STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY - Experiment- activity in which

REVIEWER outcome cannot be predicted

- Trial- each repetition of experiment
STATISTICS- collection of methods for: - Outcome- result of experiment
- Experiments - Event- any collection of outcome
- Obtaining data - Simple Event- only one
- Analyzing possible outcome
- Conclusions - Sample Space- all possible
- Interpreting data outcomes
DATA- values that variables can assume
VARIABLE- characteristics that is PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT
observable or measurable Formula: 𝑃(𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) =
𝑛(𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑛(𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒)
POPULATION- set of all values
n(event)= number of outcomes of an event
SAMPLE- subgroup of population
n(sample space)= number of all possible
outcomes
CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIABLES:
- Qualitative Variables- represent
VARIABLES
class/category
Random- way to map outcomes of
- Quantitative Variables- represent
statistical experiment
amount/account
Discrete Random- value is obtained by
- Discrete- can be counted
counting
- Continuous- can be
Continuous Random- value is obtained by
measured (decimal)
measuring
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
- Nominal Level- consist of names,
DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
labels, categories
- Values of random variable can
- Ordinal Level- Arranged in orders
assume corresponding probabilities.
- Interval Level- can determine
- PROPERTIES:
amount of differences
- Sum of all
- Ratio Level- include inherent 0
probabilities should
starting point
be 1. Σ𝑃(𝑥) = 1
- Probabilities should
METHODS OF SAMPLING
be confined between
- Random- chance/ random numbers
0 and 1.
- Systematic- numbering and selecting with
0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑥) ≤ 1
number
MEAN OF A DISCRETE PROBABILITY
- Stratified- distinct groups, divide and pick
Formula: µ = Σ 𝑋 · 𝑃(𝑋)
into groups
- Cluster- intact groups
VARIANCE
- Is the in between of data sets
PROBABILITY
Formula:
- Branch of mathematics that deals
2
with chance Σ (𝑥 − µ) · 𝑃(𝑥)
STANDARD DEVIATION If positive= Add to 0.5
- Measure of amount of variation
Formula: 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑋 · 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑥− µ 2 2
σ (𝑥 − µ · 𝑝(𝑥)

NORMAL CURVE DISTRIBUTION

- Bell curve = Subtraction
- The Normal Probability Distribution
Properties:
- Bell shaped
- Symmetrical about its center
- Mean, median, mode are equal and
at center
- Width of curve= standard deviation
=Add
- Tails are asymptotic to base line
- Area under curve=1
SAMPLING METHODS
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION:
Population- group you want to generalize
µ = 0; σ = 1
(measure: parameter)
Sample- subset of population (measure:
Computing the area of curve:
statistics)

Random Sampling
- Simple Random Sampling
Each element has equal chance
= as is - Lottery/ Fishbowl Method
- Use of table of random
numbers
Slovin’s Formula
𝑁
𝑛= 2
1+𝑁𝑒
N= population size
(to the right) n= sample size
If negative= Add to 0.5 e= margin of error
If positive= Subtract to 0.5
Systematic Random Sampling
- Selecting every kth element in
population
𝑁
𝐾= 𝑛

Stratified Random Sampling

(to the left)
- Dividing into strata
If negative= Subtract to 0.5
𝑛
𝑁
then multiply the quotient to each strata
to know the number per strata

Clustered Sampling
- Dividing into clusters/groups and
pick a group for sample

mean variance St Dev

Population: µ σ
2 σ

Sample: 𝑥 𝑠
2 𝑠

FORMULAS:
Population
Σ𝑥
- Mean: µ = 𝑁
2
2 Σ(𝑥−µ)
- Variance: σ = 𝑁
2
Σ(𝑥−µ)
- StDev: σ = 𝑁

Sample:
Σ𝑥
- Mean: µ𝑥 = 𝑛
2
2 Σ(𝑥−µ𝑥)
- Variance: σ 𝑥 = 𝑛
2
Σ(𝑥−µ𝑥)
- StDev: σ𝑥 = 𝑛

CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

- Higher sample, more curve