Math 20053 Calculus 2

P U P
for the sole noncommercial use of the

Faculty of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
2020
Contributor:
Bumanglag, Oscar Jr. M.
1
Republic of the Philippines
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Course Title : INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Course Code : MATH 20053
Course Credit : 3 units
Pre-Requisite : CALCULUS 1
Course Description :
This course includes the following topics: anti-differentiation, integration formulas of

powers, exponential and logarithmic functions, and trigonometric functions; integrals leading to
inverse trigonometric functions; integration procedures; and applications of integration.
Course Outcomes :
1. Compute antiderivatives of various functions.
2. Evaluate indefinite integrals using the basic techniques of integration.
3. Find the integrals of trigonometric functions, exponential functions and hyperbolic

functions.
4. Solve integrals leading to logarithm and inverse trigonometric functions.
5. Evaluate integrals using some integration techniques such as integration by

parts, integration by trigonometric substitution, integration by algebraic
substitution and integration by partial fraction.
6. Discuss and compute the definite integrals.
7. Find the area of the plane region using rectangular method and integration.
8. Discuss the First and Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
9. Compute the definite integral of even and odd functions.
10. Evaluate definite integrals using Wallis’ Formula.
11. Solve for the area of the region bounded by two curves.
12. Find the Arc Length.

13. Solve the volumes of solids of revolution using disk or washer method.
14. Solve the volumes of solids of revolution using cylindrical shell method.
COURSE CALENDAR/ SCHEDULE
Week Date Unit/ Lesson Topic to Study Activity
1-2 Sept. 14, 2020 Unit 1: Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals After studying the
to Lesson 1.1: Antiderivatives course material on
Sept. 26, 2020 Lesson 1.2: Integration by Substitution Unit 1, answer Unit
Lesson 1.3: Integration Leading to Logarithm Test 1
Lesson 1.4: Integrals of Trigonometric Functions (see pages 27-31)
Lesson 1.5: Integrals Leading to Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
Lesson 1.6: Integrals of Exponential Functions
Lesson 1.7: Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
Lesson 1.8: Integrals Yielding Inverse Hyperbolic
Functions
3-4 Sept. 28, 2020 Unit 2: Techniques of Integration After studying the
to Lesson 2.1: Trigonometric Integrals course material on
Oct. 10, 2020 A. Integrating Products of Sines and Cosines Unit 2, answer Unit
B. Integrating Products of Secants and Test 2
Tangents (see pages 66-67)
C. Integrating Products of Cosecants and
Cotangents
Lesson 2.2: Integration by Parts
Lesson 2.3: Integration by Trigonometric
Substitution
Lesson 2.4: Integration by Algebraic Substitution
Lesson 2.5: Integration by Half-Angle Substitution
Lesson 2.6: Integration by Partial Fraction
5 Oct. 12, 2020 Answer the Midterm

to Examination
Oct. 17, 2020 (See Appendix A)
6-8 Oct. 19, 2020 Unit 3: Definite Integrals After studying the
to Lesson 3.1: Area of the Plane Region using course material on
Nov. 7, 2020 Rectangular Method Unit 3, answer Unit
A. The Definite Integral Test 3
(see pages 85-86)
Lesson 3.2: Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
A. Definite Integrals of Even and Odd
Functions
B. Wallis’ Formula
9 - 10 Nov. 9, 2020 Unit 4: Applications of Definite Integrals After studying the
to Lesson 4.1: Area of a Plane Region course material on
Nov. 21, 2020 Lesson 4.2: Area of the Region Bounded by Two Unit 4, answer Unit
Curves Test 4
Lesson 4.3: Area of a Polar Region (see pages 118-123)
Lesson 4.4: Arc Length
Lesson 4.5: Volumes of Solids of Revolution
14 Dec. 14, 2020 Answer the Final

to Examination
Dec. 19, 2020 (see Appendix B)
COURSE GRADING SYSTEM
Class Standing refers to the average of the assessment task per unit.
Midterm Grade = 70%(Class Standing) + 30%(Midterm Examination) Final

Term Grade = 70%(Class Standing) + 30%(Final Examination)
Final Grade = (Midterm Grade + Final Term Grade) ÷ 2
The Final SIS Grade equivalent will be based on the following table according to the
approved University Student Handbook.
SIS Grade Percentage/Equivalent Description

1.00 97.00 - 100 Excellent
1.25 94.00-96.99 Excellent
1.50 91.00-93.99 Very Good
1.75 88.00-90.99 Very Good
2.00 85.00-87.99 Good
2.25 82.00-84.99 Good
2.50 79.00-81.99 Satisfactory
2.75 77.00-78.99 Satisfactory
3.00 75.00-76.99 Passing
5.00 65.00-74.99 Failure
Inc Incomplete
W Withdrawn
Final grades are rounded off to 2 decimal places.
Reference Materials:
• Anton, H., Bivens, I. & Stephen, D., Calculus: Early Transcendentals (10th Edition), John Wiley
& Sons, Inc. 2012
• Ayres, Frank Jr. & Mendelson, Elliot, Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Differential
and Integral Calculus (3rd Edition)
• Larson, R. & Edwards, B., Calculus (9th Edition), Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2010
• Leithold, L., The Calculus 7, Harper Collins, 1997
• Peterson, T., Calculus and Analytic Geometry, KEN, Inc., 1968
• Stein, S.K., Calculus and Analytic Geometry (4th Edition), Mc-Graw Hill Book Company, 1987
• Stewart, J., Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th Edition), Cengage Learning, 2016
• UP Institute of Mathematics, Mathematics 53 Elementary Analysis I (Course Module), UP
Diliman – Institute of Mathematics, 2014
Prepared by: Noted by:
Committee on MATH 20014 Instructional Material Edcon B. Baccay

Faculty Members Chairperson
Department of Mathematics and Statistics Department of Mathematics and
Statistics
Approved by:
Dr. Lincoln A. Bautista

Dean, College of Science
Dr. Emanuel C. de Guzman

Vice President for Academic Affairs
Contents
1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals ......................................................................................... 3
1.1 Antiderivatives .................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Integration by Substitution ................................................................................................................ 8
1.3 Integration Leading to Logarithm .................................................................................................... 10
1.4 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions .............................................................................................. 15
1.5 Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions .................................................................. 18
1.6 Integrals of Exponential Functions .................................................................................................. 21
1.7 Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions .................................................................................................... 23
1.8 Integrals Yielding Inverse Hyperbolic Functions ............................................................................ 27
1.9 Unit Test 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 30
2 Techniques of Integration ................................................................................................................ 36
2.1 Trigonometric Integrals ................................................................................................................... 36
2.1.1 Integrating Products of Sines and Cosines ................................................................................... 36
2.1.2 Integrating Products of Secants and Tangents ............................................................................. 43
2.1.3 Integrating Products of Cosecants and ......................................................................................... 48
Cotangents ............................................................................................................................................... 48
2.2 Integration by Parts .......................................................................................................................... 54
2.3 Integration by Trigonometric Substitution ..................................................................................... 58
2.4 Integration by Algebraic Substitution.............................................................................................. 63
2.5 Integration by Half-Angle Substitution ............................................................................................ 66
2.6 Integration by Partial Fraction ......................................................................................................... 68
2.7 Unit Test 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 71
3 Definite Integrals ............................................................................................................................... 75
3.1 Area of the Plane Region using Rectangular Method ...................................................................... 75
3.1.1 The Definite Integral ...................................................................................................................... 80
3.2 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus .................................................................................................. 82
3.2.1 Definite Integrals of Even and Odd Functions .............................................................................. 88

