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Statistics
HKU SPACE
Higher Certificate in Medical Laboratory Science
Laboratory Management
Laboratory Management
Vanessa Lo
Vanessa Lo
Adjunct Lecturer
Clinical Scientist, FFSc (RCPA)
26 August 2022 (6:30 – 9:30 pm)
26 August 2022 (6:30 9:30 pm)
Obj ti
Objective Collect &
Collect &
Present Data
Studyy
Analyze Data
Target
Population Interpret Data
p
Objective Achieved
Sample
p
(Y / N )
(Yes / No)
2
Target
Target Target
Target
Population Population
d ll Study whole target population
Ideally d h l l
?? Possible
?? Possible
How about select a group / groups of
How about select a group / groups of
p
representative = SAMPLE RANDOMLY?
4
Sample
2011 ONE secondary
school from each of
18 districts
Random Sampling
p g
V i bl
Variables
(Minimize Bias)
(Minimize Bias)
6
Sample Group
Sample Group
• Depends on the population size &
composition
• Might need > 1 samples from each of the
Mi ht d 1 l f h f th
p p
population
• Example – Grade 7 to 12: number of girls and
boys
18 18
7
Obj ti
Objective Collect &
Collect &
Present Data
Studyy
Analyze Data
Target
Population Interpret Data
p
Objective Achieved
Sample
p
(Y / N )
(Yes / No)
8
Data Type
Data Type Less
Less
Applicable
Categorical
g Numerical
(Qualitative) (Quantitative)
Discrete Continuous
Discrete Data
Can ONLY take CERTAIN values between data
interval
Continuous Data
Can take ANY values between data interval
C k ANY l b d i l
On a numerical scale
175.5 cm 36.8oC
56.7 Kg
10
Collect Data
Collect Data
(
(From 18 Districts)
)
Data Presentation Skill
• EXACTLY the same data set
• With different axis scale
With different axis scale
• Can give entirely DIFFERENT visual impression
• Mi h
Might convey INAPPROPRIATE messages
INAPPROPRIATE
12
Data “Purification” – Identify and
Eliminate Outliers
1 Reject the largest outlier value X(n) when:
1. Reject the largest outlier value X(n) when:
X(n) – X(n‐1) 1
>
X(n) – X(1) 3
2. Reject the smallest outlier value X(1) when:
Reject the smallest outlier value X(1) when:
X(2) – X(1) 1
>
X(n) – X(1) 3
3. After
After eliminating an outlier, re
eliminating an outlier, re‐examine
examine the
the
data set for new outliers, which may become
apparent only after reducing the range
apparent only after reducing the range
13
Align Data in Ascending Order / Identify
and Eliminate Outliers
42 41 43 44 44 41, 42, 43, 44, 44
42, 41, 43, 44, 44 41 42 43 44 44
Upper Outlier
Upper Outlier
X(n)
( ) – X(n‐1)
( ) 1
> (44 44)/(44 41) 0
(44‐44)/(44‐41) = 0
X(n) – X(1) 3
Lower Outlier
X(2) – X(1) 1
> (42‐41)/(44‐41) = 1/3
X(n) –
( ) X(1)
( ) 3
14
Align Data in Ascending Order / Identify
and Eliminate Outliers
1 41 42 43 44 44 100
1, 41, 42, 43, 44, 44, 100
Upper Outlier
X(n)) – X(n‐1)
X( X( 1) 1
> (100‐44)/(100‐1) = 0.57
X(n) – X(1) 3
Lower Outlier
X(2) – X(1) 1
> (41‐1)/(100‐1) = 0.41
X(n) –
( ) X(1)
( ) 3
15
Continue for the Second Lowest and
Second Largest Data
1 41 42 43 44 44 100
1, 41, 42, 43, 44, 44, 100
Upper Outlier
X(n)) – X(n‐1)
X( X( 1) 1
> (44‐44)/(44‐41) = 0
X(n) – X(1) 3
Lower Outlier
X(2) – X(1) 1
> (42‐41)/(44‐41) = 1/3
X(n) –
( ) X(1)
( ) 3
16
Types of Statistic
Types of Statistic
Statistics
Descriptive Inferential
Modeling Hypothesis
Estimation Relationships Testing
Inferential Statistics
Based on sample statistics to:
Based on sample statistics to
1 Infer
1. Infer population
population parameters e.g.
parameters e g
determine confidence intervals
2. Set up model relationships between >
2 variables e g mathematical equations
2 variables e.g. mathematical equations
3. Conduct hypothesis testing e.g. carry
yp g g y
systematic analysis of the data
18
Descriptive Statistics –
p Most Common
Summarize data numerically or graphically by
deriving:
1. Central tendency – mean, median, mode
2. Dispersion around the central tendency –
range standard deviation variance
range, standard deviation, variance,
coefficient of variation
3 Shape
3. Sh of a distribution
f di ib i
Allow appropriate review, interpretation and
Allow appropriate review interpretation and
understanding of the data pattern for selecting
the most suitable statistical tool
the most suitable statistical tool.
