Zone Cooling Load – Air Infiltration

𝑞𝑐,𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡 = ෍ q𝑤 (𝑡) + 𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙 𝑡 +

1

𝑞𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑡 + 𝑞𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑡
𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡,𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒,𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
2 Air Infiltration Calculation Methods

Two Methods to Estimate 𝑄ሶ (Air Infiltration Rate)

Air Exchange Method (ACH) Crack Length Method

3

Air Exchange Method (ACH)

ACH: air changes per hour (based on experience)

Assume a building undergoes 1 ACH due to infiltration:

# 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶𝐻 ∗ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑙𝑑𝑔 (𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒)

𝑄ሶ =
60
in CFM minutes/hour
 Cooling Load Due to Air Infiltration
4
Both sensible and latent loads are assumed to be instantaneous loads, CLF=1.0
Let
𝑄ሶ rate of air infiltration, cuft/min (cfm)
cp specific heat of air, BTU/lb °F
ν specific volume of air, cuft/lb

𝑄ሶ
𝑞𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑓,𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 𝑐𝑝𝑎 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖 ∗ 𝐶𝐿𝐹(𝑡) = ( )𝑐𝑝𝑎 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖 BH
𝑣
=1, instantaneous

𝑞𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑓,𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑓𝑚 ∗ 1.08 ∗ 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖 BH

All instantaneous load
sensible 𝑄ሶ
 Latent Cooling Load Due to Air Infiltration
5

𝑄ሶ
𝑞𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑓,𝑙 𝑡 = ( ) ∗ 𝑖𝑓𝑔 ∗ 𝑤𝑜 − 𝑤𝑖 BH
𝑣

ifg: latent heat of vaporization at indoor conditions

w: humidity ratio

𝑞𝑐,𝑖𝑛𝑓,𝑙 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑓𝑚 ∗ 4840 ∗ 𝑤𝑜 − 𝑤𝑖 BH

lbm/lba
6 Crack Length Method

𝑄ሶ n
𝑄ሶ = 𝐴𝐶(∆𝑃) 𝑛

A: leakage area
C: flow coefficient
n: flow exponent
∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜 − 𝑃𝑖 ; consists of three components
(∆𝑃)
∆𝑃 = ∆𝑃𝑤 + ∆𝑃𝑠𝑡 + ∆𝑃𝑝 ;
 7

a) ∆𝑷𝒘 (wind effect)

𝜌 2 2
∆𝑃𝑤 = ത ത
(𝑉𝑤 − 𝑉𝑓 )
2𝑔𝑐
𝑉ത𝑤 : wind velocity far above windward leeward

𝑉ത𝑓 : wind velocity at the building boundaries

∆𝑃𝑤
Define: 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑝 : pressure coefficient
∆𝑃𝑤𝑡

∴ ∆𝑃𝑤 = 𝑐𝑝
𝜌
𝑉ത 2 ∆𝑃𝑤𝑡 : theoretical ∆𝑃𝑤 when 𝑉ത𝑓 = 0
2𝑔𝑐 𝑤
𝑐𝑝 values are given in figures 6-3 and 6-4 (Textbook)
 8

b) ∆𝑷𝒔𝒕 (stack effect - theoretical)

exfiltration infiltration

Mid-height

infiltration exfiltration NPL

winter summer Neutral Pressure Level

 9

b) ∆𝑃𝑠𝑡 (stack effect - theoretical)

𝑃𝑜 : outdoor pressure
𝑃𝑜 ℎ𝑔 1 1
∆𝑃𝑠𝑡 = ( − ) h: height from NPL
𝑅𝑎 𝑔𝑐 𝑇𝑜 𝑇𝑖
T: temperature

Define: ∆𝑃𝑠 𝑅𝑎 : gas constant

𝑐𝑑 =
∆𝑃𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑐 : gravity acceleration

𝑐𝑑 is assumed between 0.6-0.8. 𝑐𝑑 : draft coefficient

∆𝑃𝑠 : actual stack effect
 10

c) ∆𝑷𝒑 (building pressurization)

1
Assume: ∆𝑃𝑝 = (∆𝑃𝑤 )
3

Note: for low − rise buildings ≤ 3 stories , the stack effect is neglected.
11

𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍

Review Examples 6-1, 6-2, and 6-3 from the Textbook