3.2.2 Wallis’ Formula .............................................................................................................................. 90
2
CONTENTS
3.3 Unit Test 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4 Applications of Definite Integrals 87

4.1 Area of a Plane Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………………… . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2 Area of the Region Bounded by Two Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3 Area of a Polar Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.4 Arc Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.5 Volumes of Solids of Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.6 Unit Test 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Unit 1: Antiderivatives and Indefinite
Integrals
In this unit, we will introduce the concept of antidifferentiation, the process which reverses
differentiation. Given a function f, can we find a function F whose derivative is f? This chapter consists
of the basic properties of integrals and some techniques on evaluating some integrals such as
integration by substitution, integrals leading to logarithms, integrals of exponential functions,
integrals of trigonometric functions, integrals leading to inverse trigonometric functions and
integrals of hyperbolic functions.
Lesson 1.1: Antiderivatives

LearningOutcomes
Attheendofthislesson,youshouldbeableto:
1. Determinetheantiderivativesofafunction;
2. Discusstheintegralnotation;and
3. Enumeratethebasicpropertiesofindefiniteintegrals.
In this lesson, we will discuss the relationship between the concept of derivatives and integrals. We
will introduce integrals in terms of antiderivatives, and the symbol for integration.
Definition1:Antiderivative
Afunction F iscalledanantiderivativeofafunction f onagiveninterval I if F 0(x )= f (x )
forall x intheinterval I .
Example 1. The function is an antiderivative of f(x) = x2 on the interval (−∞, ∞) because

for each x in this interval
3
F0(x) = x2 = f(x).
The function + 1 is also an antiderivative of f(x) = x2 on the interval (−∞, ∞)

because for each x in this interval
4 UNIT 1. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
0
G (x )= x 2 = f (x ).
Theorem1
If F (x ) isanyantiderivativeof f (x ) onaninterval I ,thenforanyconstant C thefunction
F (x )+ C isalsoanantiderivativeonthatinterval.
The process of finding antiderivatives is called antidifferentiation or integration. Thus, if
) then integrating the function f(x) produces an antiderivative of the form F(x)+C.
Which will be denoted by Z f(x)dx.
In Z f(x)dx = F(x) + C, the expression Z f(x)dx is called an indefinite integral. The elongated s
that appears on the left side is called an integral sign, the function f(x) is called the integrand, and
the constant C is called the constant of integral.
Example 2. Since is an antiderivative of f(x) = x2, then we write
.
Remark1
Z
1. F 0(x )dx = F (x )+ C
Z Z
d
2. If f (x )dx = F (x )+ C ,then f (x )dx = f (x ).
dx
3. Hence,differentiationandintegrationareinversesinnature.
5
1.1. ANTIDERIVATIVES
Theorem2:BasicIntegrationFormulas
Supposethat F (x ) and G (x ) areantiderivativesof f (x ) and g(x ),respectively,andthat C

isaconstant.Then:
1. Anantiderivativeofoneisthevariableplusanyconstant;thatis,
Z
dx = x + C
2. Aconstantfactorcanbemovedthroughanintegralsign;thatis,
Z
cf (x )dx = cF (x )+ C
3. Anantiderivativeofasumisthesumoftheantiderivatives;thatis,
Z
[f (x )+ g(x )]dx = F (x )+ G (x )+ C
4. Foranyinteger n notequalto − 1,
Z
1
x n dx = x n +1 + C
n +1
Example 3. Evaluate Z (3x4 − 5x3 + 6x2 − 7x + 3)dx.
Solution:
Example 4. Evaluate Z (5x2 − 7x + 1)(7x − 3)dx.
Solution:
Example 5. Evaluate.
Solution:
Example 6. Evaluate .
Solution:
7
Definition2:ParticularAntiderivativeof f
AZ particularantiderivative isanantiderivativethatsatisfieswellspecifiedconditions,i.e,
if f (x )dx = F (x )+ C and C takesaspecificvalue C 0 for C ,then y = F (x )+ C 0 isa
particularantiderivativeof f.
Example 7. Evaluate Z 5√xdx and determine its particular antiderivative passing through the point
(4, 3).
Solution: Let y = F(x) be an equation of the curve. The slope of the tangent line at a point
(4, 3) on the graph of the curve is given by F0(x) = 5√3. We have
.
The initial condition that (4, 3) is on the curve implies that
1.1. ANTIDERIVATIVES
We obtain . Thus, an equation of the curve is

Example 8. Evaluate and determine its particular antiderivative whose y-intercept is

4.
Solution: Let y = F(x) be the equation of the curve. The slope of the tangent line at a point
(0, 4) on the graph of the curve is given by . We have
Note that . The initial condition that (0, 4) is on the curve implies
that
We obtain . Thus, an equation of the curve is
Lesson 1.2: Integration by Substitution

LearningOutcomes
1. Applytheconceptof u-substitution;and
2. Evaluateintegralsofsomefunctionsusing u-substitution.
In this lesson, we integrate functions by applying the concept of differential of composite functions
also known as Chain Rule.
Recall:
Given a differentiable functions y = F(u) and u = g(x), the chain rule states that
Hence, integrating both sides

9
Z
F 0(g(x ))g0(x )dx = F (g(x ))+ C .
Theorem3:AntidifferentiationofaCompositeFunction
Let g beafunctionwhoserangeisaninterval I ,andlet f beafunctionthatiscontinuous

on I .If g isdifferentiableonitsdomainand F isanantiderivativeof f on I ,then
Z
0
f (g(x ))g (x )dx = F (g(x ))+ C .
Letting u = g(x ),gives du = g0(x )dx and
f (u )du = F (u)+ C .
Antidifferentiation of a Composite Function
Z f(u)du = F(u) + C
Example 9. Evaluate Z 2x(x2 + 1)4dx.
Solution:
Z 2x(x2 + 1)4dx = Z (x2 + 1)4(2xdx).
Let u = x2 + 1. Then du = 2xdx. Thus,

1.2. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
.
Example 10. Evaluate Solution:
Let u = x3 + 3. Then du = 3x2dx. Thus,
Example 11. Evaluate Solution:
let , then
but
Lesson 1.3: Integration Leading to Logarithm

LearningOutcomes
1. Applytheconceptof u-substitutioninpowerrulewhen n = − 1;and
2. Evaluateintegralsleadingtologarithm.
In this section, we will extend the concept of the power rule whenever n
= −1.
11
Recall:
The natural logarithmic function is defined for all x > 0
Properties of the Natural Logarithmic Function
The following are immediate from the definition.
1. lnx > 0 if x > 1.
2. lnx < 0 if 0 < x < 1.
3. lnx = 0 if and only if x = 1.

