Elements of Literature Review

1) A clash of actions, ideas, desires, or wills in fiction is known as:

Irony, conflict, characterization, plot twist

2) An _____or psychological conflict arises as soon as a character experiences two opposite

emotions or desires – usually virtue and vice, or good and evil – inside him.

Internal, external, major, minor

3) ______ conflict, on the other hand, is marked by a characteristic involvement of an action

wherein a character finds himself in struggle with those outside forces that hamper his progress.

Internal, external, major, minor

4) Luke Skywalker's fight with Darth Vader is a ________ conflict.

man versus self, man versus man, man versus nature, man versus destiny

5) One example of ___________is Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, a novel about a fireman who,
though it's his job to burn books, secretly collects them. Our hero may convince the others he is
right, but he might be forced to flee town. He may even lose his life.
man versus man, man versus self, man versus society, man versus nature

6) Stephen Crane's short story, "The Open Boat," is a prime example of _______ and demonstrates
that the sea can cause shipwrecks easily and without regard for humanity.

Man versus nature, man versus man, man versus technology, man versus society

7) Oedipus is fated to marry his own mother and Odysseus finds himself sailing throughout the
Mediterranean due to the anger of Poseidon. These are excellent examples of the _______ type
of conflict.

Man versus nature, man versus fate, man versus society, man versus man

Plot and Structure

8) When the protagonist gains his objective, this is called:

Happy ending, unhappy ending, tragi-comedy, implicit ending

9) When the protagonist loses his objective, this is called:

Happy ending, unhappy ending, tragi-comedy, implicit ending

10) When the protagonist gains his objective but loses something more valuable, this is usually:

Classical tragedy, classical comedy, farce, melodrama

11) An implicit ending means that:

the ending is ambiguous, the ending is clear to understand, the ending is expected, the ending is
unexpected
 Foreshadowing

12) ________ is the author's presentation of information that indicates that something will happen.
In some ways it can either establish an element of suspense or an element of predictability.

Plot chart-foreshadowing- plot twist- resolution

13) If an author mentions a rifle hanging on the wall in an early chapter, it will be used later. This
type of Concrete foreshadowing is commonly referred to as:

Chekhov’s gun, analepsis, prolepsis, symbolic foreshadowing

14) __________ is the type of foreshadowing in which the narration goes into the past to relate events
that have already occurred.

Chekhov’s gun, analepsis, prolepsis, symbolic

15) __________ is the type of foreshadowing where the narration jumps to the future in order to
describe events yet to happen.

Chekhov’s gun, analepsis, prolepsis, symbolic

16) Abstract, or ___________foreshadowing will usually focus on a sudden change of weather.

Symbolic, analepsis, prolepsis, red herring

Characters

17) A ________ character is a person who changes over time, usually as a result of resolving a
central conflict or facing a major crisis. (dynamic)
18) A ___________ character is someone who does not change over time; his or her personality
does not transform or evolve. (static)
19) A _________character is anyone who has a complex personality; he or she is often portrayed as
a conflicted and contradictory person. (round)
20) A _________character is the opposite of a round character. This literary personality is notable
for one kind of personality trait or characteristic. (flat)
21) ___________ characters are those types of characters who have become conventional or
stereotypical through repeated use in particular types of stories. (stock)

22) The __________ is the central person in a story, and is often referred to as the story's main
character. (protagonist)

23) The ______________is the character(s) (or situation) that represents the opposition against which
the protagonist must contend. In other words, the antagonist is an obstacle that the protagonist
must overcome.
24) A major character who lacks conventional nobility of mind, and who struggles for values not deemed
universally admirable is known as: (anti-hero)
25) A _____________is any character whose personal qualities contrast with another character (usually
the protagonist). (foil)
 26) A _______character is any major or minor character whose very existence represents some
major idea or aspect of society. For example, in Lord of the Flies, Piggy represents both the
rationality and physical weakness of modern civilization; Jack, on the other hand, represents the
violent tendencies that William Golding believes is within human nature. (symbolic)

Bildungsroman

What is Bildungsroman? Here’s a quick and simple definition:

27) ______________is a genre of novel that shows a young protagonist's journey from childhood to
adulthood, with a focus on the trials and misfortunes that affect the character's growth.
(bildungsroman)
28) A Bildungsroman typically begins with a protagonist who feels____________, but ends on a
positive note with the character finding a sense of belonging or self-realization. (alienated and
alone)

History of Bildungsromans

29) The writer who introduced the novel that revolves around a young protagonist's journey was:
Johann Goethe, Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg, Ludwig Tieck, Friedrich
Schlegel
30) The first novel that describes a young protagonist’s fortunes and misfortunes was: Wilhelm
Meister's Apprenticeship, Lucinde, Henry of Ofterdingen, The Novices of Sais
31) Typical Structure of Bildungsromans
32) The novel usually starts with: The set-up, which introduces the protagonist, most often during
his or her childhood.

33) In the end, the protagonist reaches: maturity.

34) Common Supporting Characters in Bildungsroman

 The Wicked Authority Figure (mad scientist, old grandparents, silly cousin)

 The Enchanting Friend

 The Unrequited Love

 The Kind Tutor

35) Common Themes in Bildungsromans

 God and the Sublime

 Class Struggle

 The Supernatural

36) Common Plot Devices in Bildungsromans

 Being "sent off" to boarding school, jail, hard labor, or a distant relative's house

 Alienation from one's immediate family

  Financial crises and/or "rags-to-riches"

 Physical punishment and/or harsh living conditions

 Fleeing, running away, and travel to an exotic land

 Spiritual crises and encounters

37) Common Protagonists in Bildungsromans

 The Orphan

 The Misfit

 The Runaway

 The Artist

Variations of Bildungsroman

 38) Entwicklungsroman: A novel of development; differs from bildungsroman in that it does not
necessarily involve the process of growing up. Entwicklungsroman, Erziehungsroman,
Künstlerroman, Zeitroman

 39) Erziehungsroman: A novel of education; emphasis on schooling and knowledge, whether

academic or otherwise.

 40) Künstlerroman: A novel about the development of an artist.

 41) Zeitroman: A novel that considers the evolution of the protagonist's socio-cultural
atmosphere and era along with his own personal development.

Irony

42) Verbal Irony is when words express something contrary to truth or someone says the opposite of
what they really feel or mean.

43) Components of Verbal Irony are:

A) Hyperbole-exaggerated statement

B) Litotes- ironic understatement

C) Echoic allusion

44) A hyperbole is: an exaggerated statement, an ironic statement, an understatement, a

misunderstanding

45) Litotes represents an ironic understatement

46) Situational Irony is Incongruity between expectations and what actually happens instead.

47) Cosmic Irony

Cosmic irony is sometimes called irony of fate. It is the idea that human fate and destiny is controlled by
outside forces, even gods, who do not care about humans or their hopes and dreams.

48) Historical Irony

Historical irony is when hindsight provides an ironic perspective on an action or stance made in the past.
This type of irony is perfect for a character who ends up in an ironic situation they would never expect.
As the name suggests, this could apply to real life as well as fiction.

49) Dramatic Irony/ Tragic Irony

Dramatic Irony is a literary technique, originally used in Greek tragedy, by which the full significance of a
character's words or actions is clear to the audience or reader although unknown to the character.

50) Dramatic Irony is also called Tragic Irony

Stages:

51) Installation (preparation)

audience is informed of something the character does not know about

52) exploitation (suspension)

using this information to develop curiosity among the audience

53) resolution

what happens when the character finally finds out what is going on?