19
Central Tendency
Central Tendency
Mean
• Numerical average of all data
N i l f ll d t
• Most commonly used to measure central
location
y
• Can only have one mean
• VERY sensitive to the outliers
Median
M di
• "Middle value" of a list
• Can only have one median
• NOT sensitive to outliers
20
Mode
• Value with the highest frequency
• Can have > 1 mode
Can have > 1 mode
• No calculation is needed
• NOT sensitive to outliers
ii li
EXCEL
• Mean – AVERAGE (First Cell:Last Cell)
• Median – MEDIAN (First Cell:Last Cell)
• Mode
Mode – MODE (First Cell:Last
MODE (First Cell:Last Cell)
21
Data Collected
42 41 43 44 44
42, 41, 43, 44, 44
NO Need Data Alignment
g
Variance (σ2) = 1.70
24
Spread and Variability
Spread and Variability – Standard
Standard
Deviation (SD)
• Spread of data from the mean
S d fd t f th
• Positive square root of variance
• EXCEL: STDEV (First Cell:Last Cell)
Data Collected
42, 41, 43, 44, 44
NO Need Data Alignment
NO Need Data Alignment
Standard Deviation (σ) = 1.30
25
Spread and Variability
Spread and Variability – Coefficient of
Coefficient of
Variation (CV)
• SSpread of data from the mean
d fd t f th
• Most useful to compare degree of variation
among data sets of different properties e.g.
different unit
Mean
CV (%) = x 100
SD
26
Compare spread and variability of two
data sets with different unit with CV
Alb i
Albumin Gl
Glucose
Unit Results Unit Results
Data Collected
Data Collected g/L 42 41 43 44 44
42, 41, 43, 44, 44 mmol/L 46 50 52 39 51
4.6, 5.0, 5.2, 3.9. 5.1
Align Data g/L 41, 42, 43, 44, 44 mmol/L 3.9, 4.6, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2
g
Range g/L
g/ 3 mmol/L
/ 1.3
Variance (g/L)2 1.70 (mmol/L)2 0.53
SD g/L 1.30 mmol/L 0.28
CV % 3.0 % 11.2
Data spread of glucose is
LARGER th th t f lb i
LARGER than that of albumin
27
28
Gaussian / Parametric Distribution
Gaussian / Parametric Distribution
1. Collect min 30 data
2. Calculate mean, SD
3. Identify range as mean + 2SD
29
Symmetrical data distribution DOES
Symmetrical data distribution DOES
NOT MEAN that it must be Parametric
Acceptance criteria of parametric
Acceptance criteria of parametric
data distribution : 2SD = 95%
30
NON‐Gaussian
NON Gaussian / Non
/ Non‐Parametric
Parametric
Distribution
1. Collect min 50 data ideal 120
2 Lower range is value of bottom 2.5%
2. Lower range is value of bottom 2 5%
3. Upper range is value of top 97.5%
31
Central
Central Spread
p //
Tendency Variability
Mean, Median Range, Variance
Mode SD CV
SD, CV
32
1. Reference Interval (參考區間)
Reference Interval ( )
Establishment
• For comparing test result of one individual
with those from a relatively large number of
other members of a similar population
• Determined by different source of variations
Determined by different source of variations
1. Pre‐analytical
2. Analytical
l l
3. Biological
a) Intra‐individual
b) Inter
Inter‐individual
individual
33
2. Internal Quality Control (IQC)
Internal Quality Control (IQC)
• Run‐in new lot QC – mean + 2SD
• Periodic analytical performance review –
mean, SD, CV
Bias
Imprecise
34
3. Analytical Performance
Analytical Performance
a. Measurement uncertainty / Uncertainty of
measurement (MU)
b. External quality assurance (EQA) /
Proficiency testing (PT) program
Proficiency testing (PT) program
c. Method & analyzer performance
y p
verification, review and comparability
studies
di
35
a. Measurement uncertaintyy // Uncertainty of
y
measurement (MU) – 2SD, 2CV
36
b. External quality assurance / Proficiency
q y / y
testing program – Mean, SD, CV
37
c. Method & analyzer performance verification,
y p ,
review & comparability studies – Commonly
Used Statistical Tests
Used Statistical Tests
1. Correlation studies
2. Regression analysis