1.3. INTEGRATION LEADING TO LOGARITHM
Theorem4
If a,b> 0,thenthefollowinghold.
1. ln( ab)= ln a + ln b.
a
2. ln = ln a − ln b.
b
3. ln( ar )= r · ln a,forallrationalnumber r.
Recall: FromDifferentialCalculus,
Theorem5
Let u bedifferentiablefunctionin x.
d 1 du
1. (loga u )=
dx u ln a dx
d 1 du
2. (ln u )=
dx u dx
Now, we will introduce the integration leading to natural logarithm.
Integration Leading to Natural Logarithm
In Z xndx if n = −1, then will be undefined. Since the derivative of natural logarithm
of ; that is , integrating both sides gives as . In general, we

have this theorem,
Theorem6
If u isdifferentiablefunctionthen
Z
du
= ln |u| + C
u
where u =0.
Example12. Evaluatethefollowingintegrals.
1.
Solution: Let u = lnx, then .
but u = lnx
= ln|lnx| + C
13
Solution: Let u = 2x + 5, then du = 2dx and .
but u = 2x + 5
3.
Solution:
let u = x + 1, then du = dx
Z
Z Z
but u = x + 1
4.
Solution: Let u = 1 + secx, then du = secxtanxdx.
but u = 1 + secx
= ln|1 + secx| + C
1.3. INTEGRATION LEADING TO LOGARITHM
Z
5
5. x (1 + lnx2)dx
UNIT 1. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Solution: Let .
but u = 1 + 2lnx
6.
Solution: Multiply both numerator and denominator by e−x.
let
but u = 1 + e−x
= −ln|1 + e−x| + C
14
15
Lesson 1.4: Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

LearningOutcomes
1. Findtherelationshipbetweenthederivativeandintegraloftrigonometricfunctions;
2. Enumerateandapplytheintegraloftrigonometricfunctions;and
3. Evaluatetheintegralsoftrigonometricfunctions.
In this section, we will discuss the integrals of some functions involving trigonometric functions.
Now, we will introduce the integrals of trigonometric functions.
If u isdifferentiablefunctionthen,
Z Z
1. sin udu = − cos u + C 6. csc u cot udu = − csc u + C
Z Z
2. cos udu = sin u + C 7. tan udu = ln | sec u| + C
Z Z
2
3. sec udu = tan u + C 8. cot udu = ln | sin u | + C
Z Z
2
4. csc udu = − cot u + C 9. sec udu = ln | sec u + tan u | + C
Z Z
5. sec u tan udu = sec u + C 10. csc udu = ln | csc u − cot u | + C
Theorem 7: Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

The first six integrals of trigonometric functions can be easily proven from the concept of derivatives
of trigonometric functions. However, the last four formulas were derived using integrals leading to
logarithm.
Proof. Let us prove formula 9.

To derive the formula, we multiply the numerator and denominator of the integrand by secu+tanu, thus
we have
1.4. INTEGRALS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Let v = secu + tanu, then dv = (secutanu + sec2 u)du. Therefore we have,

|
but v = secu + tanu
= ln|secu + tanu| + C
Thus, Z secudu = ln|u + tanu| + C.
Example 13. Evaluate the following integrals.
1. Z sec(5x + 1)tan(5x + 1)dx
Solution: Let u = 5x + 1, then du = 5dx and .
but u = 5x + 1
2.
Solution: Let u = 2x, then du = 2dx and .
but u = 2x
Solution:
17
4. Z (cos4 x − sin4 x)dx
Solution:
Z (cos4 x − sin4 x)dx = Z (cos2 x + sin2 x)(cos2 x − sin2 x)dx
but cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 and cos2 x − sin2 x = cos(2x)
= Z cos(2x)dx let u = 2x, then
but u = 2x
1.5. INTEGRALS LEADING TO INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Lesson 1.5: Integrals Leading to Inverse

Trigonometric Functions
LearningOutcomes
1. Findtherelationshipbetweenthederivativeofinversetrigonometricfunctionsandthe
integralsleadingtoinversetrigonometricfunctions;and
2. Evaluateintegralsleadingtoinversetrigonometricfunctions.
In this section, we will discuss the integrals leading to inverse trigonometric functions. As of this lesson
there is no integrals for inverse trigonometric functions.
Recall: In differential calculus,

Theorem8:DerivativeofInverseTrigonometricFunctions
If u isdifferentiablefunction,then
d 1 d d 1 d
1. (arcsin u )= √ · (u) 5. (arcsecu )= √ 2 · (u )
dx 1 − u dx
2 dx u u − 1 dx
d −1 d d −1 d
2. (arccos u)= √ · (u ) 6. (arccscu)= √ 2 · (u )
dx 1− u 2 dx dx u u − 1 dx
d 1 d
3. (arctan u )= 2 · (u )
dx 1+ u dx
d −1 d
4. (arccotu)= 2 · (u )
dx 1+ u dx
Now, we will introduce the integrals leading to inverse trigonometric functions.

19
If u isdifferentiablefunctionand a beanyconstant,then
Z
du u
1. √ = arcsin + C
2
a − u 2 a
Z
du 1 u
2. 2 2 = arctan + C
a + u a a
Z
du 1 u
3. √ = arcsec + C
2
|u| u − a 2 a a
Theorem 9: Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Proof. Let us prove number 1.
Recall that u , we have
Thus, is an antiderivative of arcsin .

Therefore, −
1.
Solution: Let u = x, then du = dx and a = 3.
but u = x and a = 3
1.5. INTEGRALS LEADING TO INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2.
Solution: Let u = 2e3x, then du = 6e3xdx and

21
but u = 2e3x and a = 3
3.
Solution: Let u = e2x and a = 4, then du = 2e2xdx and
arcsec
but u = e2x and a = 4
arcsec
Lesson 1.6: Integrals of Exponential Functions

LearningOutcomes
1. Findtherelationshipbetweenthederivativeandintegralofexponentialfunctions;and
2. Evaluatetheintegralsofexponentialfunctions.
In this lesson, we will discuss the integrals of exponential functions.
Recall: Fromdifferentialcalculus,
Theorem10:DerivativeofExponentialFunctions
d u d d u d
1. (a )= au ln a · (u ) 2. (e )= eu · (u)
dx dx dx dx
Now, we will introduce the integrals of exponential functions.
If u isdifferentialfunction, a isconstantand e =2 . 71 ... then,

Z Z
u au
1. a du = + C 2. eu du = eu + C
ln a
Theorem 11: Integrals of Exponential Functions
1. Z ecosx sinxdx
Solution: Let u = cosx, then du = −sinxdx and −du = sinxdx.

Z ecosx sinxdx = Z eu(−du)
= −Z eudu
−eu + C but u
= cosx
= −ecosx + C
1.6. INTEGRALS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
2.
Solution:
let u = ex + 4, then du = exdx
but u = ex + 4 = ex + 4 −
4ln|ex + 4| + C
23
3.
Solution:
Z 4csc(2x) csc(2x)cot(2x)dx let u = csc(2x) and a = 4, then du =
−2csc(2x)cot(2x)dx and
but u = csc(2x) and a = 4
Lesson 1.7: Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions

LearningOutcomes
1. Definethedifferenthyperbolicfunctions;
2. Findtherelationshipbetweenthederivativeandintegralofhyperbolicfunctions;and
3. Evaluatetheintegralsofhyperbolicfunctions.
In this section, we will discuss the integrals of hyperbolic functions.

