Assignment 1

Reading Scholarly Journal 3- Articles in group relate to you topic – Conceptual model

There are no short-cuts!

Don’t give up, read it again and again!

Requirement from given article

A. Introduction (why the author did the research)
B. Methodology (how the author did the research)
C. Results (what happened)
D. Discussion (what the results mean)
E. Conclusion (what the author learned)
F. Implications and limitations
G. Future research
H. –Whole summary of article
I. Your understanding about article and research
 Impact of job satisfaction on employee turnover:
An empirical study of Autonomous Medical Institutions of
Pakistan

Introduction:
In this Research Paper the author research and Main problem which highlighted is Employee
Turnover. As Employee turnover is the huge problem in Organizations which mostly effects the
profitability and Performance of the company. On the other hand, employee turnover increases
the chances of losing good employees. Therefore, retaining valuable skilled employees is very
important to employers, as they are considered essential to the performance and success of an
organization. There are the many determinants of turnover in the Health Department. The
objective of this study is to investigate the factors such as Pay, Promotion, Job Safety and
Security, Nature of the Work that effect the job satisfaction level and that are the cause of
turnover of employees in the Autonomous Medical Health Institutions in the Pakistan.
Methodology:
The research studies the relationship between the factors, such as Pay, Promotion, Job Safety
and Security, Nature of Work on job satisfaction and employee turnover. The data was
gathered from 200 Doctors, Nurses, Administrative and Accounts & Finance staff from Basic Pay
Scale 7-19 of Autonomous Medical Institution of the Punjab. The statistical technique of
convenient sampling was used to collect the data from the target population. The
questionnaires were sent to the target population i.e., AMI’s of Punjab and received back by
hand or mail. The questionnaire was divided into two sections; the first section pertained to the
questions of independent variables. The second section was about the demographic factors like
age, designation, education, experience, gender, job relevancy and nature of job. In the current
study to and out the results of data, the SPSS with 20 versions is used.

Result and Discussion:

In the Autonomous Medical Institutions of the Punjab 250 questionnaires were distributed and
200 were received back. The 80% response was received from the target sample. In the sample
most of the employee’s age range is 25-31 years. These employees have less tenure as compare
to the ones who have spent more time in employment. The age bracket is also there in sample,
majority is of male as female labor in Pakistan is in minority. The major portion in the sample
consist of Master Degree holders because the sample consist of doctors, paramedics, accounts
and admin staff and most of the them have the master qualification.
The author considers Job satisfaction as mediating factor on the basis of studies of Judd and
Kenny (1981) and Baron & Kenny (1986) and regression analysis. Found that the level of job
satisfaction is affected by the Pay, Promotion, Working Conditions, Nature of the Work, the
employee with the low level of job satisfaction resulted into the increase in the rate of
employee turnover.

Conclusion:
The said study pertained to the employees of the Autonomous Medical Institutions of Health
Department in the Province of Punjab. It is conducted to see the impact of the variables such
as, Pay, Promotion, Working Conditions, Nature of the Work on Job satisfaction and the
relationship of Employee turnover with Job satisfaction. The management of the Autonomous
Medical Institutions may take the appropriate steps to enhance the job satisfaction level of
employees by which they can control the employee turnover and enhance their quality and
performance.

Limitation & Future Research:

Author conduct the research on variables Pay, Promotion, Working Conditions, Nature of the
Work. It can be conducted on other variables as well to see the other aspects of and reasons of
High Employee turnover in medical sector. Also, this study includes Autonomous Medical
institutes, study can be conducted on both private and public sector to compare them and
sample target could be enhanced to see the more directions in future.

Summary of the Article:

This research paper was about employee turnover in Autonomous Medical institutes. Firstly,
author highlights the problems faced by the medical sector of Pakistan that because of the lack
of facilities most of the doctors are not serious with their job and mostly prefer to practice in
abroad. This research specifically studies the impact of variables Pay, Promotion, Working
Conditions, Nature of the Work on Job satisfaction which impact the Employee turnover in the
hospitals. According to the author Job satisfaction is the mediating factor between Employee
turnover and factors which effects the Job satisfaction of employees are their Pay scale,
promotion and recognitions in the company as employee need appreciation against their work
which help them to keep motivated, working conditions matters the most and Nature of the
work, these all effects the employee satisfaction level. Lack in these variables may cause
decrease in level of satisfaction of employee which results in high turnover. Also, in the
hypothesis authors mention that the relation of variables Pay, Promotion, Working Conditions,
Nature of the Work is positive with the Job satisfaction and negative with the Employee
turnover. Data for research gathered from 200 people from Autonomous Medical institute
which mostly include master’s degree holders. The questionnaire was divided into two sections;
the first section pertained to the questions of independent variables, The second section was
about the demographic factors like age, designation, education, experience, gender, job
relevancy and nature of job and to and out the results of data, the SPSS with 20 versions is
used.

