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Learning Module: Technology Research
Learning Module: Technology Research
in
Technology Research
Gabriel P. Llasos
Subject Teacher
General Instructions:
Rubric
1pt Answer is incorrect but there is some correct support.
2 pts. Answer is correct but no support is provided.
3 pts. Answer is correct and there is some support.
4 pts. Answer is correct and the support is developed.
5 pts. Answer is correct and the support is fully developed.
IV. INTRODUCTION:
Research has been recognized as a vital tool for solving man’s multifarious problems
and in making his life richer and fuller. In fact, the modern conveniences we are enjoying
today are a product of researches undertaken by scientists and professionals from various
disciplines. Today, research has come an integral part of all learning areas known to man.
Private and public educational, business, and industrial organizations have been touched by
the research process.
V - INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: In this lesson, the students will be able to:
Let’s
investigate
The Meaning of Research
The word research is derived from the prefix re, which means to
repeat or redo, and the root word search, which means to find or look for. From the
etymology of this word, research literally means to repeat looking for something, which had
been in existence before. Let us examine how research has been defined by experts.
Research is concerned with finding answers (Mason & Bramble, 1989). It is a
systematic, organized search for knowledge or answers to questions.
It is a systematic process of collecting and logically analyzing information or data for
some purpose according to Macmillan and Schumacher (1989).
Characteristics of Research
Let’s do it!
Find out an example of research topic which can be studied using each of the
following methods.
1. Descriptive
2. Experimental
3. Correlational
4. Historical
6. Ex-post Facto
7. Ethnographic
8. Exploratory
Based on the final use or application of the research results, research can either be
pure/theoretical or applied/practical. Pure or theoretical research is one done for the purpose
of formulating a theory, principle, or law, with no intended application of results. Conversely,
Applied or practical research is an inquiry to test or evaluate a theory or knowledge arrived
at, in the solution of a problem or foul useful ends.
Experimental Research. In this type of research, the researcher probes into the
cause of an effect by exposing one or more experimental groups to one or more
treatments or conditions. For example, when a mathematics professor is after
determining the effectiveness of a learning packet or module in raising the
performance of his students, he is actually engaging in experimental research.
List down five topics you are interested to study in your area/field of specialization.
Rank them from one (1) to five (5). Write down at least five reasons why you want to
study the topic you ranked first. Use the template below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
IDEA-GENERATING PHASE
INTERPRETATION PHASE
COMMUNICATION PHASE
If you will write your thesis proposal, how you will conduct it?
Make a process using your own flow chart.
VIII. SELF- EVALUATION: Supply the statement below to assess what you learn in this
module.
2. What research which you think is applicable to your field. Explain briefly.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
1. What is research?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What are the types of research based on the following classificatory schemes?
2.1 based on who does the study _________________________________________
2.2 based on the application of the results of the study ________________________
2.3 based on methodology or purpose of the study ___________________________
2.4 based on the type of data sought ______________________________________
3. What are the sequential steps in the research process? What are the activities a
researcher has to undertake in each of these steps?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
XI. REFERENCES
1. Ardales, V. (2008) Basic Concepts and Methods in Research 3rd ed. Educational
Publishing House, Manila, Philippines
2. Garcia, C. (2003). Fundamentals of Research and Research Designing. Katha
Publishing, Co, Inc. Manila, Philippines
3. Nature of Research. Retrieved from:
http://www.books.aisc.ucla.edu/cbrpdfs/tusgb1.pdf
IV - INTRODUCTION:
One of the preliminary steps that a researcher has to go through before undertaking
a study is the review of related literature and studies. In this module, we are going to focus
on the mechanics of conducting the review and the procedures in writing and presenting
reviewed literature and studies.
2. What do you think is/are the strategy/ies in writing the literature review?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. If you are to outline the steps of writing the literature review, how you will do it?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
The review of the literature and studies involves the critiquing or looking over again
what other researchers have done in relation to the problem to be studied. Conducting the
review serves numerous purposes.
1. The review of literature can broaden the researcher’s knowledge base in the
research area.
2. It is a means of ensuring originality in the conduct of one’s research.
3. It is a way of ensuring clarity and focus on one’s duty.
4. It can help the researcher in designing his proposal research.
5. It can also provide the researcher insights on the weakness and strengths of
previous studies.
