International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org

Volume 6, Issue 3, May- June 2017 ISSN 2278-6856

Current State of Art Techniques in Underwater

Wireless Sensor Network
Aiswarya Das1, Kulamala Vinod Kumar2, Madhuri Rao3
1,2,3
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, ITER, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, 751030

Abstract But communication underwater has always been a problem

More than 70% of Earth's surface is occupied by different kinds as traditional communication medium are less effective
of water-bodies. Exploration of this vast unexplored aquatic underwater due to the environment (salinity, waves,
environment has lead to the need of smart underwater underwater structures), underwater wireless sensor network
communication techniques and therefore a lot of research is are one of the popular approaches to tackle this problem. A
being carried out in this direction, lately. Underwater Sensor network of such deployed nodes is depicted in Fig
Networks are one of empowering technology majorly 1(a).UWSN node typically comprises of components such
implemented for monitoring vast area of oceans to curtail as depicted in Fig. 1(b) by Li, et. al [1] . Namely, an
unlawful activities and in preparing to combat harsh situations. anchor, and OFDM modem to encode and decode acoustic
They facilitate monitoring for various applications like ocean
signal. It may comprise a solar battery that could help in
sampling network, submarine detection, disaster prevention,
surveillance & protection of harbor & off-shore commercial energy harvesting, a buoy to position the node at a desired
facilities, border security, habitat & pollution monitoring, depth in the ocean via a steel cable. The other traditional
smuggling and in combating terrorism, etc. The paper presents components such a limited processor and memory unit is
the readers with an initial understanding of what underwater equipped depending upon the sensor application.
sensors are; their challenges and the current state of art
techniques developed in this area. Table 1: Differentiation of UWSN and WSN
Property Underwater Wireless Sensor
Keywords: Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Wireless Sensor Network
(UWSN), Architecture, Routing, scheduling, clustering. Network
Type of Acoustic signals Wireless signals
1. INTRODUCTION communication
Energy harvesting Energy of the Solar and wind
Human species have always been inquisitive & have oceanic waves energy is tapped
explored the unchartered, be it land (below the surface) or could be used for in some
space or underwater. Underwater exploration have been a energy generation applications
late bloomer, but as human population has grown there has Medium Acoustic signals Wireless signals
been increasing demand for exploration & exploitation of characteristics being mechanical travel at the speed
resources leading to more incentives for underwater waves are very of light being
exploration of mineral, hydrocarbon resources & even for slow and travel at a electromagnetic in
speed of 1500 m/s nature
underwater colonization. only.
Routing Long propagation Multihop data
challenges delay of the signals transmission
needs multi hop causes data
transmission to be redundancy, but
limited the system is more
fault tolerant
Topology Nodes deployed in Topology is
water medium are mostly static once
likely to be more the network is
mobile due to water created.
current, changing
the topology more
frequently.
Adapting to
dynamic topology
causes more routing
overhead.
Cost and Size The UWSN nodes Owing to very
Figure 1 (a) Network of underwater wireless sensor nodes are typically bigger large scale
(b) architecture of an UWSN node by Li, et. al(2016) in size to house integration

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 International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org
Volume 6, Issue 3, May- June 2017 ISSN 2278-6856
additional techniques, an
components and array of wireless
therefore are costly nodes is available
Routing Techniques in UWSN
too. from size to dust
to even as bigger
as mobile phones.