Definition3:HyperbolicFunctions
ex − e− x
1. Hyperbolicsine: sinh x =
2
ex + e− x
2. Hyperboliccosine: cosh x =
2
sinh x ex − e− x
3. Hyperbolictangent: tanh x = = x
cosh x e + e− x
cosh x ex + e− x
4. Hyperboliccotangent: coth x = = x
sinh x e − e− x
1 2
5. Hyperbolicsecant: sechx = = x
cosh x e + e− x
1 2
6. Hyperboliccosecant: cschx = = x
sinh x e − e− x
Here are some identities for Hyperbolic Functions that can help in simplifying the some functions.
The following identities are direct implication of the definitions of Hyperbolic Functions.
Theorem12:IdentitiesofHyperbolicFunctions
1. cosh x + sinh x = ex 5. coth2 x − 1= csch2x
2. cosh x − sinh x = e− x
6. cosh( − x )= cosh x
3. cosh2 x − sinh2 x =1
4. 1 − tanh 2 x = sech2x 7. sinh( − x )= − sinh x

1.7. INTEGRALS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
8. sinh( x + y )= sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y 12. sinh2 x =2 sinh x cosh x

2 2
9. cosh( x + y )= cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y 13. cosh2 x = cosh x + sinh x
2
10. sinh( x − y )= sinh x cosh y − cosh x sinh y 14. cosh2 x =2 sinh x +1
2
11. cosh( x − y )= cosh x cosh y − sinh x sinh y 15. cosh2 x =2 cosh x − 1
25
Fromdifferentialcalculus,
Theorem13:DerivativeofHyperbolicFunctions
If u isdifferentiablefunctionin x ,then
d d d d
1. [sinh u]= cosh u · (u ) 4. [coth u]= − csch2u · (u )
dx dx dx dx
d d d d
2. [cosh u]= sinh u · (u ) 5. [sechu]= − sechu tanh u · (u )
dx dx dx dx
d d d d
3. [tanh u]= sech2u · (u) 6. [cschu]= − cschu coth u · (u)
dx dx dx dx
Now, we will introduce the integrals of hyperbolic functions.
If u isdifferentiablefunction,then
Z Z
1. cosh udu = sinh u + C 6. cschu coth udu = − cschu + C
Z
2. sinh udu = cosh u + C Z
7. tanh udu = ln | cosh u| + C
Z
3. sech2udu = tanh u + C
Z
Z 8. coth udu = ln | sinh u| + C
4. csch2udu = − coth u + C
Z Z
5. sechu tanh udu = − sechu + C 9. cschudu = ln |cschu − coth u| + C
Theorem 14: Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions

1. Z cosh(2x − 3)dx
Solution: Let u = 2x − 3, then du = 2dx and .
2. Z √tanh xsech2xdx
Solution: Let u = tanhx, then du = sech2xdx.
but u = tanhx
3. Z esecx secxtanxsech(esecx)tanh(esecx)dx Solution: Let u = esecx, then du = esecx secxtanxdx.
esecx secxtanxsech(esecx)tanh(esecx)dx = Z sechutanhudu

= −sechu + C but
u = esecx
= −sech(esecx) + C
27
1.8. INTEGRALS YIELDING INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
Lesson 1.8: Integrals Yielding Inverse Hyperbolic

Functions
LearningOutcomes
1. Definethedifferentinversehyperbolicfunctions;and
2. Evaluatetheintegralsyieldinginversehyperbolicfunctions.
Since the hyperbolic functions are constructed using exponential functions, we expect that their
inverses can be written in terms of logarithms. In fact, the following hold.
√ 1 x +1
1. sinh− 1 x = ln x + x 2 +1 4. coth
−1
x= ln
2 x− 1
√ !
√ 1+ 1 − x 2
2. cosh− 1 x = ln x + x2 − 1 5. sech− 1x = ln
x
√ !
1 1+ x −1 1 1+ x 2
3. tanh− 1 x = ln 6. csch x = ln +
2 1− x x |x |
Theorem 15: Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Recall that the derivatives of inverse hyperbolic functions states
Theorem 16: Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Now, we will provide the integrals
yielding the inverse hyperbolic functions.
Let a> 0.
Z p
1 −1 u
1. √ du = sinh + C = ln ( u + u2 + a2 )+ C
2
u + a 2 a
Z p
1 −1 u
2. √ du = cosh + C = ln ( u + u2 − a2 )+ C
u 2 − a2 a
1 u
Z tanh − 1 + C, if |u| < a
1 a a 1 a+ u
3. 2 − 2 du = = ln + C
a u 1 − u 2a a− u
coth 1 + C, if |u| > a
a a
Theorem 17: Integrals Yielding Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
1.
Solution: Let u = 2x. Then . Thus,
but u = 2x
2.
29
Solution: Let u = x3. Then
but
1.9 Unit Test 1

Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals
Instruction: Write all your official answers and solutions on sheets of yellow pad paper, using only
either black or blue pens.
I. Each question is a multiple-choice question with four answer choices. Read each
question and answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best answer.
1. Evaluate Z (x2 − 4x − 15)dx.
a. c.
b. d.
2. What is Z 9x2(9 + 3x3)7dx?
a. (9 + 3x3)8 + C c. x2(9 + 3x3)8 + C
b. d.
3. Determine the general antiderivative of .
a. c.
b. d.
4. Evaluate Z 6cos(3x)dx.
a. 2sin(3x) + C c. 3sin(3x) + C
b. -2sin(3x) + C d. -3sin(3x) + C
5. What is Z 3sec(2x)dx?
a. c.
b. d.

1.9. UNIT TEST 1 31
a. - c. -
b. d.
7. Evaluate
a.c. -
b.d.
8. What is ?
a. c.
b. d.
a. c.
b. d.
10. Evaluate .
a. arcsec c.
b. d.
11. What is Z 32xdx?
a. c.
b. d.
12. Determine the antiderivative of f(x) = 5cos(3x) sin(3x).
a. c.
b. - d. -
13. Evaluate Z e x 2 +6x+5(x + 3)dx.
a. 2ex2+6x+5 + C c. ex2+6x+5(x + 3)2 + C

ex2+6x+5(x + 3)2
b. d. +C
2
14. What is ?
c. 2e√x+ C
a.
b. e√x + C d. 4e√x + C

a.c.
b.d.
16. Evaluate
.
a.c.
b.d.
17. What is Z (−12sinh(6x))dx?

a. 2cosh(6x) + C c. -2cosh(6x) + C
b. 3cosh(6x) + C d. -3cosh(6x) + C
18. Determine the antiderivative of f(x) = 3e csch(e2x).
2x
a. coth(e2x) + C c. - coth(e2x) + C
b. csch(e d. - csch(e2x) − coth(e
19. Evaluate .
1.9. UNIT TEST 1 33
a. c.
b. tanh(4x) + C d. 6tanh(4x) + C
a. 5sech√x + C c. 1sech√x +C
b. -10sech√x + C d. -20sech√x + C
a. c.
b. d.
22. Evaluate .
a. cosh−1 x − 4 + C c. sinh−1 x − 4 + C
5 5
b. 4cosh−1 x − 4 + C d. 4sinh−1 x − 4 + C
5 5
23. What is ?
a. c.
b. d.
24. Evaluate Z √xdx and determine its particular antiderivative passing through the point
(9,19).
a. c.
b. d.
25. What is the particular antiderivative of passing through (4,−1)?
1 . What is?
a. c.
b. d.
26. Evaluate and determine its particular antiderivative whose y-

intercept is 2.
a. c.
b. d.
27. What is the particular antiderivative of -intercept is 3?
a. c.
b. d.
28. Evaluate Z e3xdx and determine its particular antiderivative whose x-intercept is ln3.
a. c.
b. d.
29. What is the particular antiderivative of
-intercept is −4?
a. c.
b. d.
30. Evaluatedetermine its particular antiderivative passing

through the point of origin.
a.c.
b.d.
36 UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
Unit 2: Techniques of Integration

