access – Speeds of up to 2 Mbps

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3.5G (HSPA) 4G - LTE

• High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two
mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet • LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access • Data rates of up to 100 Mbps
(HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance of • Backward compatible UMTS 3G technology
existing WCDMA protocols
• Optimized for all-IP traffic – entirely packet switched network.
• Data rates of up to 14 Mbps
• LTE-Advanced – up to 1Gbps. LTE- A is the true 4G technology.

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5G 5G

There have been few trials for 5G worldwide

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5G
Machine to machine communication
• Machine to machine (M2M) is a broad label
that can be used to describe any technology
that enables networked devices to exchange
information and perform actions without the
manual assistance of humans.
• Example - In product restocking, for example,
a vending machine can message the
distributor when a particular item is running
low.

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Vehicle to vehicle communication Comparison of Cellular Network Speeds

• Can warn of the impending collision will start
appearing in cars in just a couple of years.
• Called car-to-car or vehicle-to-vehicle communication,
it lets cars broadcast their position, speed, steering-
wheel position, brake status, and other data to other
vehicles within a few hundred meters.
• The other cars can use such information to build a
detailed picture of what’s unfolding around them,
revealing trouble that even the most careful and alert
driver, or the best sensor system, would miss or fail to
anticipate.

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Comparison of wireless networks Overview of wireless networks

200 802.11n
4G – LTE/LTE-A
54 802.11a,g 802.11a,g point-to-point data PAN LAN MAN
WAN
Data rate (Mbps)

802.15.x 802.11
5-11 802.11b 802.16 (WiMAX) 802.16
4 3G cellular 10m 100m e.g 2G,
UMTS/WCDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO
enhanced e.g Bluetooth e.g WiFi 2-6km
1 802.15
e.G WiMax
3G, 4G

.384 UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 3G

.056 IS-95, CDMA, GSM 2G

Indoor Outdoor Mid-range Long-range PAN – Personal area network

10-30m 50-200m outdoor outdoor LAN – Local area network
200m – 4 Km 5Km – 20 Km MAN – Metropolitan area network
6-55 WAN – Wide area network 56

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