They are less Adaptive
expensive. routing
Location Agent based Cluster based
Energy The UWSN needs Clustering and based routing routing routing
conservation nodes to conserve scheduling of
techniques their energy and nodes in achieved
therefore needs to avoid collision Spatio-temporal
multicast routing
optimal acoustic of data packets,
routing techniques with load sharing Path cost Calculation
Layered
that are designed and compression Routing based routing Multi-path
keeping the techniques as Routing
propagation speed well.
of acoustic signals
in mind. Clustering
and scheduling of Figure 2 Classification of routing techniques in UWSN
efficient routing is
to addressed while 3.1.1 Location based routing:
avoiding multi-hop Vector Based Forwarding (VBF) is an acronym for
propagation. location based routing approach which also provides
scalable, energy proficient and powerful routing. It adopts
the technique of virtual routing pipe with a pre-controlled
radius for implementation of source to sink vector. It
2. CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS OF UWSN focuses on yielding to energy-efficiency and reduces
 UWSN network can explore communication in a flooding. Vector based forwarding is not viable for the
restricted bandwidth, where signals are prone to network which are sparsely deployed and also not
multipath fading and subjected to Doppler’s affect. appropriate for finding threshold value for the radius of
 Nodes have limited battery life time. routing pipe. [2] Region based cooperative routing
 Sensors need to have larger capacities for underwater protocol (RBCRP) prolongs the network lifetime and also
data caching. maximizes the throughput of the network., to balance the
 The network is less dense and hence traditional multi- energy consumption among the relay nodes, a function
hop routing techniques cannot be used. based relay selection technique is proposed which also
 Underwater sensors are fairly expensive due to reduces the outage probability of relay nodes. [3] AHH-
housing of additional components such as acoustic VBF is proposed to minimize energy requirement and link
transceivers. It needs an external case for protection of latency. AHH-VBF is compared with HHVBF and
hardware from extreme environmental conditions and Flooding and relative distance based forwarding protocol
also needs anchors and buoys for desired deployment. (RDBF) and AHH-VBF is superior in terms of data
 Reliable data transfer techniques are needed, while delivery ratio, energy requirement and link latency. [4] To
avoiding traditional transmission of acknowledgement fix the problem of localization, MRP routing protocol is
packets, as this will lead to more routing overhead. proposed which improve the battery life of sensor node. [5]
 The network topology and routing techniques must Proposed VBF (vector based forwarding) i.e. a location
address issue that arise to due to node mobility owing based routing protocol which gives scalable, robust, and
to water current. This network is more prone too energy effective routing. [6] QLearning based object
network disconnections. detection approach is proposed which finds the
neighbouring node towards the sink node on the basis of
3 LITERATURE SURVEY the residual energy of each node. QLearning is
implemented for providing long lifetime along with more
3.1 Routing energy efficient network. As the forwarding is based on
UWSN requires small nodes with sensing, computation buffer space so dropping of the packets are minimised to a
and wireless/acoustic communication capabilities to be great extent .[7] To resolve the problems of uncertain 3D
deployed under water and as a result face very unique holes, Mobicast a power-saving 3D routing protocol is
conditions. Energy consumption, power management, proposed.
packet delivery, long delays are some of the essential
design issues that are taken into consideration while 3.1.2 Layered routing:
choosing a routing technique. Some of the routing Energy optimized path unaware layered routing protocol
protocols are categorised and surveyed further. Fig 2 (E-PULRP) focuses on minimizing unnecessary
presents classification of routing techniques as surveyed in retransmission. For reducing collision energy optimized
this paper and further explains their features. path unaware layered routing protocol exploits (CDMA)

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 International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org
Volume 6, Issue 3, May- June 2017
MAC along with orthogonal spreading sequence. The
researchers in [8] propose an energy effective chain based
routing protocol for UWSN (E-CBCCP) being to reduce
the cost of data communication and transmission. [9] Uses
an energy efficient path incognizant layered routing
protocol (E-PULRP) which minimizes unnecessary
retransmission. To minimize collision E-PULRP adopts
orthogonal spreading sequence with code division multiple
access (CDMA) MAC. [10] Use a (LO-MAC) latency
optimized and energy efficient MAC protocol which
combines both physical layer and MAC layer to minimize
delay in transmission. In physical layer interleaver and
intricacy coding has been implemented though in MAC
layer, an energy efficient asynchronous schedule based
MAC protocol (ASMAC) is applied. [11] Uses a robust
two step flexible routing algorithm which addresses link or
node inadequacy through interchanging packet delivery to
a different route.