3. Difference plots
4 Paired T test
4. Paired T test
5. Chi square test
6. Anova (Analysis of Variance)
38
1. Correlation Studies
Correlation Studies
a. Coefficient of Correlation – R
• Measures the strength
Measures the strength and direction
and direction of a
of a
linear relationship between two
variables on a scatter plot
bl l
• ‐1 < R < +1
39
b. Coefficient of Determination – R2
• Gives the proportion of the variance
(fluctuation) of one variable (dependent
(fluctuation) of one variable (dependent
variable – Y axis) that is predictable from
th th
the other variable (independent variable –
i bl (i d d t i bl
X axis)
• Determines how certain one can be in
gp
making predictions from a certain
model/graph
• Measures of how well the regression line
Measures of how well the regression line
represents the data
• 0 < R2 < 1
40
• Responds to RANDOM
p error
• Value depends on the RANGE of data
• Does NOT estimate analytical bias
D NOT i l i l bi
between methods
• ONLY presents RELATIONSHIP of range to
scatter of data between methods
of data between methods
• Increases and becomes more approaching
to ONE with increasing data range
i hi i d
g
• With too wide data range can lead to false
/ inappropriate message and performance
interpretation
41
Data Range: 0 – 7000
R2: 1.10
: 1.10
Reference screening
cut off: 16
cut off: 16
Data Range: 0 – 16
R2: 0.82
: 0 82
42
Range
g
0 – 7000 Scatter
R2: 1.10
: 1.10 R2: 0.82
: 0.82
ONLY presents RELATIONSHIP of Range to
Scatter of data between methods
43
R2 should NOT be used for
performance comparison studies and
performance comparison studies and
assess method acceptability with
WIDE data range unless after
reasonable data range partition
reasonable data range partition
44
2. Regression Analysis
Regression Analysis
• NOT exactly simple linear regression
• Can apply the concept of linear regression
Can apply the concept of linear regression
ONLY if method in the X‐axis (independent
variable) is ERROR FREE
bl )
• Gold standard method
• Reference method
• Example:
Example:
• Creatinine by isotope dilution
mass spectrometry
mass spectrometry
• Cholesterol by Abell Kendall
chemical method
h i l h d
45
a. Deming regression
g g
• Assumption – Gaussian and parametric
data distribution
data distribution
• Fit a straight line to two‐dimensional
data
• Both variables, X and Y, are measured
Both variables X and Y are measured
with error
b Passing & Bablok
b. i & bl k
• No assumption of data distribution
p
• Non‐parametric regression analysis for
method comparison studies
method comparison studies
46
• Both
Both variables, X and Y, are measured with
variables X and Y are measured with
error
• Allows one or few outliers
• Concept bases on two methods [y] and [x],
Concept bases on two methods [y] and [x],
which was related as [y = a + bx]
If b th b 1 d 0 y=x
• If both b=1 and a=0 both
b th
methods are identical
• Systematic difference – If 0 is not in the
confidence interval of [a]
confidence interval of [a]
• Proportional difference – If 1 is not in
th
the confidence interval of [b]
fid i t l f [b]
47
3. Difference Plot
Difference Plot
• Other Names
• Bias plotl
• Scatter plot
• Bland and Altman plot
• Display a scatter diagram
Display a scatter diagram of the
of the
DIFFERENCE plotted against the AVERAGE
of two measurements
of two measurements
• X‐axis is the AVERAGE of two
measurements e.g. Method 1 (Old) and
Method 2 (New)
( )
48
• YY‐axis is the DIFFERENCE of two
i i h DIFFERENCE f
measurements e.g. Method 2 (New) –
Method 1 (Old)
• YY‐axis
axis limits of agreement are defined as
limits of agreement are defined as
the mean of the DIFFERENCE plus and
minus 1 96 x SD of the DIFFERENCE i e
minus 1.96 x SD of the DIFFERENCE i.e.