This unit focuses on all methods or techniques of integration, which cannot be evaluated directly by
any of the standard formulas given in chapter 1. Such techniques require the process of expressing
the integrand in a form that can be evaluated by the standard formulas. This chapter consists of
trigonometric integrals, integration by parts, integration by trigonometric substitution, integration
by algebraic substitution, integration by half-angle substitution and integration by partial fraction.
Lesson 2.1: Trigonometric Integrals

LearningOutcomes
1. Enumerateandapplythetrigonometricidentitiesforproductsofsinesandcosinesof
differentangles;
2. Evaluateintegralsinvolvingproductsofsinesandcosineswithdifferentangles;
3. Classifythesolutionsofintegralsinvolvingpowersofsineandcosine,tangentand
secantaswellacotangentandcosecant;and
4. SolveintegralsinvolvingpowersoftrigonometricFunctions.
33
Lesson 2.1.1: Integrating Products of Sines and Cosines
2.1.1.1 Integrating Products of Sines and Cosines with the Same Angle
Z sinn xcosm xdx

where m and n are constants.
Useful Identities:
1. Pythagorean Identity:
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
2. Half-Angle Identities:
a. Sine Function:
b. Cosine Function:
Techniques1
Wewilldividethediscussionintothreecases.
Z
sinn x cosm xdx
1. Oneof n and m isodd.
a. n isodd.
b. m isodd.
2. Both n and m areeven.
Case1. If n isodd.
Assume that n = 2k + 1, where k ∈ Z.
Z sinn xcosm xdx = Z sin2k+1 xcosm xdx

Procedure1:If n isoddand m isanyrealnumber
1. Splitoffafactorofsin x.
Z Z
n m
sin x cos xdx = sin2k x cosm x (sin x )dx
2. Applytherelevantidentity.
sin2 θ =1 − cos2 θ
Z Z
n m
sin x cos xdx = (sin2 x )k cosm x (sin x )dx
Z
= (1 − cos2 x )k cosm x (sin x )dx
3. Makethesubstitution u = cos x and du = − sin xdx .

Z Z
sin x cos xdx = − (1 − u2)k um du
n m
1. Z sin3 xcos4 xdx
Solution:
Z sin3 xcos4 xdx = Z sin2 xcos4 x(sinx)dx

but u = cosx
.
2. Z sin5 xcos3 xdx
Solution:
sin5 xcos3 xdx = Z sin4 xcos3 x(sinx)dx

2.1. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 39
= Z (sin2 x)2 cos3 x(sinx)dx but sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x
but u = cosx
Case 2. If m is odd.
Assume that m = 2k + 1, where k ∈ Z.
Z Z
sinn x cosm xdx = sinn x cos2k +1 xdx
Procedure2:If m isoddand n isanyrealnumber
1. Splitoffafactorofcos x.
Z Z
n m
sin x cos xdx = sinn x cos2k x (cos x )dx
2. Applytherelevantidentity.cos 2 θ =1 − sin2 θ
Z Z
n m
sin x cos xdx = sinn x (cos2 x )k (cos x )dx
Z
= sinn x (1 − sin2 x )k (cos x )dx
3. Makethesubstitution u = sin x and du = cos xdx .

Z Z
n m
sin x cos xdx = u n (1 − u2 )k du
Example 19. Evaluate the following integrals. 1.
Z sin5 xcos3 xdx Solution:
Z sin5 xcos3 xdx = Z sin5 xcos2 x(cosx)dx but u = sinx
2.
Solution:
xdx
=
=
but cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x
=Z
but u = sinx
.
Case 3. If n and m are even.
Assume that n = 2k and m = 2p, where k, p ∈ Z.
sinn xcosm xdx = Z sin2k xcos2p xdx

= Z (sin2 x)k(cos2 x)pdx
Procedure3:If n and m arebotheven

1. Usetherelevantidentitiestoreducethepowersonsin x andcos x .
1 − cos2x
sin2 x =
2
and
1+ cos 2x
cos2 x =
2
Example 20. .
1. Evaluate Z sin2 xcos2 xdx.
Solution:
let
but u = 4x
2.1.1.2 Integrating Products of Sines and Cosines with Different

Angles
Let n and m be any real numbers.
1. Z sin(nx)cos(mx)dx,
2. Z sin(nx)sin(mx)dx, and
3. Z cos(nx)cos(mx)dx where m and n are constants.
Useful Identities:
TrigonometricIdentities:
Theorem18
1
1. sin α cos β = [sin (α + β )+ sin (α − β )]
2
1
2. cos α cos β = [cos (α + β )+ cos (α − β )]
2
1
3. sin α sin β = − [cos (α + β ) − cos( α − β )]
2
1. Z sin(4x)cos(7x)dx Solution:
let let
but
= −22 cos(11x) + 6 cos(−3x) + C

2. Z cos(5x)cos(2x)dx Solution:
cos(5x)cos(2x)dx =
=
let let
but u = 7x and v = 3x
3. Z sin(7x)sin(−3x)dx Solution:
sin(7x)cos(−3x)dx =
=
let let
but u = 4x and v = 10x
Lesson 2.1.2: Integrating Products of Secants and Tangents
Z secn xtanm xdx

Useful Identities:
Squared Identities:
tan2 θ +1= sec2 θ
Techniques2
Z
secn x tan m xdx
1. n iseven.
2. m isodd.
3. m isevenand n isodd.
Case1. If n iseven.
Z Z
n m
sec x tan xdx = sec2k x tan m xdx
Procedure4:If n isevenand m isanyrealnumber

2
1. Splitoffafactorofsec x.
Z Z
−2
secn x tan m xdx = sec2k x tan m x (sec2 x )dx
sec2 θ = tan 2 θ +1
Z Z
n
sec x tan xdxm
= (sec2 x )k − 1 tan m x (sec2 x )dx
Z
k− 1
= (tan 2 x +1) tanm x (sec2 x )dx
3. Makethesubstitution u = tan x and du = sec2 xdx .

Z Z
n m k− 1 m
sec x tan xdx = (u 2 +1) u du
Assume that n = 2k, where k ∈ Z.

1. Z sec4 xtan−5 xdx Solution:
Z sec4 xtan−5 xdx =

Z sec2 xtan−5 x(sec2 x)dx
but sec2 x = tan2 x + 1
2.
Solution:
xdx =
=
but
sec2
x =
tan2
x+1
=
= but u = tanx
.
Z secn xtanm xdx = Z secn xtan2k+1 xdx
Procedure5:If m isoddand n isanyrealnumber
1. Splitoffafactorofsec x tan x .
Z Z
−1
secn x tan m xdx = secn x tan 2k x (sec x tan x )dx
tan 2 θ = sec2 θ − 1
Z Z
n
sec x tan xdxm
= secn − 1 x (tan 2 x )k (sec x tan x )dx
Z
−1
= secn x (sec2 x − 1)k (sec x tan x )dx
3. Makethesubstitution u = sec x and du = sec x tan xdx .