3.1.3 Path cost calculation based routing:
Energy Efficient Path Cost Calculation based Routing
protocol (ERP2R) is a technique where packet forwarding
decision by the sensor nodes is based on the unconsumed
energy information and physical farness from sink. Most
optimal path to forward packets is done by efficient path
cost estimation on the basis of their analysed route
selection metric (hop count, distance, residual energy, etc.
[12] DEEP is used to increase the delivery ratio of packets
along with lower end-to-end delay time specially during
the worst network condition and decrease the collision
occurrences.[13] Proposed an energy effective routing
protocol (ERP2R) in which effective path cost calculation
is done on the basis of based path choosing metric i.e.,
residual energy, distance, hop count etc.
3.1.4Cluster based routing:
Clusters are formed with sensor nodes where considerable
energy saving is done in the network by providing better
inter-node connectivity and indulging data aggregation.
Distributed Underwater Clustering Scheme (DUCS) [14] is
a distributed energy acquainted routing protocol which
inherits the characteristics of various clustering algorithms.
It facilitates data aggregation and gives suggestive energy
retaining with enhancing node to node connection. There is
a particular point of failure, which maximizes processing
overhead Here energy saving is done through sensor nodes
by sending many frames to the cluster head, where each
comprises of series of data message.[15] Proposed a
Cluster Vector Based Forwarding (CVBF) which enhances
data delivery ratio along with reduces the delay caused by
end to end delivery. CVBF compared with HH-VBF, VBF,
VBVA, and, CVBF is best among all these algorithms. A
sensor network comprises of a large number of battery
powered devices and wireless infrastructure that monitors
and records the condition of environments, also enabling
control of sensor activity. The sensor network is divided
into interconnected sub-structures called clusters. Each
cluster has a cluster head that controls and coordinates
within the sub-structure. All the cluster heads are in turn
controlled by a base station. A cluster based routing
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ISSN 2278-6856
protocol uses routing algorithms to efficiently group the
sensor nodes. Here every cluster has a cluster head (CH),
to whom all sensed data are sent instead of sending directly
to base station (BS). CH collects all the data and forwards
it to the BS where ever it is required.
The clustering in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
(UWSN) uses different architecture than that is used in
normal sensor network. Clustering in UWSN requires
efficient use of energy resources by using sensors that are
smart. The major performance bottlenecks in clustering
protocols are the ratio of packet delivery, end-to-end
average packet lag, node mobility effect with energy
dissipation. Clustering functions are very energy efficient
and boosts the lifetime of a network. It also reduces
contention by load balancing the network between cluster
heads and cluster members, also resulting in better
throughput during high load. The connectivity of each
sensor to a cluster head is crucial at any time. Delay during
the starting phase of clustering indicates more exchange of
packet and much dissipation of power. Distributed
Underwater Clustering Scheme (DUCS) organises
Network sensors into clusters, as it uses data aggregation
(Versus flooding techniques) for minimizing repeated data
to the base station, thus minimizes the proactive routing
message exchanges. In Multipath Virtual Sink structure
several transmissions for an individual route is evaluated
and then several copies are transmitted along various paths
to secure, so that the transmissions are acquired through to
various sinks. As soon as a clone (single) of the data
packet arrives each of the sinks, transmission is deemed to
be completed. The latency is minimized by using spatially
diverse paths as well as improves reliability but this
introduces the problem of repeated transmission. [16]
Designs a space-time clustering at the receiver with
superimposed data. It is was found to reduce the
complexity and also enhanced the detection performance.