6. It can provide findings and conclusions of past studies, which a researcher can
use in relating to his findings and conclusions.
7. It can help the researcher in formulating the theoretical and conceptual
framework for his research problem.
According to Ardales (1992), the following are required of every researcher, who is
going to conduct a review of literature: patience, persistence, and industry; a good
knowledge of library techniques, tools and skills; pen and 3 x 5 index cards; and a
knowledge of the internet.
Patience, persistence and industry are essential qualities a researcher must possess
when doing the review. This is because he has to spend time spotting books, journals,
theses, dissertations and research project needed in completing his review.
A good knowledge of library techniques, tools and skills is also one of the
requirements for doing the review. A researcher has to be skillful in locating references in the
library. So as to maximize his time, he has to acquaint himself with the use of the author,
title, and subject cards in the catalogue box in the library. This will definitely enable him to
identify library resources that can be used in the actual review of literature.
The use of the internet is also one of the requisite skills that a researcher has to
equip himself with. Through the internet, he can locate materials which cannot be found in
the library.
There are some guidelines that you as a researcher have to consider when doing the
review of related literature and studies.
1. Go over reading materials you have at home or in your own library.
2. Search for existing literature in your college library or learning resource center.
3. Prepare a working bibliography. Record all vital details concerning the books and
researches you are to include in the working bibliography, like author, copyright date,
title, and the like.
4. Examine each material listed in the working bibliography, and then decide which of
those included in it shall be considered in the actual review of literature and studies.
5. Record important details of what you have reviewed on a 3 x 5 index card.
After completing the process cited above, you are now ready to write the
review. There are some guidelines that you have to consider in this regard. Let us
consider some guidelines identified by Leedy (1993).
There are three ways of presenting the review, namely: chronological approach;
thematic or variable/factor approach; and country of origin approach.
In the chronological approach, literature and studies are presented according to the
year when they were written. When using this approach, the review can be presented
following the outline below:
A. Introduction
B. Recent Literature and studies
C. Least Recent Literature and Studies
D. Synthesis of the Review
In the thematic or variable/factor approach, literature and studies with the same
findings or themes are grouped together. When using this approach, research and
conceptual literature can be presented following the given outline below:
A. Introduction
B. Literature and Studies on Variable 1
C. Literature and studies on Variable 2
D. Synthesis of the Review
In the country of origin approach, literature and studies are categorized by the
country where they came from. In most higher education institutions in the Philippines, this
scheme is popularly used. When using this pattern, literature and studies can be presented
based on the following outline:
A. Introduction
B. Foreign Literature and Studies
C. Local Literature and studies
D. Synthesis of the Review
A close examination of the above suggested outlines in presenting the review reveals
that the three approaches share something in common. Whether the approach is
chronological, thematic or country of origin, an introduction and a synthesis are needed. It is
in the introduction, where you have to make your reader aware of how you are going to
present the reviewed literature and studies. On the other hand, it is in the synthesis of the
review, where you have to specify the uniqueness of your study vis-à-vis the literature and
studies you included in the review.
Problem: This is the statement of the research problem of the report being
reviewed, which may include the statement of the hypotheses.
Subjects: The individuals involved in the study, including how they were selected.
Methods and Procedures: This section describes how the research was done. It
includes such items as the measurements utilized and the analyses performed by
the researcher.
Findings and Conclusions: This section identifies the relevant findings and
conclusions of the study. They have to be numbered when the report is quite
lengthy.
VIII - SELF- EVALUATION: In your own words, define the following terms:
Related literature -
Conceptual literature-
IX - REVIEW OF CONCEPTS
The review of the literature and studies involves the critiquing or looking over again
what other researchers have done in relation to the problem to be studied.
Conceptual literature refers to idea, concepts and theories propounded by experts as
contained in books, periodicals, and other standard references.
Research Literature consists of the results of empirical studies conducted by
individuals and professionals on a given problem or topic.
1. Why there is a need for a researcher to conduct the review of literature and studies?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What are the guidelines that a researcher has to consider when reviewing the
literature?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
XI - REFERENCES
1. Ardales, V. (2008) Basic Concepts and Methods in Research 3rd ed. Educational
Publishing House, Manila, Philippines
2. Garcia, C. D. (2003). Fundamentals of Research and Research Designing. Katha
Publishing, Co, Inc. Manila, Philippines
3. https://library.concordia.ca/help/writing/literature-review.php
II - Topics
IV - INTRODUCTION:
The problem is the heart of any research project. Without a focused research
problem, there is no research. In this module, we are going to explore the sources and
nature of research problems, their characteristics, how they are stated, and how ambiguous
terms in the problem can be made clear.
V - INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: In this lesson, the students will be able to:
VI - PRE – ASSESSMENT: Answer the questions below or supply the statement in your own
words.
Which source/s you need to Research problem is How will you justify your
consider in crafting a significant… research problem?
research problem?
Asking questions is the usual starting point for research. But what is a
question in research? It is but a question or a problem that is in need of a
solution or an answer. Identifying the problem to be studied is,
One of the sources of research problems is personal interests and observations. Our
own interests and observations are important because they can point to directions for
research and in sustaining the study. Most often, students are at loss to get an idea for a
research project and, too, often, believe it to be more difficult.
Another possible source of a question for research is the pressing problem needing a
solution. Whether in school, workstation or the community, we are confronted with problems
requiring immediate solution or attention. These difficulties that have to be immediately
addressed are potential problems for research. For instance, traffic congestion, drug
addiction, criminality in the country’s metropolitan areas is good topics for research.
Other investigator’s theories and research can also be sources of research problems.
One of the interesting things about research is that it raises more questions than it answers.
These new questions can serve as a starting point for more research.
Completed theses and dissertations are also good sources of research problems.
These research projects normally suggest topics that future researchers can work on,
particularly the recommendation section of the research report.
Suggestions from colleagues and professors can also provide researchers with
problems for study. Your friends and peers who have undertaken research in a particular
discipline can suggest problematic areas needing immediate attention, which can be
possible topic for study. Even your professors can recommend topics for in-depth
investigation.
After knowing the possible sources of research topics, it is important to know the
criteria or factors that should be considered in selecting a problem for research. These
factors are as follows:
1. NOVEL. When considering a research topic, the researcher has to focus on one
which has not been investigated before. In the event that the problem was already
studied before, he has to inject originality in it by coming up with another research
design, using a different data gathering tool or a different scheme for analyzing
research data.
2. RELEVANT. The results of the study on a given problem should be of practical value
to the researcher and the significant others in the field. This means that once the
study had been completed, its findings, conclusions, and recommendations can be
used in improving practices or solving an identified difficulty.
3. INTERESTING. The researcher needs to consider his interest in the choice of a
research problem. Interest counts a lot in the conduct of a study. If a researcher is
not interested on the topic, it will be difficult on his part to his heart and soul in it.
4. FEASIBLE. This means that a problem that an investigator is going to work on can
be completed without undue amount of time, money or effort. Feasibility of research
also means that the researcher has the necessary competence or expertise to
conduct the study on the chosen problem.
When you write your research paper, you have to consider the sources and factors of
choosing a research problem. Enumerate below how your source out your
information and its factor of choosing it. Let’s do it!
Sources Factors
A descriptive research question typically asks “what is” and suggests a survey
research design. The following are examples of descriptive research questions:
1. What is the prevailing organizational culture in the higher education institutions in
the National Capital Region?
2. What is the status of the professional satisfaction of the rank-and-file employees
of the Philippine National Bank?
3. What is the level of commitment of the uniformed and non-uniformed officers of
the Philippine National Police to their job and the organization?
4. What are the dominant leadership values professed and enacted by the student
leaders of the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasay?
A difference research question typically asks, “Is there a difference between two
groups or two or more treatments?” This type of question is used when the researcher
compares two or more observations. Examples of difference research questions are as
follows:
1. How do male and female Grade VI pupils compare in their concept of
themselves?
After selecting the research problem, it has to be adequately stated. There are two
ways of stating research problems, namely: declarative or descriptive manner or in question
form. In most tertiary educational institutions in the country, the declarative form is used
when stating the main problem of the study. On the other hand, the question form is used
when stating the sub-problems or specific problems of the proposed research. Go over the
example below.
Main Problem – This study probed the influence of management styles of the
academic administrators on the behavior of faculty members in one university in Manila
during the academic year 1992 – 1993.
To be able to state the main problem in your proposed study, be clear as to what you
really want to accomplish. Certainty with what you want to find out will definitely enable you
1.
