嵌入式系統

Introduction to Embedded System Design

Part 5: Serial Communication

(UART)

授課教師
Che-Wei LIN (林哲偉)

Embedded System-1
 Introduction

 Parallel communication implies sending a whole byte

(or more) of data over multiple parallel wires

 Serial communication implies sending data bit by bit

over a single wire

 There are 2 types of serial communication:

 Asynchronous

 Synchronous

Embedded System-2
 Serial Communication Buses

 Many popular serial communication standards exist—

some examples are:
 RS-232 (using UART)

 Serial peripheral interface (SPI)

 System management bus (SMBus)

 Serial ATA (SATA)

 We will study and use the UART in this course
 UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter

Embedded System-3
 Asynchronous Serial Communication

 With asynchronous communication, the transmitter and receiver

do not share a common clock

 Shifts the parallel data onto
the serial line using its own
clock
 Also adds the start, stop and
parity check bits
 Extracts the data using its own
clock
 Converts the serial data back to
the parallel form after stripping
off the start, stop and parity bits

Embedded System-4
 Asynchronous Serial Communication

 Start bit—indicates the beginning of the data word

 Stop bit—indicates the end of the data word

 Parity bit—added for error detection (optional)

 Data bits—the actual data to be transmitted

 Baud rate—the bit rate of the serial port

 Throughput—actual data transmitted per sec (total bits transmitted-overhead)

 Example: 115200 baud = 115200 bits/sec
 If using 8-bit data, 1 start, 1 stop, and no parity bits, the effective throughput is:
115200 × 8 / 10 = 92160 bits/sec

Embedded System-5
 Asynchronous Serial Communication

 Asynchronous transmission is easy to implement but less

efficient as it requires an extra 2-3 control bits for every 8 data
bits.

 This method is usually used for low volume transmission.

Embedded System-6
 Synchronous Serial Communication

 In the synchronous mode, the transmitter and receiver share a

common clock.
 The transmitter typically provides the clock as a separate signal in
addition to the serial data.

 Shifts the data onto the serial  Extracts the data using the
line using its own clock clock provided by the
transmitter
 Provides the clock as a separate
signal  Converts the serial data back
to the parallel form
 No start, stop, or parity bits
added to data
Embedded System-7
 Introduction of UART in UNO

 UART uses two wirelines, one for transmitting and the other one
for receiving, so as to make the data transmission bidirectional.

 The communication use a predefined frequency (baud rate) to

transmit data. In Arduino, UART is called "Serial".

 There is only one hardware UART on Arduino Uno, and is

primarily used to read the log and messages printed by Arduino
(so it's also called "Log UART").

 If we use the hardware UART for other purposes, the Log UART
does not have resources to do its job.
Embedded System-8
 Introduction of UART in UNO

 To provide more UART connections, Arduino UNO uses Serial

Pin to simulate the behavior of UART by a software approach,
this is called Software Serial.

 However, Arduino is equipped with a number of hardware

UART. But to be compatible with the Software Serial API of

Arduino follows the name "Software Serial"

Embedded System-9
 Example01 - SerialEvent
Open this example code from Introduction
"File" -> SerialEvent occurs whenever a new data comes in
the hardware serial RX. This routine is run between
"Examples" -> each time loop() runs.
“04.Communication" ->
“SerialEvent" Test and Result.

Embedded System-10
 Example02 - SoftwareSerialExample
Open this example code from
"File" ->
"Examples" ->
“SoftwareSerial" ->
“SoftwareSerial Example"

Embedded System-11
 Example02 - SoftwareSerialExample

 Materials
 Arduino UNO Board × 1

 USB to TTL Adapter × 1

Embedded System-12
 Example02 - SoftwareSerialExample

 Make sure that your Arduino board is attached to your computer

via USB to enable serial communication through the serial
monitor window of the Arduino Software (IDE).