In TCBR technique, several sinks are positioned within
water and each packets accepted by the sink nodes are
assumed to be delivered successfully, because of sink
node’s capability to adapt radio communication. Two types
of nodes used are: ordinary sensors and special sensors
called as courier nodes. [17] An Energy effective Hybrid
Clustering routing protocol (EEHC) provides throughput
with minimum energy dissipation and end-to-end lag with
maximum network lifespan. Here, energy balancing is
done by interchanging the transmitting mode among
straight ahead and multi-hop. [18] Introduced about
LEACH, AODV, FCA as well as Sleep & Wakeup
Technique. Here in these three techniques i.e. AODV,
LEACH, FCA packet delivery and energy efficiency have
been increased. [19] Analyses the most significant cluster
based protocols propose for underwater wireless sensor
network and their Major performance issues as for the
network conditions such as average packet delay, energy
consumption, node mobility effect and packet delivery
ratio. [20] Proposed an optimization algorithm for
increasing the network lifetime, where for cluster heads
(CHs) EH nodes presented as dedicated relay nodes. [21]
Proposes dynamic cluster-based structure enrooting
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 International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org
Volume 6, Issue 3, May- June 2017
activity of boundaries, also provides the broadcasting and
fusion of boundary informations.
3.1.5 Multipath routing:
Multipath power control transmission (MPT) is multipath
routing protocol which accumulates destination packet
with physical layer power control multipath routing, to
provide a balance between end-to-end latency and energy-
efficiency. Here FEC, forward error correction cod is used
for encoding packet header. [22] Proposed multi-path
strategies namely Geographic Forwarding based on
Geospatial and Greedy Geographic Forwarding (GFGD)
based on Geospatial Division (GGFGD). It can be used
collaboratively to transfer data and information in
underwater wireless sensor network. GFGD outperforms
GGFGD in terms of performance metrics such as delay and
energy consumption of network. [23] MPT, Multipath
power control transmission is assures a balance between
energy-efficiency and end-to-end delay.
3.1.6 Spatio-temporal multicast routing:
Cluster based mobicast routing protocol is a facile
variation of mobicast routing protocol that provides
significant gains in message transmission, reliability and
energy-efficiency. For power saving the sensor node sends
the sensed data in the form of cluster to the AUV. Cluster
heads has the responsibility for receiving mobicast
message from AUV and distributing it to the sensor nodes
to wake them up. For data collection cluster heads enroutes
an efficient path to AUV. [24] The Dominating Set (DS)
based cooperative routing algorithm with sink mobility is
proposed by Depth and Energy Aware Dominating Set
(DEADS).
3.1.7 Adaptive routing:
Adaptive Power Controlled Routing (APCR) protocol
doesn't rely on region area information message. Nodes
have the ability to accustom packet transmission power
and are organised in hierarchical layers rely upon power
level. APCR reduces energy consumption and assures
directionality of data towards the sink nodes maintains
fixed delivery ratio. Here the ratio of packet delivery is
more but the energy consumptions and latency are lesser
when compared with DBR. The authors in [25] use a
Asymmetric link-based Reverse Routing Protocol (AREP)
for bidirectional data communication (between source node
and sink node) as well as to reduce transmission delay and
energy consumption. Their technique also increases packet
delivery ratio. [26] An adaptive power controlled routing
(APCR) protocol that ensures direction of data towards
sink nodes keeps same delivery ratio and reduces energy
dissipation.
3.1.8 Agent Based routing:
The authors in [27] Proposed an agent based routing
scheme which uses various agencies defined at sensor
node, UW-GWs, AUVs, and SGs.
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ISSN 2278-6856
3.2 Scheduling
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UWASN)
comprises of numerous sensors which uses acoustic
wireless communication links for transmission of signals.
The acoustic links provide several advantages over
traditional approach to monitoring the underwater sensor
networks. There are limits to the total number of data
which are recorded while monitoring of the underwater
sensor network. Scheduling provides a more balanced
approach and avoids the overload or under utilization of
resources and can also avoid collision or data loss.. The set
rule is used to prioritize the resources. Scheduling puts
multiprogramming and multithreading techniques in the
applications and processes to load balance the CPU time
slice, network bandwidth and for optimal use of memory.