2.
3.
Having defined clearly the problem of the study, the researcher’s next task is to
justify why he selected it over other probable ones. To justify your study on a problem, try to
answer the following questions:
1. Does the problem require immediate solution?
2. Is it widespread?
3. Does it affect a number of people? If yes, in what way?
4. Who shall benefit from the study of the problem?
5. What benefits can be derived from the study on the problem?
6. Who else are interested in studying the problem?
7. What contribution to human knowledge can it bring about?
After identifying your research problem, you have to give it a title. The label you will
give it is your research title. There are certain functions served by the research title. First, it
shows what the study is all about. Second, it serves as the frame of reference for the entire
As the title is necessary for a study on a research problem, there are some attributes
or characteristics it must possess. As pointed out by Sevilla (1993) and Adanza (1995), a
good title is clear and specific, as the contents of the study are clearly shown it. It also shows
relationship among the characteristics or factors being studied. Hence, a good title implies
whether the research will focus on differences, effects, or associations between and among
variables to be investigated. Finally, a good title is brief but concise. By brevity is meant that
it is composed of not more than 15 substantive words, excluding function words (e.g.,
articles, conjunctions, and prepositions).
Researcher’s name
Nature of research
Main Problem
Sub-problems
VIII - SELF- EVALUATION: To assess your leaning in this module, provide what are asked.
If you are going to conduct a research, what research problem/s will you seek to
answer? Consider the types of research below and write your answer on the opposite
column.
Relationship Research
Difference Research
IX - REVIEW OF CONCEPTS
1. Ardales, V. (2008) Basic Concepts and Methods in Research 3rd ed. Educational
Publishing House, Manila, Philippines
2. Garcia, C. (2003). Fundamentals of Research and Research Designing. Katha
Publishing, Co, Inc. Manila, Philippines
3. https://libraries.indiana.edu/sites/default/files/Develop_a_Research_Question.pdf
II - Topics
IV - INTRODUCTION:
One of the preliminary tasks that a researcher has to undertake prior to his
formulation of the research problem is the development of the theoretical framework of the
study. On the basis of his theoretical framework, he, then, has to develop his conceptual
framework. This module will acquaint you with the procedures in developing these
frameworks.
V - INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: In this lesson, the students will be able to:
In a study on the personal values and job performance on non-teaching personnel in one
university in the NCR, Bermejo (1998) presented his theoretical framework in this manner
This study was premised on the theory that values affect an individual’s
performance on the job. Values according to Bernard and Haijzler (1993) are ideas,
Relative to values and attitude, a number of factors affect a person’s performance of his
job. Cooper (1991) and D’Sauza (1990) mention power, friendship and stress as some
of them. Human connectedness, positive and supportive social networks also help to
make an employee work more productively. Personal relationship can also make a
difference on how one feels at work, and how effective a person is on the job.
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE
PERSONAL JOB
VALUES PERFORMANCE
Figure 1
Paradigm of the Theoretical Framework
Based on the foregoing example, how was the theoretical framework formulated. An
analysis of the above illustration reveals that the researcher did the following:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
After formulating the theoretical framework, the researcher has to develop the
conceptual framework of his study. While the theoretical framework is the theory on which
the study is based, the conceptual framework is the operationalization of this theory. Some
researchers consider it as the direction of the study or the researcher’s own position on the
problem. It may be an adaptation of a model used in a previous study, with modifications to
suit the inquiry. It is, therefore, the researcher’s model patterned after previous models that
he had analyzed leading to the creation of a new conceptual framework.
Aside from showing the direction of the study, through the conceptual
framework, the researcher can be able to show the relationships of the different constructs
that he wants to investigate. A construct, according to Arboleda (1991) is any clearly defined
concept. Examine a sample conceptual framework developed by Hernandez in 1998, for his
research on correlates of students’ academic performance in high school mathematics.
Attitudes in
Mathematics Academic
Performance in
Mathematics
Teaching
Strategies
Student Variables
Teacher Variables
Figure 2
Correlates of Academic Performance in High School Mathematics
Further examination of figure 1 shows that there were two sets of intervening
variables. Student variables included the following: curriculum level, gender, and
interest in Mathematics, On the other hand, teacher variables centered on the
following: year level assignment, performance rating, and educational attainment.