95%
49
d 1 – Old)
ments
Method
easurem
MINUS M
nce of TTwo Me
hod 2 –– New M
Differen
(Meth
D
Average of Two Measurements (Method 1 –
g ( Old
and Method 2 – New)
50
D
Differennce of TTwo Me
easurem
ments D
Differennce of TTwo Me
easurem
ments
(Meth
hod 2 –– New M MINUS M
Method
d 1 – Old) (Meth
hod 2 –– New M MINUS M
Method
d 1 – Old)
g
g
(
(
and Method 2 – New)
and Method 2 – New)
Average of Two Measurements (Method 1 –
Average of Two Measurements (Method 1 –
Old
Old
52
51
4 Paired‐T Test
4. Paired‐T Test
Other Names
• Paired‐samples t‐test
• Dependent t‐test
Requirements
1. Differences between two groups only need
to be approximately normally distributed
to be approximately normally distributed
2. It would not be advisable to use a paired t‐
test where there were any extreme
h h
outliers
53
Applications
1. Determine whether the mean difference
between two sets of observations is zero
2. Assess whether observations in one sample set
can be paired with that of the other
3. Each subject or entity is measured twice, before
and after the action taken, resulting in pairs of
observations
Result Interpretations
• Determine p value, p <0.05 is commonly
interpreted to be the difference between two
observations are statistically significant
• The smaller the p value the more statistically
significant are the two observations
54
5. Chi
Chi‐Square
Square Test
Test
Two types – Both use the chi‐square statistic
and distribution but for different purposes
d di t ib ti b t f diff t
Type 1
yp
• A chi‐square test for goodness of fit
• Determines if a sample data matches a
D t i if l d t t h
population
• Applies in [Inferential Statistics] – Based
on sample statistics to:
on sample statistics to:
1. Infer population parameters e.g.
d
determine confidence intervals
i fid i l
55
2. Model relationships between >
p 2
variables
3 Conduct hypothesis testing
3. Conduct hypothesis testing
Type 2
• A chi‐square test for independence
• Determines degree of relationship closeness
Determines degree of relationship closeness
between two variables
• Tests whether distributions of categorical
variables differing from each another
differing from each another –
categorical variables represent types of data
which may be divided into groups e g sex
which may be divided into groups e.g. sex
56
Two pieces of information are required:
o p eces o o at o a e equ ed
1. Degrees of freedom = No. of categories – 1
2. Alpha level (α) = Significance level
l h l l( ) f l l
• Probability of rejecting the null
y j g
hypothesis when it is true
• The value is decided by the researcher
The value is decided by the researcher
• Commonly used value is 0.05 (5%), but
can be 0.1 (10%) or 0.01 (1%) depending
on the experimental design and data
on the experimental design and data
nature
57
Result Interpretation
p
Gives a p‐value which indicates whether the
test results are significant or not
test results are or not
1. Strong relationship
• A very small chi square test statistic
• Observed data fits extremely well with
Observed data fits extremely well with
expected data
2. Weak relationship
• A very large chi square test statistic
A very large chi square test statistic
• Observed data does not fit well with
expected data
dd
58
6. ANOVA (Analysis of Variation)
ANOVA (Analysis of Variation)
One‐way ANOVA
• Involves one factor or one independent
factor or one independent
variable
• The
h one factor or independent variable
f d d bl
analyzed associates with three or more
independent (unrelated) categorical
groups
• Determines whether there are any
statistically significant differences among
statistically significant differences among
the means of three or more independent
(
(unrelated) groups
l d)
59
Two‐ways ANOVA
y
• Involves two factors or two
independent variables
independent variables
• Compares multiple groups of two factors
60
Applications
1. Find out if survey or experiment results are
significant
i ifi t
g j
2. Figure out if the researcher need to reject
the null hypothesis
3 Provides the overall test of equality of
3. Provides the overall test of equality of
group means
4. Control the overall type I error rate (i.e.
p )
false positive rate)
5. A powerful parametric test if normality
assumptions hold true
assumptions hold true
61
R l I
Result Interpretations
i
• Gives
Gives aa F value which indicates whether the
F value which indicates whether the
test results are significant or not
• If the null hypothesis is true, F
If th ll h th i i t F value is
l i
expected to be close to 1.0 most of the
time
• A large
A large F ratio, i.e. > 1.0 means that the
ratio, i.e. > 1.0 means that the
variation among group means is more than
expected
62
Clinical Sensitivityy
Clinical Specificity
Positive Predictive Value
Negative Predictive Value
Negative Predictive Value
63
Clinical Sensitivityy
If a person has NO disease how often will the
test be NEGATIVE?
test be NEGATIVE?