The scheduler decides the environment, the sequence and
the time period for which the jobs and processes should
run in order to complete the monitoring mission successful.
A sensor node with small battery may need to monitor for
longer duration. For improved sensing, computing and
communication it is important to design energy efficient
protocols by understanding the limits of all resources. The
researchers in [27] Integer linear program (ILP) is used to
solve the processing node deployment with various
objectives. [28] use scheduling techniques to provide a
limited propagation delay, energy consumption with a
guaranteed delivery ratio, with the proposed Proactive
Opportunistic Forwarding Mechanism. [29] Integer linear
program (ILP) is used to solve the processing node
deployment with various objectives. [30] Two algorithms
have been proposed. The first algorithm uses an aerial
robot with mobile agents that connect to each node while
covering a predefined path. In Algorithm 2 a mobile agent
starts its journey from a predefined node in the topology
towards the base station. While hopping through the set of
nodes, it assimilates information and on reaching the base
station it reports values as collected. [31] Two data
gathering mechanisms are used, namely utilization of
AUVs and multi-hop transmission, to minimize the
problem of unstable energy utilization and long delay time.
[32] Grid-based algorithm, and position-based algorithm
are stated which jointly maximizes the throughput while
increasing the energy efficiency of WSN.
3.3 Bio Inspired Routing
Many bio –inspired routing techniques have also been
explored for efficient routing in UWSN. Luo et.al [33]
have proposed an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based
routing for UWSN. Some of the other routing techniques
are based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) [34],
Grey wolf Optimization (GWO) [35], Artificial Bee
Colony Optimization [36], Spider Monkey Optimization
[37] has also been proposed. Bio inspired computing helps
in optimizing a multi-objective problem; however it needs
more computing resources. It may be useful in providing
solutions in scenarios where the performance of a proposed
technique is caught in local minima.
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 International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org
Volume 6, Issue 3, May- June 2017 ISSN 2278-6856
Table II list some of the promising routing techniques Ovaliadis et. al Distributed underwater clustering
proposed in the area of underwater sensor networks so far. (2014)[22] scheme (DUCS) ,the Multipath
virtual Sink (MVS) routing protocol,
Table 2 : A survey of UWSN routing techniques Minimum-cost clustering protocol
(MCCP) , the Temporary cluster
Researcher Techniques used
based routing (TCBR) algorithm,
Location-based clustering algorithm
Bharamagoudra Agent based routing
for
et al. (2017)[4]
data gathering (LCAD).
Javaid et.al Region based cooperative routing
(2017) [3] protocol (RBCRP) Indhumathi et. Sleep & wakeup approach
al (2014)[21]
Rani et.al Energy efficient chain based routing
(2017) [1] protocol (E-CBCCP). Zhang et. al Efficient energy harvesting( EH) node
(2013)[27] placement and clustering algorithms
Han et. al Asymmetric link-based reverse
(2017) [2] routing (AREP)
Liu et. al Opportunistic underwater sensor
Jiang et. al Greedy geographic forwarding based
(2017)[28] networks (OUSNs)
(2016) [12] on geospatial division (GGFGD) and
Geographic forwarding based on Alhumyani et. Integer linear program (ILP) and
geospatial division (GFGD). al (2016)[27] underwater sensing and processing
network (USPN)
Umar, et al., Depth and energy aware dominating
2015 [16] set (DEADS) routing algorithm with Rao et.al (2016) Algorithm1 using aerial robot,
mobility sink. [8] Algorithm2 using mobile agent
Yang et. al Delay-aware energy-efficient routing Cheng et. al Utilization of AUVs and multi-hop
(2015) [13] protocol (DEEP) (2016)[9] transmission
Yu, et. al AHH-VBF Han et.al (2016) Spatial-temporal coverage