 In the example below, digital pins 10 and 11 on your Arduino

boards are used as virtual RX and TX serial lines. The virtual RX

pin is set up to listen for anything coming in on via the main
serial line, and to then echo that data out the virtual TX line.
Conversely, anything received on the virtual RX is sent out over
the hardware TX.
Embedded System-13
 Example02 - SoftwareSerialExample

 Introduction of CP2102
 The CP2102 is a highly-integrated USB-to-UART Bridge Controller
providing a simple solution for updating RS-232 designs to USB using a
minimum of components and PCB space.

 Royalty-free Virtual COM Port (VCP) device drivers provided by

Silicon Laboratories allow a CP2102-based product to appear as a COM
port to PC applications. The CP2102 UART interface implements all RS-
232 signals, including control and handshaking signals, so existing system
firmware does not need to be modified. In many existing RS-232 designs,
all that is required to update the design from RS-232 to USB is to replace
the RS-232 level-translator with the CP2102.
Embedded System-14
 CP2102 驅動安裝
1. Download the driver from here:
https://www.silabs.com/products/development-
tools/software/usb-to-uart-bridge-vcp-drivers
2. If installation is complete, you can see
the right figure on the “device manager”.

Embedded System-15
 Example02 - SoftwareSerialExample

Tera Term Software

https://ttssh2.osdn.jp/index.html.en

 Result:

從mySerial輸入，會顯示在Serial視窗上；從Serial輸入，會顯示在mySerial視窗上。

Embedded System-16
Example03 - Master Reader/Slave Sender

 In this example, two boards are programmed to

communicate with one another in a Master
Reader/Slave Sender configuration via the I2C
synchronous serial protocol.
 Arduino 1, the Master, is programmed to request, and
then read, 6 bytes of data sent from the uniquely
addressed Slave Arduino.
 Once that message is received, it can then be viewed in
the Arduino Software (IDE) serial monitor window.

Embedded System-17
Example03 - Master Reader/Slave Sender

 Materials
 Arduino UNO Board × 2

Code1: Code2:
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/MasterReader? https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/MasterReader?
action=sourceblock&num=1 action=sourceblock&num=2
Embedded System-18
 Example03 - Master Reader/Slave Sender

Wire Master Reader Wire Slave Sender

Embedded System-19
Example03 - Master Reader/Slave Sender

 Introduction of Wire.requestFrom(address, quantity)

 Used by the master to request bytes from a slave device. The bytes may
then be retrieved with the available() and read() functions.
 Introduction of Wire.onRequest (handler)
 Register a function to be called when a master requests data from this slave
device.
 Parameters
 address: the 7-bit address of the device to request bytes from

 quantity: the number of bytes to request

 handler: the function to be called, takes no parameters and returns nothing

Embedded System-20
Example03 - Master Reader/Slave Sender

 Master will read the respond from Slave with “hello ”.

Embedded System-21
 To output data via serial port (1)
 Notice:
 To write “binary” data or “ASCII” data in the Arduino are different

https://www.arduino.cc/en/serial/write

Embedded System-22
 To output data via serial port (2)
 Notice:
 To write “binary” data or “ASCII” data in the Arduino are different

https://www.arduino.cc/en/serial/print
Embedded System-23
 Lab Requirements
 Please establish the communication between Arduino and PC first.

 Please transmit AA16 between from Arduino to PC continuously, than check the

signal from oscilloscope to explain the physical meaning of the signal (High/Low,
Baudrate)

 Please implement following finite state machine (FSM) in your program.

 To detect the words “A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, “R” send from PC.

 Once the Arduino receives one of the words: “A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, “R”, transmits current state to PC
(Please display current state of FSM in the Tera-Term software terminal).
Start Bit Parity Bit 1 or 2 Stop Bits

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

1 Asynchronous Byte

Embedded System-24
ASCII Code

http://www.asciitable.com/

Embedded System-25
 Code Reference

 https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/functions/com
munication/serial/

 https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/SoftwareSerialExample

 https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/MasterReader

 https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/WireRequestFrom

 https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/WireOnRequest

Embedded System-26