Z Z
n m −
sec x tan xdx = u n 1 (u2 − 1)k du
1. Z sec7 xtan5 xdx Solution:
sec7 xtan5 xdx = Z sec6 xtan4 x(secxtanx)dx
= Z sec6 x(tan2 x)2(secxtanx)dx

= Z sec6 x(sec4 x − 2sec2 x + 1)(secxtanx)dx
Z (sec10 x − 2sec8 x + sec6 x)(secxtanx)dx let u

= secx and du = secxtanxdx
= sec6 x(sec2 x − 1)2(secxtanx)dx
but u = secx
2. Z sec8 xtan7 xdx Solution:
Z
sec8 xtan7 xdx =Z sec7 xtan6 x(secxtanx)dx
=sec7 x(tan2
x)3(secxtanx)dx
=
but u = secx
.
Case 3. If m is even and n is odd.

Use Integration by Parts.
Lesson 2.1.3: Integrating Products of Cosecants and
Cotangents
Z cscn xcotm xdx
Useful Identities: Squared Identities:

cot2 θ +1= csc2 θ
Techniques3
Z
cscn x cotm xdx
1. n iseven.
2. m isodd.
3. m isevenand n isodd.
Case1. If n iseven.
Z Z
cscn x cotm xdx = csc2k x cotm xdx
Procedure6:If n isevenand m isanyrealnumber

2
1. Splitoffafactorofcsc x.
Z Z
n m
csc x cot xdx = csc2k − 2 x cotm x (csc2 x )dx
csc2 θ = cot2 θ +1
Z Z
−1
cscn x cotm xdx = (csc2 x )k cotm x (csc2 x )dx
Z
k− 1
= (cot2 x +1) cotm x (csc2 x )dx
3. Makethesubstitution u = cot x and du = − csc2 xdx , − du = csc2 xdx .

Z Z
cscn x cotm xdx = − (u 2 +1) k − 1 um du
Assume that n = 2k, where k ∈ Z.

1. Z csc6 xcot8 xdx Solution:
Z Z
csc6 xcot8 xdx = csc4 xcot8 x(csc2 x)dx
= Z (csc2 x)2 cot8 x(csc2 x)dx but csc2 x = cot2 x + 1 = Z
but u = cotx
= .
2. Z csc4 xcot Solution:
csc4 xcot xdx =

but csc x = cot x + 1
2 2
=Z
=
= but u = cotx
cot .
Z cscn xcotm xdx = Z cscn xcot2k+1 xdx
Procedure7:If m isoddand n anyrealnumber
1. Splitoffafactorofcsc x cot x .
Z Z
−1
cscn x cotm xdx = cscn x cot2k x (csc x cot x )dx
cot2 θ = csc2 θ − 1
Z Z
n m −1
csc x cot xdx = cscn x (cot2 x )k (csc x cot x )dx
Z
−1
= cscn x (csc2 x − 1)k (csc x cot x )dx
3. Makethesubstitution u = csc x and du = − csc x cot xdx , − du = csc x cot xdx .

Z Z
−
csc x cot xdx = − u n 1 (u 2 − 1)k du
n m
csc4 xcot5 xdx = Z csc3 xcot4 x(cscxcotx)dx
= Z csc3 x(cot2 x)2(cscxcotx)dx

= csc3 x(csc2 x − 1)2(cscxcotx)dx
= Z csc3 x(csc4 x − 2csc2 x + 1)(cscxcotx)dx
= Z (csc7 x − 2csc5 x + csc3 x)(cscxcotx)dx let u = cscx, du =
−cscxcotxdx, −du = cscxcotxdx
but u = cscx
csc5 xcot7 xdx = Z csc4 xcot6 x(cscxcotx)dx
= Z csc4 x(cot2 x)3(cscxcotx)dx
=
=
but u = cscx
= .
Case 3. If m is even and n is odd.

Use Integration by Parts.
Evaluate the following integrals.

2.2. INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Lesson 2.2: Integration by Parts

LearningOutcomes
1. Derivetheformulaforintegrationbyparts;and
2. Solveintegralsbyapplyingtheformulaforintegrationbyparts.
If u and v are differentiable functions, then
d(uv) = u(dv) + v(du).
Solving for u(dv), we have
u(dv) = d(uv) − v(du).
Integrating both sides, we obtain
Z Z
u(dv ) = uv − v (du)
Theorem19:IntegrationbyParts
If u and v aredifferentiablefunctions,then
Z Z
u(dv )= uv − v (du )
u(dv) = Z d(uv) − Z v(du)

55
Guidelines in choosing u and dv
1. The factor u must be a function whose derivative is a simpler function.
2. The function dv must be readily integrable.
3. The term Z v(du) must not be complex than the problem.

Example 26.
1. Z x5 lnxdx
Solution: Let u = lnx and dv = x5dx, then and .
x5 lnxdx = Z u(dv)
= uv − Z v(du)
but
2. Z e2x sin(3x)dx
Solution: Let u = e2x and dv = sin(3x)dx, then du = 2e2xdx and e2x sin(3x)dx
= Z u(dv)
= uv − Z v(du)
but
let u1 = e2x and dv1 = cos(3x)dx, then du1 = 2e2xdx and
but
2.2. INTEGRATION BY PARTS
3. Z sinn xdx
Solution: Let u = sinn−1 x and dv = sinxdx, then du = (n − 1)sinn−2 xcosxdx and v = −cosx sinn
xdx = Z u(dv)
= uv − Z v(du)
but
57
but
cos2 x =
1 − sin2
x
Theorem20:RepeatedIntegrationbyParts
If u and v aredifferentiablefunctions,then
Z
0 0 −
u(dv )= u(v1 ) − (u )(v2 )+( u0 )(v 3) −··· +( − 1)n (u( n 1) )(vn )
where u (n ) := n th derivativeof u and vn := n th integralof v

Example 27.
1. Z x5 cos(2x)dx
Solution: Let u = x5 and dv = cos(2x)dx

u = x5 dv = cos(2x)dx
u1 = 5x4
u2 = 20x3
u3 = 60x2
u4 = 120x
u5 = 120
u6 = 0
2. Z x3exdx
Solution: Let u = x3 and dv = exdx.

u = x3 dv = exdx
u1 = 3x2 dv1 = ex
u2 = 6x dv2 = ex
u3 = 6 dv3 = ex
u4 = 0 dv4 = ex
Z Z
x3exdx = (x3)(ex) − (3x2)(ex) + (6x)(ex) − (6)(ex) + C x3exdx = x3ex − 3x2ex + 6xex − 6ex + C
2.3. INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Lesson 2.3: Integration by Trigonometric Substitution