The first set of intervening variables was used in accounting for possible differences
in the respondent’s attitudes and performance in mathematics. Conversely, the
second set of intervening variables was employed in explaining possible variances in
the teaching strategies utilized by high school teachers in teaching the
aforementioned subject.
Based on the example cites above, what procedures did the researcher follow in
presenting his conceptual framework? You will note that he did the following:
o Cited his conceptual model or paradigm;
o Identified the independent variable and its indicators and categories;
o Pointed out the intervening variables that can explain variances in the
dependent and independent variables; and
o Showed the direction of the study.
IX - REVIEW OF CONCEPTS
Theoretical framework of a study is the structure that can hold or support the
theory of a research work.
Theoretical framework is but a theory that serves as a basis for conducting
research.
Theoretical framework helps the researcher see clearly the variables of the
study.
Theoretical framework provides him with a general framework for data
analysis.
Theoretical framework is essential in preparing a research proposal using
descriptive and experimental methods.
Conceptual framework is the operationalization of this theory. Some
researchers consider it as the direction of the study or the researcher’s own
position on the problem.
Through the conceptual framework, the researcher can be able to show the
relationships of the different constructs that he wants to investigate.
XI - REFERENCES
1. Ardales, V. (2008) Basic Concepts and Methods in Research 3rd ed. Educational
Publishing House, Manila, Philippines
2. Garcia, C. (2003). Fundamentals of Research and Research Designing. Katha
Publishing, Co, Inc. Manila, Philippines
3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/research-framework
II - Topics
IV - INTRODUCTION:
After the researcher has identified a research problem and has done at least some
review of literature, he has to develop a research design. A research design is basically a
plan or strategy for conducting research. As a blueprint or plan, it deals with matters such as
selecting the participants in the study, preparing for data collection, and planning for data
analysis. This module is geared towards helping you select the appropriate design for your
research problem.
V - INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: In this lesson, the students will be able to:
VI - PRE – ASSESSMENT: Supply the statement below to measure your knowledge about
this module topic.
The purpose why I will Appropriate research design Align research design
conduct research is….. is important in order to …. according to the area of
specialization of the
researcher will….
There are four factors to consider in selecting the appropriate research design,
namely: type of data to be collected, nature of data to be analyzed, research questions to be
answered, and research goal or objective.
Types of Data. From the global viewpoint, data are of five types (Leedy 1993),
namely: descriptive or normative survey, historical, critical, analytical survey, and
experimental data. Let us briefly describe each of these types.
HISTORICAL DATA. These are written records of past happenings and events.
ANALYTICAL SURVEY DATA. These are observations that are quantified and exist
in the form of numerical concepts. They are also called statistical data since they are
expressed in the language of mathematics and interpreted by means of appropriate
statistical procedure.
CRITICAL DATA. These are literary productions and are sometimes called literary
data.
The aforementioned types of data require different research designs. On the basis of the
data collected by a researcher, the design may be any of the following: descriptive survey
method, historical method, analytical survey method or experimental method.
The descriptive survey method is appropriate for data derived from simple
observational situations, whether these are actually physically observed or observed through
the use of a questionnaire or poll technique.
The historical method is appropriate for those data are documentary in nature or
literary in form.
B. What are the sub-problems you are going to answer? Number them.
When the researcher analyzes quantitative data, he has to use quantitative research
designs, such as correlational, ex-post facto, and experimental. When the data to be
analyzed are qualitative data, he has to employ qualitative research designs, such as
ethnographic, and historical.
On the basis of your answers in B and C, what research design should you
use?
Another factor to consider is the kind of research question that shall be answered in a
study. Questions in research may be any of the following categories: descriptive, relational,
and difference.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
1.1 ethnographic
1.2 experimental
1.3 explanatory
1.4 exploratory
1.5 historical
1.6 evaluation
1.7 policy
1.10 correlational
1.12 qualitative
XI - REFERENCES
1. Ardales, V. (2008) Basic Concepts and Methods in Research 3rd ed. Educational
Publishing House, Manila, Philippines
2. Garcia, C. D. (2003). Fundamentals of Research and Research Designing. Katha
Publishing, Co, Inc. Manila, Philippines
3. https://www.macmillanihe.com/studentstudyskills/page/choosing-appropriate-
research-methodologies/
4. https://www.editage.com/insights/how-to-choose-the-research-methodology-best-
suited-for-your-study
II – Topics
IV - INTRODUCTION:
After deciding on the design of the study, the researcher’s next task is to select the
participants or respondents in his research. This module will seek to equip you with the
competencies in identifying the sample, selecting the appropriate sampling method, and
determining the desired sample size. Likewise, the researcher needs to give meticulous
attention to identify sources of data, planning out gathering desired data, selecting tools use
in data collection and organizing new data.
V - INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: In this lesson, the students will be able to:
The primary advantages of sampling, rather than studying the whole population, are
feasibility and convenience. In cases where the target population is quite small and also
accessible, it may be preferable to conduct research using the entire population.
Going over the steps in sampling, the first thing a researcher has to do is to
determine the population or universe where the data he needs can be gathered. In this
regard, he has to define his population of interest. He has to identify the group to which he
would like to generalize the results of the study.
After singling out the group to which the results of the research shall apply, he has to
determine the kind of sample to be drawn from it. He needs to be sure of what criteria he will
employ in selecting those who shall from part of the research sample. Criteria that can be
used in this respect may be special personal characteristics, like age, working experience,
performance rating, religious affiliation, educational attainment, and other organismic
variables.
Using the proportional stratified random method, how many samples must be drawn
from each stratum of the population of college students of one university. What is the
total sample size?
Two concepts that must be remembered in data collection are validity and reliability.
Validity, as an essential quality in research data, has to do with whether the data
collection tool measures what it intends to measure. To determine the leadership styles of a
group of bank executives, for instance, a researcher needs to ensure that the data collection
tools to be employed shall be able to identify these styles.
Once the researcher has identified the problems he is to study, and has located
appropriate sources of information, he has to go about collecting the needed data to answer
the research question or test the hypothesis. As pointed out by Charles (1998), data can be
collected by means of the following general procedures: notation, description, analysis,
questioning, testing and measurement.
VIII - SELF- EVALUATION: Now, assess your knowledge on this module. Complete the
statements below.
An interview guide is ….
IX - REVIEW OF CONCEPTS
1. How will you draw out your samples? What sampling strategy will you use?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
XI - REFERENCES
1. Ardales, V. (2008) Basic Concepts and Methods in Research 3rd ed. Educational
Publishing House, Manila, Philippines
2. Garcia, C. D. (2003). Fundamentals of Research and Research Designing. Katha
Publishing, Co, Inc. Manila, Philippines
3. https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-
binaries/57599_Chapt_6__Evans_Methods_in_Psychological_Research_3e.pdf
4. http://www.pathways.cu.edu.eg/subpages/downloads/Research_Chapter_2.pdf
II – Topics
IV - INTRODUCTION:
The design of a study does not only consist of the procedures a researcher will
employ in the gathering of data. It also includes the researcher’s plan on how collected data
will be analyzed. This module deals with the procedures in analyzing qualitative and
quantitative data.
V - INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: In this lesson, the students will be able to:
While data analysis aims at the same general goals, qualitative and quantitative data
are analyzed differently. According to Charles (1998), qualitative data are analyzed logico-
inductively, a thought process that utilizes logic to make sense of observations in which –
Quantitative data, on the other hand, are analyzed mathematically and the results are
expressed in statistical terminology. Basically, statistical analysis is used to –
Kind of Data To Collect. What kind of data will you collect for your proposed
research? Identify the specific qualitative or quantitative data you will gather for each
of your specific research problems.
Rebullida, et al (1993) pointed out that there are different ways of analyzing
qualitative data. Some of these methods are as follows: comparative, institutional,
descriptive, historical, inductive, deductive, content analysis and theory-based analysis.
summarize data and reveal what is typical and atypical within a group;
show relative standing of individuals in a group through the use of percentile
rankings, grade equivalents, and age equivalents;
show relationships among variables by means of statistical correlations;
show similarities and differences among groups with the use of the tests of
differences;
identify error that is inherent in the selection of samples;
test for significance of findings; and
make other inferences about the population.
There are five types of analytic procedures that a researcher can choose from, to
answer the problems posed in his study, namely: descriptive analysis, univariate analysis,
bivariate analysis, multivariate analysis and comparative analysis.
