MATTER

Matter- mass & volume; occupies space; atom (basic building blocks)
States: Solid- compact particles w/fixed shape & volume, rigid, can’t be squashed
Liquid- quite distant particles fixed volume, no fixed shape, not rigid, can’t be squashed
Gas- very distant particles, no fixed shape & volume, not rigid, can be squashed
Properties:
Physical- measured w/o changing its composition (changes of state, mixture separation, physical deformation)
Chemical- bonds are broken/formed; observed through chemical reaction; reactants become products
Intensive- don’t depend on amount of matter; doesn’t change when amount changes (constant)
Extensive- depend on amount of matter; changes when object size changes; easily determined
Classification:
Pure Substance- 1 type of atom
 Element –can’t be broken down to simpler substances (indivisible) (metal, metalloid, nonmetal)
 Compound- 2 or more elements in fixed definite proportions (chemically bonded) (covalent, ionic, metallic bonds)

Mixture- 2 or more substances physically mixed but not combined chemically; individual identities are retained
- alloys, solutions, colloids, suspensions (most matter exist in this form)
- not chemically bonded, unfixed proportions, properties are “average” of substances’ properties it’s made from
 Homogeneous- uniform composition
 Heterogeneous- varied composition

 Solution- 1 substance dissolves & mixes fully with other; solvent (one that dissolves), solute (being dissolved)
- can be made by dissolving gas into solvent (O2 to H2O; liquid into liquid (alcohol in wine), solid into solid (alloys)
 Supersaturated Solution- solute stays in solution until ‘seed’ crystal is added, then it will crystallise out of solution very quickly,
giving heat energy (used in heat packs)
 Solubility- amount of a solute that can dissolve at a given temperature
- increases as temp increase (most substances); decreases as temp increase (gas)

Separation Techniques:
Magnetic Separation- magnetically-susceptible material is extracted using magnetic force
Evaporation- liquids change to vapor/gas; drives off liquid components (solvent) from solids (solute) through heating
- for solvent that’s soluble & doesn’t decompose while heating
Sedimentation- heavier insoluble materials (sediment) settle at the bottom w/o disturbing for a long time
Decantation- removes liquid layer free of precipitate to obtain decantate (liquid free from particulates)/ recover precipitate
- for immiscible liquid (don’t mix together); inefficient, unsuitable for fine & light solids
Filtration- pour mixture onto a membrane (filter paper) that allows passage of liquid (filtrate) to collect solids (residue)
- separates finer impurities from decantate
Distillation- purification  components are vaporized (heated), condensed (gas cools into liquid), & isolated (collected)
- for mixture w/ 2 or more pure liquid w/ diff. boiling points; distillate (vapor condensed to liquid)
Centrifugation- spin fine insoluble materials; heavier particles settle at bottom; based on size, density, shape, viscosity, rotation speed
- blood into serum (liquid remains after clotting) & plasma (liquid remains when clotting’s prevented w/anticoagulant)
Chromatography- “color-writing”; separate coloured/noncolored substance soluble in same solvent
Uses: Counterfeiting- detect forgeries by matching inks from forged money w/ ink from suspect’s printing machine
DNA Fingerprinting- identify unique genetic makeup through electrophoresis (separate DNA fragments according to size)
Forensics- separate compounds in mixture (drugs from blood, pollutants from water)
Drug Testing- use gas chromatography machines to identify chemical make-up of unknown substances
- different amounts of different molecules will ‘stick’ to column so it can be used to find masses (chemical structure
& identity) of compounds.
Significant Figures- number of important single digits (0 - 9), coefficient of an expression in scientific notation, indicate precision of a number
Measured Numbers- use measuring tool, quantity
Exact Numbers- counting, defined relationship (constant equivalents/conversion), no measuring tool

RULES OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

SIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT
 All non-zero digits (1-9) Zeros at beginning of number

 Zeros between non-zero digits Leading zeros (0 before nonzero number)

 Trailing zeros (0s after nonzero numbers) in numbers w/ decimal points Trailing zeros in numbers w/o decimal points

 All numbers in scientific notation

Scientific Notation- expressing numbers that are too big/small to be conveniently
written in decimal form

RULES IN ROUNDING OFF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

 If digit to be dropped is >5, add “1” to last digit to be retained & drop all digits

 If digit to be dropped is <5, drop it w/o adding any number to last digit

 If digit to be dropped is =5: Even & 0 (drop “5”) Odd (add “1” to 5)

UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT
Precision- “reproducibility”; how close measurements in a series are to each other
Accuracy- how close measurement is to actual value

- each line (scale) represents 1 ml increments.

- accurate to ones place, estimated digit should be in tenth
place.
- For scaled instruments ,estimated digit must be determined by
YOU.
- Liquid volume is 43.0 ml not 43 ml. Zero in tenth place is
estimated digit.

Systematic Error- produce values that are all higher/lower than actual error; part of experimental system due to faulty measuring device/consistent
mistake in taking reading. (poor accuracy, definite causes, reproducible)
Random Error- in absence of systematic error, produces values that are higher & lower than actual value
- always occurs, size depends on measurer’s skill & instruments precision (poor precision, nonspecific causes, not reproducible)
Percent Error- used to gauge how close measured value is to a true value
Percent Error = Accepted – Experimental x100
Accepted