LearningOutcomes
1. Discussthetrigonometrictransformationofintegralsinvolvingcertainsumordifference
oftwosquares;and
2. Evaluateintegralsinvolvingthesumorthedifferenceoftwosquaresusingtrigonometric
substitution.
In this section we will discuss some techniques on integration that can eliminate the concepts of
radicals.
We will divide integration by trigonometric substitution into three cases as stated in the next
theorem.
59
Theorem21
1. if u = a sin θ,then du = a cos θdθ and
a2 − u 2 = a2 − (a sin θ)2
= a2 − a2 sin2 θ
= a2 (1 − sin2 θ) 3. if u = a sec θ,then du = a sec θ tan θdθ and
2 2
but1 − sin θ = cos θ
2 2
u 2 − a2 = (a sec θ)2 − a2
= a cos θ
= a2 sec2 θ − a2
2. if u = a tan θ,then du = a sec2 θdθ and = a2(sec2 θ − 1)
butsec 2 θ − 1= tan 2 θ
a2 + u2 = a2 +( a tan θ)2
= a2 tan 2 θ
= a2 + a2 tan 2 θ
= a2 (1+ tan 2 θ)
but1+tan 2 θ = sec2 θ
= a2 sec2 θ
Example 28.
1.
Solution: + 3 and a = 3, then du = 2dx and .
−

let u = asinθ and du = acosθdθ
Z but sec
When u = asinθ, then sin . Using the concept of Pythagorean Theorem, we have the right
triangle below
61
2.3. INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
2.
Solution: Let u = 3x − 5 and a = 4, then du = 3dx and .
and du = asec2 θdθ
but sec and tan
When u = atanθ, then tan . Using the concept of Pythagorean Theorem, we have the
right triangle below

3.
Solution: .
but sec
but u = x and a = 5
When u = asecθ, then sec . Using the concept of Pythagorean Theorem, we have the right
triangle below
2.4. INTEGRATION BY ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION

63
Lesson 2.4: Integration by Algebraic Substitution
LearningOutcomes
1. Usealgebraicsubstitutiontoexpressintegralcontainingradicalsorfractionalexpo-
nentstoaformreadilyintegrablebysomeknownformulas;and
2. Solveintegralsusingalgebraicsubstitution.
In this section we will discuss another technique that can eliminate the concept of radicals.
We will divide the discussion into two cases, first case is when the integrand contains one dominating
radicals and the second case is when there are multiple dominating radicals.
√
n
Case1:Integrandscontaining ax + b
√ √
z n = ax + b.Thus,
n n
Toeliminatetheradical ax + b,let z = ax + b whichimpliesthat
n− 1
n− 1 nz dz
nz dz = adx and dx = .
a
Z
√3
Example29. Evaluate (4x − 5) 5x +7 dx
Solution: Let z = √3 5x + 7. Thus, z3 = 5x + 7 and 3z2dz = 5dx. Also, and
but
Case 2: Integrand containing multiple radicals
If an integrand contains several radicals, then it can be simplified by the substitution x = zn, where
n is the least common multiple of the indices of the radicals or the least common denominator of
the denominator of the fractional exponents.
Example 30. Evaluate

Solution: Let z12 = x and 12z11dz = dx.
but
Case3:ReciprocalSubstitution
Iftheintegrandcontainsanexpressionoftheform
P (x )
√ ,
x x 2 + a2
1 1
itcanbesolvedusuallybysubstituting x= and dx = − 2 dz
z z
Example31. Evaluate
65
Solution: Let
2.4. INTEGRATION BY ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION
by Integration Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions
and a = √2
=
but
= −arcsin √−21 + C
1
but z=
=
Lesson 2.5: Integration by Half-Angle Substitution
LearningOutcomes
1. Developthesubstitutionmethodforintegralsinvolvingrationalfunctionsofsineand
x
cosineusing z = tan ;and
2
2. Solveintegralshavingrationalfunctionsofsineandcosineusinghalf-anglesubstitution.
If an integrand is a rational function of sinx and cosx, it can be reduced to a rational function z by the
substitution
.
From trigonometry,
sin(2u) = 2sinucosu and cos(2u) = 2cos2 u − 1
Let , we have
and
Now, to express sinx and cosx in terms of z. Consider that if , then
2.5. INTEGRATION BY HALF-ANGLE SUBSTITUTION and we have

67
, and
Hence,
and Since
and
Therefore,
.
Tosummarize,
Procedure8
1
Iftheintegrandcontainsrationalfunctionsofsineandcosine,substitute z = tan x ,and
2
expresseachtrigonometricfunctionintermof z ,usingthefollowing,
2z 1 − z2 2dz
sin x = 2 ,cos x = 2 ,and dx = 2
z +1 z +1 z +1
Example 32. Evaluate
Solution: Let , then from the procedure we have

by Integral Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Function
but
=
2.6. INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION
Lesson 2.6: Integration by Partial Fraction

LearningOutcomes
1. Classifyrationalfunctions;
2. Discusstherulesinrepresentingrationalfunctionsintopartialfractions;and
3. Evaluateintegralsofrationalfunctionsusingpartialfractions.
69
This section intend to convert proper fraction as a sum of readily integrable fraction. Let be
proper fraction.
Note: The fraction is said to be a proper fraction if the degree of the numerator is less than the
degree of the denominator.
Case1:DistinctLinearFactors
Procedure9:DistinctLinearFactors
p(x )
Everydistinctlinearfactoroftheform ax + b inthedenominatorof ,givesrisetoa
q(x )
A
termoftheform .
ax + b
Case2:MultipleLinearFactors
Procedure10:MultipleLinearFactors
p(x )
Eachfactoroftheform( ax + b)k inthedenominatorof givesrisetoanexpressionof
q(x )
theform
A1 A2 A3 An
+ 2 + 3 + ··· +
ax + b (ax + b) (ax + b) (ax + b)n
Case3:DistinctQuadraticFactors
Procedure11:DistinctQuadraticFactors
p(x )
Eachirreduciblequadraticfactor ax 2 + bx + c inthedenominatorof givesrisetoaterm
q(x )
A 1 (Dx )+ A 2
oftheform where Dx isthederivativeof ax 2 + bx + c.
ax 2 + bx + c
Case4:MultipleQuadraticFactors
Procedure12:MultipleQuadraticFactors
p(x )
Eachmultipleirreduciblequadraticfactors( ax 2 + bx + c)k inthedenominatorof gives
q(x )
risetoanexpressionoftheform
A 1 (Dx )+ B 1 A 2 (Dx )+ B 2 A 3 (Dx )+ B 3 A n (Dx )+ B n
+ + + ··· +
ax 2 + bx + c (ax 2 + bx + c)2 (ax 2 + bx + c)3 (ax 2 + bx + c)n
where Dx isthederivativeof ax 2 + bx + c.
1.
− 1)(5x −
Solution:
solve for A1, A2 and A3
2x + 3 −
x−1 5x − 2
Let u = 2x + 3, v = x − 1 and w1= 5x − 2. Also,1 du = 2dx, dv = dx and dw = 5dx. Thus, du = dx and
dw = dx.
2 5
but
= ln|2x + 3| − 3ln|x − 1| + 5 ln|5x − 2| + C
2.6. INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION
2.
Solution:
= A1(2x) + A2 + A3 + A45)2
solve for
dx =
71
and
= 2
= 2ln but
3.
Solution:
=
solve for A1, A2, A3 and A4
=
2
=
2
= 2ln but u = x2 + 2
= 2 ln
2.7 Unit Test 2

Techniques of Integration
I. Evaluate the following using Integrals of Products of Sines and Cosines of Different Angles.
1. Z cos(3x)cosxdx
2. Z sin(3x − 2)cos(2x + 5)dx
II. Evaluate the following using Integral Involving Powers of Trigonometric Functions.
1.
2.
III. Evaluate the following using integration by parts.
1. Z ex sinxdx
2. Z x3 lnxdx
dx
d(arctan x )=
3. Z xarctanxdx x 2 +1 NOTE:
4. Z x5 sin(3x)dx Using Repeated Integration by Parts
IV. Evaluate using Integration by Trigonometric Substitution.
1. 2.
V. Evaluate the following using integration by algebraic substitution.