(2015). [37] [42] optimization scheduling (STCOS)
Al-Bzoor et. al An adaptive power controlled routing Luo et. al Ant Colony Optimization
(2015) [14] (APCR) protocol (2012)
Ibrahim, et. al Cluster vector based forwarding Kulkarni et. al Particle Swarm Optimization
(2014) [19] (CVBF) (2011)
Wahid, et. al, Multi-layer Routing Protocol (MRP) Al-Aboody et. Grey Wolf Optimization-based
(2014).[20] al(2016)
Thangarajan QLearning Karaboga et. Artificial Bee Colony
et.al (2013) [24] al(2012)
Chen, et. al Mobicast routing Gui et. al(2012) Spider Monkey Optimization
(2013)[26]
Wahid et. al ERP2R 4.Conclusions
(2011) [20] A survey of various routing protocols, scheduling, and bio
Zhou, et.al( MPT inspired technique employed in UWSN has been presented
2011) [29] here. UWSN are majorly implemented for monitoring vast
Ren, et.al( A latency optimized and energy area of oceans i.e. monitoring for various applications like
2010) [32] efficient MAC protocol(LO-MAC) ocean sampling network, submarine detection, disaster
Gopi et al., Energy optimized path unaware prevention, surveillance and protection of harbour and off-
(2010) [33] layered routing protocol (E-PULRP) shore commercial facilities, border security, habitat and
Syed, et. al( Tone Lohi (T-Lohi) pollution monitoring etc. Challenges of UWSNs such as
2008) [38] restricted bandwidth, multipath fading, restricted data
Domingo et.al( DUCS capacity and delay in propagation, less battery lifetime,
2007) [34] need to be addressed for the acceptance of this technology
Pompili, et. al( An adaptive two phase resilient as a service provider. Though a lot of research has been
2006) [39] routing algorithm.
going on in this area but techniques that could collectively
Noh et.al(2013) VAPR : Void-aware Pressure Routing address the following issues while ensuring reduced energy
[25]
consumption of nodes, reduced cost of data
Xie et. al (2006) Vector based forwarding (VBF)
communication and transmission, reduced transmission
[35]
delay while increasing packet delivery ratio, are yet far to
be achieved. One would desire the network to have a
Rodoplu UWAN-MAC
et.al(2005) [41] prolonged lifetime, maximized through-put and balanced
Li et. al (2017) Space-time clustering using (VLA)
energy consumption of the network; however these are still
[6] and OFDM open areas of research.
Ejaz et. al Energy efficient hybrid clustering
(2016) [11] routing protocol (EEHC)
Ji et.al (2004) Dynamic cluster-based structure
[36]

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 International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org
Volume 6, Issue 3, May- June 2017
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AUTHOR
Aishwarya Das: Has received her
B.Tech Degree in Computer Science
and Engineering from Biju Pattnaik
University of Technology in the year
2014. She is currently pursuing her
Master of Technology course in
Computer Science and Engineering
from Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University. Her research
areas are Wireless Sensor Networks, Mobile Computing
and Parallel Computing,.
Kulamala Vinod Kumar: He is
currently working as an Assistant
Professor in Department of Computer
Science and Engineering at Siksha ‘O’
Anusandhan University. Mr. Kumar
has acquired his Bachelor of
Engineering Degree in Computer Science from Osmania
University in the year 2005 . He later pursued his Master
of Technology Course in Computer Science from The
University of Hyderabad in the year 2008. His research
areas are Wireless Sensor Networks and Natural Language
Processing.
Madhuri Rao: Has received her
Bachelor Degree in Engineering from
Biju Pattnaik University of
Technology in the year 2005 and
Master of Technology Degree in
Computer Science from Bharath
University, Chennai in the year 2008.
She is currently pursuing her research work in Wireless
Sensor Network. Her research interest lies in the areas of
Adhoc and Sensor Networking, parallel and distributed
systems, mobile agent programming and mobile
computing.
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