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Network Basics Review V 2
Network Basics Review V 2
Pre-class work…read/watch all the material at least once before class…I will clarify in class.
Binary Training(Google search for “binary tutorial”):
http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-binary
http://www.codeconquest.com/tutorials/binary/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qjEkh3P9RE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBDoT8o4q00
http://www.techopedia.com/6/28587/internet/8-steps-to-understanding-ip-subnetting
http://www.subnetting.net/Tutorial.aspx
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA-8owNNy_c
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Table of Contents
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What is the OSI Model?
OSI – open systems interconnection
Main functions
Network dependent
functions
Application-oriented
functions
Seven layer model
Each layer performs a well-
defined set of functions
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Data Encapsulation
Application
User data
Presentation converted for Data (PDU)
transmission
Session
Add transport Segments
Transport type header
Add network Packets
Network header (datagram)
Add datalink
Datalink header
Frames
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ISO’s OSI Reference Model
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network Router
PC
PC
Hub Printer
10Base2
10Base5
IEEE 802.3
PC “Just like wire”
CSMA/CD
Server Shared bandwidth
Single collision domain
Single broadcast domain
This is a single local area network (LAN)
B=FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
M=0100.5Exx-xxxx
No Redundancy
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What is a Switch?
PC1
Switch Printer
1 2
3
5 4
IEEE 802.3
PC2 Maps Mac’s to Port’s
Independent bandwidth
X Server 2 port collision domain
Single broadcast domain
B=FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
M=0100.5Exx-xxxx
This is a single local area network (LAN)
Redundancy via STP
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What is a Router?
WAN
Printer
PC2 PC1
Printer
PC3
Server IEEE 802.3
Independent bandwidth
Isolates broadcast domains
Redundancy via routing
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What is an Terminal Server?
Terminal Server – provides RS-232 connectivity
Terminal
Ethernet Server
PC 1 Relay A
Relay B PC 2
Relay C
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MAC Address at Datalink Layer
RAM
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IP Address at Network Layer
8, 16, or 24 bits from ARIN
Varies with subnet mask.
Ethernet
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IPv4 Addressing
Network part of address in BLUE
cannot be modified by owner.
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary counting is necessary!
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Basics 10.12.16.0/30
10.12.16.13
4 Hosts and used for point to point links
between routers
10.12.16.4/30 4 Hosts
10.12.16.57
Powers of 2 The Subnet Mask represents how
20 = 1 10.12.16.8/30 4 Hosts
large an IP subnetwork is.
10.12.16.911
21 = 2 The first IP address within the
22 = 2 x 2=4 subnet is called Network ID IP 10.12.16.12/30 4 Hosts
23 = 2 x 2 x 2=8 address. 10.12.16.1315
24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2=16 The last IP address within the
25 = 32 10.12.16.16/28 16 Hosts and used for PMU subnets
subnet is called Broadcast IP
10.12.16.1731 (/28 must start on a 16 host boundary)
26 = 64 address.
27 = 128 We don’t use the first and last IP 10.12.16.32/30 4 Hosts
28 = 256 address within the subnet by 10.12.16.3335 (/30 must start on a 4 host boundary)
convention.
etc…
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IP Masks
How to determine the Network part of an address versus the Host part.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
255.255.240.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.252
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IP Rules, ALL devices adhere to!
The 3 Golden Parameters:
IP Address
IP Mask
Default Gateway (Router)
2. The device compares the local IP Address with the destination IP Address using
the IP Mask.
a. If the two network portions of the IP Address are the same, deliver the
packet without assistance from the Default Gateway.
b. If the two network portions of the IP Address are different, send the packet
to the Default Gateway, and let the router worry about delivery.
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10.3.1.2
Day in the Life of a Packet! 66-02-87 D 10.3.3.10
ARP = Address Resolution Protocol
E 66-02-72
CAM
Port | MAC E0
10.1.1.5 All Masks are E1
10.3.1.1
255.255.255.0 33-02-55 10.3.3.1
66-02-99 A 33-02-56
E2 E2 R3
10.2.2.1 10.2.2.2
35-DD-55
10.1.1.6 36-CC-55
66-02-44
B 1 E1
10.1.2.2 E0
2 34-EE-55 R2 10.10.10.1 10.10.10.2
33-02-58
3 4 F 66-02-64
10.1.1.7
66-02-51 C
E0 E1
10.1.1.1 10.1.2.1
33-02-67 34-FF-55 D MAC | S MAC | D IP | S IP | DATA
R1
The default gateway is always a router’s interface on the same subnet as the device.
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Half/Full Duplex & Cable Issues!
Full Duplex Half Duplex
1 3
PC1 3 2 6 PC2
1
6 2
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How is my PC set up? DOS> ipconfig /all
C:\Users\xxxxxxx>ipconfig/all
Windows IP Configuration
C:\Users\xxxxxx>
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Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
A Windows-based computer that is configured to use DHCP can automatically assign itself an Internet
Protocol (IP) address if a DHCP server is not available. For example, this could occur on a network
without a DHCP server, or on a network if a DHCP server is temporarily down for maintenance.
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved 169.254.0.0-169.254.255.255 for
Automatic Private IP Addressing. As a result, APIPA provides an address that is guaranteed not to
conflict with routable addresses.
NOTE: If the IPAutoconfigurationEnabled entry is not present, a default value of 1 is assumed, which
indicates that APIPA is enabled.
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Testing Connectivity with Ping
C:\Users\xxxxxxx>ping www.google.com
C:\Users\JNA2267>
C:\Users\JNA2267>
C:\Users\JNA2267>
C:\Users\JNA2267>ping 172.217.2.196
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Testing Connectivity with Tracert
C:\Users\xxxxxxx>tracert www.google.com
1 4 ms 1 ms 1 ms 10.10.10.1
2 21 ms 40 ms 25 ms 10.20.20.1
3 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 170.160.65.1
4 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 170.160.64.2
5 2 ms 2 ms 2 ms 174.127.154.237
6 * 2 ms 2 ms br1-spk-te-0-0-12.bb.spectrumnet.us [174.127.139.31]
7 13 ms 13 ms 13 ms 174.127.136.122
8 13 ms 13 ms 14 ms cr2-sea-a-te-0-0-0-16.bb.spectrumnet.us [174.127.140.185]
9 13 ms 13 ms 13 ms 216.243.15.243
10 13 ms 14 ms 13 ms 108.170.245.99
11 13 ms 14 ms 13 ms 74.125.37.211
12 53 ms 53 ms 53 ms 72.14.233.110
13 68 ms 68 ms 68 ms 209.85.143.171
14 68 ms 73 ms 68 ms 216.239.48.100
15 68 ms 68 ms 68 ms 108.170.240.97
16 68 ms 68 ms 68 ms 216.239.54.15
17 68 ms 68 ms 68 ms 172.217.7.164
Trace complete.
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Layer De-capsulation A TCP/IP Example
T
C C e P
i i l S T e
Upper Layers s s n F M F r
c c e T T T l
o o t P P P e
Port Numbers ~
6001 ~
2001 ~
23
~
21 ~
25 ~
69 ~
10001
TCP UDP
Transport
6 17 •Protocol Number
•Type, SAP, or
Network IP Packets ICMP == Internet Control
Message Protocol
Other Control Data Link Frames
•MAC or WAN Addressing
Physical Bits
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