1. Descriptive Analysis. In this type of analysis, the researcher is only after
describing the characteristics of the subjects under study. Data are usually
analyze to –
identify the general characteristics of a group, with the use of descriptive
statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, median, and mode
determine differences in the group or how members of a group vary with
reference to a given variable or factor being studied with the use of the
standard deviation and coefficient of variation.
2. Univariate Analysis. This type of analysis is employed when the researcher wants
to analyze one variable or factor at a time, such as levels of commitment or job
performance. Univariate analysis relies heavily on the use of summary statistics,
namely: measures of central tendency and measures if variability.
3. Bivariate Analysis. This type of analysis is used when the researcher is interested
in probing into the relationship of two variables at a time. For instance, the
question of whether there is a significant relationship between job commitment
and job performance can be best analyzed using bivariate analysis.
4. Multivariate Analysis. This procedure for analyzing data is utilized where there
are research questions which cannot be responded using bivariate analysis. This
analytic procedure permits the determination of the degree of relationship
between one dependent variable and two or more independent variables
simultaneously.
Data Analysis and Interpretation. Make a report on the data analysis and interpretation of
a completed research project. Analyze it according to:
IX - REVIEW OF CONCEPTS
Research uses two kinds of data: qualitative data, which are mostly verbal: and
quantitative data, which are mostly numerical.
Methods of Analyzing Qualitative Data: comparative, institutional, descriptive,
historical, inductive, deductive, content analysis and theory-based analysis.
Methods of Analyzing Quantitative Data: descriptive analysis, univariate analysis,
bivariate analysis, multivariate analysis and comparative analysis.
XI - REFERENCES
1. Ardales, V. (2008) Basic Concepts and Methods in Research 3rd ed. Educational
Publishing House, Manila, Philippines
2. Garcia, C. D. (2003). Fundamentals of Research and Research Designing. Katha
Publishing, Co, Inc. Manila, Philippines
II - Topics
IV - INTRODUCTION:
V - INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: In this lesson, the students will be able to:
2. What you will do first when you will write a research proposal?
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A) Comparison of Means: Gaze for the dissimilarity between the means of variables
1. Simple regression: It tests how change in the predictor variable depicts the change in
the outcome variable.
2. Multiple regressions: It tests how change in the grouping of two or more predictor
variables depicts change in the outcome variable.
C) Non-parametric: Used when the data does not assemble conjecture required for
parametric tests
1. Wilcoxon rank-sum test: It tests the difference between two independent variables –
accounting magnitude and direction of difference.
2. Wilcoxon sign-rank test: It tests the difference between two related variables
accounting magnitude and direction of difference.
3. Sign test: It test if two related variables are different – ignoring magnitude of change,
accounting only direction.
Proposals follow a simple and logical form of presentation. Although there are many
ways to arrange items within the proposal, the following is an outline of the proposal followed
in many colleges and universities in the Philippines.
Proposals for sponsored activities generally follow a similar format; variations depend
upon whether the proposer is seeking support for a research grant, a training grant, or a
conference or curriculum development project. The following outline covers the primary
components of a research proposal. Your proposal will be a variation on this basic theme.
1. Title Page: Most sponsoring agencies specify the format for the title page, and some
provide special forms to summarize basic administrative and fiscal data for the
project. Titles are brief but comprehensive enough to indicate the nature of the
proposed work.
2. Abstract: The funder may use the abstract to make preliminary decisions about the
proposal. Therefore, an effective summary states the problem addressed by the
applicant, identifies the solution, and specifies the objectives and methods of the
project. This summary should also outline funding requirements and describe the
applicant’s ability.
3. Table of Contents: Brief proposals with few sections usually do not need a table of
contents. Long and detailed proposals may require, in addition to a table of contents,
a list of illustrations (or figures) and a list of tables. If all of these sections are
included, they should follow the order mentioned, and each should be numbered with
lower-case Roman numerals. The table of contents lists all major parts and divisions,
including the abstract.
4. Introduction (including Statement of Problem, Purpose of Research,
and Significance of Research): The introduction of a proposal begins with a capsule
statement and then proceeds to introduce the subject to a stranger. It should give
enough background to enable an informed lay person to place your particular
research problem in a context of common knowledge and should show how its
B. Have your research proposal defended before the panel of experts. Schedule will
be announced accordingly.
XI - REFERENCES