CLAUSE VS PHRASE
MODIFYING CLAUSE
1 Jimmy Fallon was a cast member who was
popular on a late-night comedy show.
2 The comedian, who is funny, is now the host on
the Tonight Show
3 The host who is Jimmy Fallon continues to make
audiences laugh.
4 The Tonight Show host, who is Jimmy Fallon, has
continued to make audiences laugh.
NOUN — THAT + BE + PREP PHRASE
5 He opens the show with his monologue that is
about the day's events.
6 Then he sits down at his desk that is to the left
of the stage.
7 The chair that is next to his desk is for his
guest.
8 NOUN — THAT + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
CLAUSE¹
9 The person  who is seated beside the host is a
celebrity.
10 The show is performed in studios which are located
in New York.
NOUN — PRESENT PARTICIPLE CLAUSE²
11 The Tonight Show, which is airing this
month, will host a variety of guests.
12 Guests who will be appearing this month will be
asked to participate in games, pranks and musical
performances.
Reducing a Clause with a Prepositional Phrase
13 The man who is next to me writes novel.
14 John Stewart, who is next to me, writes novel.
15 The paperback books that are on my desk are best
sellers.
16 The Today Show promoted the writer of the book that
is on the bestsellers list.
Reducing a Clause with a Progressive Verb
17 The man who is writing the book researched Ian
Fleming works.
18 The new book, which is coming out in May, is
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REDUCED CLAUSE
jimmy Fallon was a popular cast member on a late-night
comedy show.
The funny comedian is now the host on the Tonight
Show.
The host Jimmy Fallon continues to make audiences
laugh.
The Tonight Show host, Jimmy Fallon, has continued to
make audiences laugh.
(Use commas.)
NOUN — PREP PHRASE
He opens the show with his monologue about the
day's events.
Then he sits down at his desk to the left of the
stage.
The chair next his desk is for the guest.
NOUN — PAST PARTICIPLE CLAUSE¹
The person seated beside the host is a celebrity.
The show is performed in a studio located in New
York.
NOUN — PRESENT PARTICIPLE CLAUSE²
The Tonight Show, which is airing this month, will
host a variety of guests.
Guests appearing this month will be asked to
participate in games, pranks and musical performances.
The man next to me writes novel.
John Stewart, next to me, writes novel.
The paperback books on my desk are best sellers.
The Today Show promoted the writer of the book on the
bestsellers list.
The man writing the book researched Ian Fleming
works.
The new book, coming out in May, is about James
 about James Bond.
19 The Bond fans who were waiting outside want the
new adventure that is coming out today.
20 Fans wanted new adventure that was thrilling.
The author welcomed fans who were  waiting
outside.
Bond.
The Bond fans who were waiting outside want the
new adventure coming out today.
Fans wanted new adventure thrilling.
The author welcomed fans waiting outside.

Reducing a Clause with a Passive Structure

21 The character that was created in 1953 changed The character created in 1953 changed over the
over the years.  (PP) years.  (PP)
22 Ian Fleming, who was educated in England, wrote Ian Fleming, educated in England, wrote fourteen books.
fourteen books.
23 Devil May Care, that was written by S. Devil May Care, written by S. Faulks, creates a modern
Faulks, creates a modern James Bond. James Bond.
24 S. Faulks writes a story that is filled with S. Faulks writes a story filled with adventure.
adventure.

Clause Reduction 2
Reduce modifying clauses with active verb forms

25 The committee that meets next week will discuss a
new bill. (restrictive clause)
26 The House Committee, which meets next week, will
discuss the new bill.  (nonrestrictive clause)
26 The committee which proposed an increase in the
minimum wage had stiff opposition.  (restrictive
clause)
27 The House Committee on Education and the
Workforce, which proposed an increase in the
minimum wage, has stiff opposition.   (nonrestrictive
clause)
The committee meeting next week will discuss a new
bill.
Congress, consisting of two houses, is made up of
members who are elected by the people.
The committee proposing an increase in the minimum
wage had stiff opposition.
*The House Committee on Education and the
Workforce, proposing an increase in the minimum
wage, has stiff opposition.

28 The senator The senator

who supports / is supporting/ has supported/ supporting clean energy

supported was supporting/ will be supporting clean
energy is explaining his plan.
is explaining/ has explained/ explained/ was
explaining/ will be explaining was explaining his plan.
his plan.

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