Understanding on Article:
The article was all about the employee Turnover in autonomous medical institutes of Pakistan.
Author indicates this problem in health sector which is the most important sector of the
country and try to achieve the result to reduce its rates. For which he conducts this research by
studying different variables effects and relations and reach to the conclusion that employee
turnover get impact and directly related to Job Satisfaction. Employee satisfaction is the main
purpose in high employee turnover. In this study Job satisfaction consider as a mediating factor
which effects by variables Pay, Promotion, Working Conditions, Nature of the Work, which have
negative relation with Employee Turnover.
 THE DETERMINANTS OF EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN
JORDANIAN ORGANIZATIONS

Introduction:
Organizations are required to focus on the factors that contribute well in enhancing employees’
performance because employees’ performance has a direct link with the goal attainment of the
organization. Employees’ performance indicates their efficiency as well as their productivity
leading towards organizational goal achievement through their positive contribution as
employees’ performance will ultimately result in the overall performance of the organization.
The study aims to explore the determinants of employees’ performance in Jordanian industrial
sector specifically exploring the impact of employees’ satisfaction, management standards and
trainings on employee’s performance while exploring the mediating impact of employees’
engagement. Current research conduct to find out the impact of such factors on employees’
performance through their engagement towards work.

Methodology:
Current study adopts quantitative research method collecting data from administrative
managers and executive managers of 50 manufacturing firms from Jordanian industrial sector;
delivering 2 questionnaires to each firm where one for the administrative manager and one for
the executive manager individually. They were asked different questions about employee
satisfaction, management standards, trainings, employee engagement and employee
performance. Data collected through this questionnaire is organized in SPSS and then analyzed
through structural equation modelling in AMOS. Descriptive analysis and structural equation
modelling are implemented to find out the results of study.

Result and discussion:

Current study explored the determinants of employee performance. Employee satisfaction,
management standards and training are the significant factors influencing the employee performance
while having direct impact on employee engagement that ultimately results in enhancing employee
performance. The results obtained from empirical testing of data indicate that the variables of study
have significant positive relationships among each other. It is found that employee satisfaction has
significant positive relationship with employee engagement while employee engagement has significant
positive relationship with employee performance. Similarly, management standards and trainings also
have significant positive relationship with employee engagement and employee engagement
significantly influences employee performance positively. The current study found that employee
satisfaction, management standards, and trainings influence employee performance through their
engagement towards their work. Thus, employee satisfaction, management standards, trainings and
employee engagement are the influencing factors of employee performance. Thus, current study found
these four determinants of employee performance.

Conclusion:
As the competition grows in the market company tried to retain their competitive advantage
for which they realize that Human resources is the main factor to achieve it. Employees are an
important asset of the organization as they contribute positively in organizational goal
attainment through their performance. Thus, organizations always try to enhance their
performance to lead them towards goal attainment. For this purpose, they are required to find
out the factors that contribute positively in enhancing employees’ performance. Current study
explored such factors and found that employee satisfaction, management standards, trainings
and employee engagement are the determinants of employee performance. Satisfied
employees are more engaged towards their jobs thus try to improve their performance and
their engagement towards work helps them enhancing their performance. Management
standards through providing benchmarks leads towards employee engagement. Similarly,
trainings contribute in enhancing skills and knowledge of the employees and being more
confidant after trainings they become more engaged towards their jobs, ultimately focusing on
enhancing their performance in the organization. The study found that employee satisfaction,
management standards and trainings have significant positive impact on employee engagement
that ultimately have significant positive impact on employee performance.

Limitation & Future Research:

The study highlights the importance and positive contribution of different factors towards
employee performance. Researchers can further validate the impact of these factors in
different aspects. While managers can focus on these factors to enhance their employees’
performance to attain their organizational goals. The sample size for study is small as only 100
respondents are involved in the study while such study can be conducted on a large sample to
obtain more reliable results. Moreover, the model may incorporate few other factors like
employee motivation, employee evaluation etc. it may also explore the mediating role of other
factors as well as the direct and indirect impacts of factors can be explored that are not
investigated by the current research.

Summary of the Article:

Business sector is facing fierce competition across the globe thus organizations being aware
about the importance of their human resource as a competitive advantage of organization.
Organizations are required to focus on such factors like employees’ satisfaction, their trainings
etc. to have an enhanced performance from them, Moreover, the management standards to
achieve their goals are also among the factors that are required to be analyzed through their
role in employees’ performance. Author research on the impact of such factors on Employee
Performance. The conceptual framework indicates that employee satisfaction, management
standards and training are the independent variables that influence employee engagement.
Employee engagement is the mediating variable of study that being influenced by the
independent variables, has an impact on employee performance.

Understanding on Article:
Current study explored the determinants of employee performance. Employee satisfaction,
management standards and training are the significant factors influencing the employee
performance while having direct impact on employee engagement that ultimately results in
enhancing employee performance. Competition in business world has forced the organizations
to generate and retain any competitive advantage that is vital for their survival in the market, to
cope with such situations, organizations always try to enhance their performance to lead them
towards goal attainment. For this purpose, they are required to find out the factors that
contribute positively in enhancing employees’ performance.