If the test is highly sensitive and the test result
If the test is highly sensitive and the test result
is NEGATIVE NEARLY certain that the
patient has NO
i h NO disease
di
NEGATIVE result of a sensitive test
l f ii RULE
RULE
OUT disease
RULE OUT
Screening 64
Clinical Specificity
p y
If a person HAS a disease, how often will the
test be POSITIVE ?
test be POSITIVE
If the test is highly specific and the test result
If the test is highly specific and the test result
is POSITIVE NEARLY certain that the patient
HAS the disease
h di
POSITIVE result of a specific test RULE IN
RULE IN
disease
RULE IN
Confirmation 65
Positive Predictive Negative Predictive
Val e
Value Val e
Value
test result Negative test result
Positive test result test result
Probability the patient Probability the patient
h d
has disease h
has NO disease
d
66
Disease
Test
Yes No
Positive A B
N ti
Negative C D
Disease
Test
Yes No
Positive True Positive (TP)
True Positive (TP) False Positive (FP)
Positive (FP)
Negative False Negative (FN)
g ( ) True Negative (TN)
g ( )
67
COVID 19
COVID–19
Kit A Yes No
Positive 10 90
N ti
Negative 50 50
COVID–19
Kit A Yes No
Positive TP (10)
TP (10) FP (90)
FP (90)
Negative FN (50)
FN (50) TN (50)
68
Influenza A
Kit A
Kit A Yes No
Positive TP (10) FP (90)
Negative FN (50) TN (50)
Clinical
Statistics Kit A
Sensitivity 17%
Specificity 36%
PPV 10%
NPV 50%
69
COVID 19
COVID–19
Kit B Yes No
Positive 90 10
N ti
Negative 50 50
COVID–19
Kit B Yes No
Positive TP (90)
TP (90) FP (10)
FP (10)
Negative FN (50)
FN (50) TN (50)
70
Influenza A
Kit B
Kit B Yes No
Positive TP (90) FP (10)
Negative FN (50) TN (50)
Clinical
Statistics Kit B
Sensitivity 64%
Specificity 83%
PPV 90%
NPV 50%
71
COVID 19
COVID–19
Kit C Yes No
Positive 90 50
N ti
Negative 10 50
COVID–19
Kit C Yes No
Positive TP (90)
TP (90) FP (50)
FP (50)
Negative FN (10)
FN (10) TN (50)
72
Influenza A
Kit C
Kit C Yes No
Positive TP (90) FP (50)
Negative FN (10) TN (50)
Clinical
Statistics Kit C
Sensitivity 90%
Specificity 50%
PPV 64%
NPV 83%
73
Prevalence (患病率)
Prevalence (患病率)
• In epidemiology prevalence is the proportion of a
particular population found to be affected by a
medical condition (typically a disease or a risk
factor such as smoking or seat‐belt use) at a
specific time
• It is derived by comparing the number of people
found to have the condition with the total
found to have the condition with the total
number of people studied
• It is usually expressed as a fraction, a percentage,
or the number of cases per 10,000 or 100,000
people
74
Relationship between Prevalence and PPV
& NPV
PPV
(Sensitivity x Prevalence) /
[(
[(Sensitivity x Prevalence)
y )
+ ((1 – Specificity) x (1 –
Prevalence))]
NPV
(Specificity x (1 –
Prevalence)) / [ (Specificity
l )) / [ (S ifi i
x (1 – Prevalence)) + ((1 –
Sensitivity) x Prevalence)]
75
【新冠肺炎】16‐03‐2022 15:40
【新冠肺炎】
中國衛健委指:
新冠抗原快測應僅用於高流行率人群 一般人 般人
群不要隨意做 絕大部份可能是假陽性
According to the National Health
Commission of China: The rapid test of the
COVID‐19 antigen should only be used for
COVID‐19 antigen should only be used for
high‐prevalence populations. The general
population should not do it casually. Most
of them may be false positive.
of them may be false positive.
