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Transmission Types and

Transmission Types
Multiplexing

6.1 2

TRANSMISSION MODES
Data transmission modes
• The transmission of binary data across a
link can be accomplished in either parallel
or serial mode
mode..
• In parallel mode, multiple bits are sent with
each clock tick
tick..
• In serial mode, 1 bit is sent with each clock
tick..
tick
• While there is only one way to send parallel
data, there are two subclasses of serial
transmission: asynchronous and
synchronous..
synchronous
3 4

Parallel transmission Serial transmission

• While there is only one way to send parallel data,

there are two subclasses of serial transmission
transmission::
asynchronous and synchronous
synchronous..

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Asynchronous Transmission
Figure 4 Asynchronous transmission
• In asynchronous transmission, we
send 1 start bit(s) (0) at the beginning
and 1 or more stop bits (1s) at the end
of each byte.
• In addition to the control data small
gaps are inserted between each
chunk to distinguish each group.
• Slower data rate

7 8

Synchronous Transmission
Asynchronous transmission
• In synchronous transmission, we send bits one
after another without start or stop bits or gaps.
• Synchronous transmission sends data as one long
bit stream or block of data.
• Each bit is sent one after the other.
• It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the
bits.
• The receiver counts the bits and reconstructs
bytes.
• Needs clock signal between the sender and the
receiver

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Synchronous Transmission
Synchronous transmission
• It is essential that timing is maintained between
sender and receiver as there are no start and stop
bits and no gaps.
• Needs clock signal between the sender and the
receiver
• Requires master/slave configuration. The master
provides the timing signal.
• Faster data rate compared to asynchronous
transmission as there are no start and stop bits

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Example - Synchronous Examples - Asynchronous

• Router synchronous serial interface
• RS-422 interfaces
• RS232
– One of the most popular protocols for
communication between computers and
peripheral devices, such as modems, keyboard,
and printers, is the asynchronous RS-232 protocol.
– Commonly known as UART

6.13 6.14

MULTIPLEXING

• Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two

devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the
devices, the link can be shared
shared..
Multiplexing • Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the
(simultaneous) transmission of multiple signals
across a single data link
link..

6.15 16

Categories of multiplexing Figure 3 Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)

• FDM is possible when the useful bandwidth of the

transmission medium exceeds the required bandwidth of
signals to be transmitted.
• A number of signals can be carried simultaneously if each
signal is modulated onto a different carrier frequency and the
carrier frequencies are sufficiently separated that the
bandwidths of the signals do not significantly overlap

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FDM Figure 4 FDM process

FM

6.19 20

Figure 5 FDM demultiplexing example Wavelength Division Multiplexing

• The true potential of optical fiber is fully
exploited when multiple beams of light at
different frequencies are transmitted on the
same fiber.
• This is a form of frequency division multiplexing
(FDM) but is commonly called wavelength
division multiplexing (WDM).
• With WDM, the light streaming through the fiber
consists of many colors, or wavelengths, each
carrying a separate channel of data.

21 6.22

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) Prisms in wavelength-division multiplexing and demultiplexing

WDM is an analog multiplexing

technique to combine optical signals.

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Wavelength Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

• A number of sources generate a laser beam at different

wavelengths.
• These are sent to a multiplexer, which consolidates the
sources for transmission over a single fiber line.
• Optical amplifiers, typically spaced tens of kilometers
apart, amplify all of the wavelengths simultaneously.
• Finally, the composite signal arrives at a demultiplexer,
where the component channels are separated and sent
to receivers at the destination point.

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Synchronous time-division multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing

• Time division multiplexing is possible when the
achievable data rate of the medium exceeds the
data rate of digital signals to be transmitted.
• Combines several low-rate digital channels into one
high-rate one.
• Multiple digital signals (or analog signals carrying
digital data) can be carried on a single transmission
path by interleaving portions of each signal in time.
• The data are organized into frames. Each frame
In synchronous TDM, the data rate contains a cycle of time slots. In each frame,
of the link is n times faster than then one or more slots are dedicated to each data
source.
data sources.
27 6.28

Time Division Multiplexing

• The data are organized into frames.
• Each frame contains a cycle of time slots.
• In each frame, one or more slots are dedicated to
each data source.

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