76
• 內地的新冠肺炎疫情加劇,民眾已可自行
購買抗原檢測試劑進行快測。
• 不過國家衛健委臨床檢驗中心副主任李金
明今日(15日)表示,抗原檢測應該用在
高風險、高流行率的聚集性感染的人群檢
測, 般人群不要隨意做抗原檢測。
測,一般人群不要隨意做抗原檢測。
• 李金明解釋,「我們國家已經批准的抗原
檢測試劑的敏感性在
檢測試劑的敏感性在75%‐98%,特異性是
特異性是
95%‐99%之間。」
• 因為內地疫情防控措施比較好,大部分地
區人群的流行率低於百萬分之一
區人群的流行率低於百萬分之一。
77
1. 流行率百萬分之一 (0.0001%)
• 李金明舉例稱
李金明舉例稱,如果拿敏感性在85%、
如果拿敏感性在
特異性97%的新冠抗原檢測試劑盒到千
萬人口的城市做篩查的話。
• 會得到30萬個陽性的結果。
會得到30萬個陽性的結果
• 但這30萬個陽性裡只有9個是真的。
但這 萬個陽性裡只有 個是真的。
• 絕大部分是假陽性。
• 當然檢測是陰性的結果是可靠的。
78
2 流行率5%
2.
• 李李金明又稱,如果在一個流行率達到
的 群去使 敏感性 特
5%的人群去使用85%敏感性、97%特異
性的抗原檢測試劑
• 100個陽性結果中會有約 60 個是真的。
• 同時漏檢 (False negative) 不超過1%。
79
• 李金明又指
李金明又指,核酸檢測在方法學上的特異
核酸檢測在方法學上的特異
性是100%,即核酸檢測在方法學上面沒有
假陽性,所以核酸檢測一直是確定新冠感
染的依據,是 金標準」。
染的依據,是「金標準」。
• 抗原檢測 [不能替代] 核酸檢測。
• 當抗原檢測是陽性的時候,一定要拿核酸
檢測去確認 。
• 但是核酸檢測是陽性,不管抗原檢測是陰
性還是陽性,被檢者都要當做新冠感染者
或者確診患者來採取措施。
80
【新冠肺炎】16‐03‐2022 15:40
【新冠肺炎】
中國衛健委指:
新冠抗原快測應僅用於高流行率人群 一般人 般人
群不要隨意做 絕大部份可能是假陽性
According to the National Health
Commission of China: The rapid test of the
COVID‐19 antigen should only be used for
COVID‐19 antigen should only be used for
high‐prevalence populations. The general
population should not do it casually. Most
of them may be false positive.
of them may be false positive.
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• As the COVID‐19 epidemic in the mainland
,p p yp
intensifies, people can already purchase
antigen detection reagents for rapid testing.
• However, Li Jinming, deputy director of the
National Health Commission's Clinical Testing g
Center, said today (15th) that antigen testing
should be used for high‐risk
should be used for high risk, high
high‐prevalence
prevalence
cluster infections, and the general population
should not do antigen testing at will
should not do antigen testing at will.
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• "The sensitivity of the antigen detection
reagents that have been approved in our
h h b di
country is between 75% and 98%, and the
specificity is between 95% and 99%.“
• B
Because the epidemic prevention and control
th id i ti d t l
measures in the mainland are relatively
good, the prevalence rate of the population
in most areas is less than one in a million.
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1. Prevalence per million (0.0001%)
• Li
Li Jinming
Jinming said, if a new COVID ‐19 antigen
said if a new COVID ‐19 antigen
detection kit with a sensitivity of 85% and a
specificity of 97% is used for screening in a
specificity of 97% is used for screening in a
city with a population of 10 million.
• There will be 300,000 positive results.
• But only 9 of the 300,000 positives are true
But only 9 of the 300 000 positives are true
• The vast majority are false positives.
• Of course a negative test result is reliable.
84
2. Prevalence 5%
• Li
Li Jinming
Jinming also said that if an antigen
also said that if an antigen
detection reagent with 85% sensitivity and
97% specificity is used in a population with
97% specificity is used in a population with
a prevalence rate of 5%
• About 60 out of 100 positive results are
true.
• At the same time, the false negative is not
more than 1%.
th 1%
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• Li Jinming also pointed out that the methodological
specificity of nucleic acid testing is 100%, that is,
ifi it f l i id t ti i 100% th t i
nucleic acid testing has no false positives in
methodology, so nucleic acid testing has always
th d l l i id t ti h l
been the basis for determining COVID ‐19 infection,
and it is the "gold standard“.
d it i th " ld t d d“
• Antigen testing [is not a substitute for] nucleic acid
testing.
• When the antigen test is positive, must be
confirmed with the nucleic acid test.
• , p ,
However, if the nucleic acid test is positive, no
matter whether the antigen test is negative or
positive, the tested person must take measures as a
p , p
new COVID‐19 infection or a confirmed case.
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