73
1.
2. 3. 4.
2.7. UNIT TEST 2
VI. Evaluate the following using half-angle substitution.
1.
2.
VII. Evaluate the following using integration by partial fraction.
1.
2.
3.
Unit 3: Definite Integrals
This unit focuses o finding a solution to the problem of finding the area of a plane region bounded by
a curve lying above the x-axis with equation y = f(x), the x-axis and the vertical lines x = a and x = b.
We will then define a definite integral from the ensuing ideas. We will also discuss the two
fundamental theorems of calculus.
Lesson 3.1: Area of the Plane Region using Rectangular Method

LearningOutcomes
1. Findtheareaoftheplaneregionboundedbyacurvelyingaboveorbelowthe x -axis
andbythecurvelyingtotherightortotheleftof y -axisusingrectangularmethod;
and
2. Defineandevaluatedefiniteintegrals.
Definition4:SigmaNotation
Let n beapositiveintegerand F beafunctionsuchthat { 1, 2,...,n } isinthedomainof

F .Wedefine:
Xn
F (i ):= F (1)+ F (2)+ ··· + F (n )
i =1
Thelefthandsideisread“thesummationof F of i ,where i isevaluatedfrom1to n.
69
76 UNIT 3. DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Theorem22
Let n beapositiveinteger, c bearealnumber,and F and G befunctionsdefinedontheset
{ 1, 2,...,n } .
Xn Xn n (n +1)
1. c = cn 4. i=
i =1 i =1
2
Xn Xn Xn n (n +1)(2 n +1)
2. cF (i )= c F (i ) 5. i2 =
i =1 i =1 i =1
6
Xn Xn Xn Xn n (n +1)
2
3. [F (i )+ G (i )]= F (i )+ G (i ) 6. i3 =
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
2
Example34. Evaluatethefollowing:
1.
Solution:
+ 7) =
2.
Solution:
77
3.1. AREA OF THE PLANE REGION USING RECTANGULAR METHOD
TheAreaofaPlaneRegion
Procedure13:AreaofaPlaneRegion
b− a
1. First,wedividetheinterval[ a,b ] into n subintervalsofequallength∆ x= .
n
2. Let ci betherightendpointofthe i th subinterval, i =1 , 2, 3,...,n .
3. Covertheregionwith n circumscribedrectanglesofwidth∆ x andheight f (ci ).
4. Let A i betheareaofthe i th rectangle.Thus, A i = f (ci ) · ∆ x .
5. Theareaoftheregioncanbeapproximatedbytakingthesumoftheareasofthe n
circumscribedrectangles.Thus,
Xn Xn
AR ≈ Ai = f (ci )∆ x .
i =1 i =1
6. Simplifytherighthandsideusingsummationformulas.
7. Evaluatethelimitasthevalueof n isincreasing.
Example 35. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves.
1. Region bounded by the curves y = 3x − 2, x = 1, x = 2 and x-axis.

Solution:
First, divide the interval [1, 2] into n subintervals of equal length ∆x.
Let Ai = f(ci) · ∆x be the area of the ith rectangle where f(ci) is the height and ∆x is the width.
Ai ci f(ci) ∆x Area
A1
A2
A3
... ... ... ... ...
An
Thus,
2. Region bounded by y = x3, x = 0, x = 1 and x-axis.

3.1. AREA OF THE PLANE REGION USING RECTANGULAR METHOD
Solution:
First, divide the interval [0, 1] into n subintervals of equal length ∆x.
79
Let Ai = f(ci) · ∆x be the area of the ith rectangle where f(ci) is the height and ∆x is the width.
Ai ci f(ci) ∆x Area
A1
A2
A3
... ... ... ... ...
An
Thus,
Definition5:DefiniteIntegral
Let f bedefinedon[ a,b ].the definiteintegral of f from a to b is

Z b Xn ∗
f (x )dx = lim f (x i ) · ∆ x i ,
a ||∆ ||→ 0
i =1
ifthelimitexistsanddoesnotdependonthechoiceofnumbers x ∗i inthesubintervals.If
thesearetrue,thefunctionissaidtobeintegrableon[ a,b ].
Theorem23
Ifafunctioniscontinuouson[ a,b ],thenitisintegrableon [a,b ].
Lesson 3.1.1: The Definite Integral
Remark2:PropertiesoftheDefiniteIntegral
Let f and g beintegrableon[ a,b ],and c,p,q and r berealnumbers.

Z b Z a
1. f (x )dx = − f (x )dx
a b
Z a
2. f (x )dx =0
a
Z b
3. cdx = c(b − a)
a
Z b Z b
4. cf (x )dx = c f (x )dx
a a
Z b Z b Z b
5. [f (x ) ± g(x )]dx = f (x )dx ± g(x )dx
a a a
Z q Z r Z q
6. If[ a,b ] contains p,q and r ,then f (x )dx = f (x )dx + f (x )dx
p p r
regardlessoftheorderof p,q and r .
Example 36. Do as indicated.
1. .
Solution:
Z 55 5 Z
[5f(x) − 3g(x)]dx 5Z 2 f(x)dx − 3Z 2 g(x)dx

=
=5f(x)dx − Z 3g(x)dx
− −
= (5)(7) − (3)(13)
−2−25 −2 5
= 35 − 39 = −4
3 31 1
2. Find[f(x) + g(x)]2 dx if Z [f(x)]2dx = 5,

Z Z
81
Solution:
[g(x)]2dx = 7 and
3
Lesson 3.2: Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

LearningOutcomes
1. Stateanddiscussthefirstandsecondfundamentaltheoremofcalculus;
2. Evaluatethedefiniteintegralsofevenandoddfunctions;and
3. Evaluateintegralsusingwallis’formula.
Theorem24:TheFirstFundamentalTheoremofCalculus
Let f beafunctioncontinuouson[
Z x a,b ] andlet x beanynumberin[ a,b ].If F isthefunction
definedby F (x )= f (t)dt,then
a
F 0(x )= f (x )
Example 37. Find the derivative of each of the following functions.
1. 1
Solution: Let f(t) = t2. Applying the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we obtain
2.
Solution: Let f(t) = sin(t3 + 1). Applying the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we obtain
F0(x) = sin(x3 + 1).
3.
Solution: To apply the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we need to switch the upper
and lower limits of integration,
Now, let f(t) = −cos(3t). Applying the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we obtain F0(x)
= −cos(3x.
3.2. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 83
Remark3
Z x
Suppose F (x )= f (t)dt,where f iscontinuouson[ a,b ] andlet g(x ) ∈ [a,b ].Ifwe
Z x a
let H (x )= f (t)dt,then F (x )= H (g(x )). UsingtheChainRule,weget F 0(x )=
a
H 0(g(x )) · g0(x ).BytheFirstFundamentalTheoremofCalculus, H 0(x )= f (x ).Sowehave
F 0(x )= f (g(x )) · g0(x ).
Example 38. Find the derivative of each of the following functions.

Z x2
1. F(x) =t3dt
Solution:−2Let f(t) = t3 and g(x) = x2, then g0(x) = 2x. Applying Remark 5.2.1, we
obtain
F0(x) = f(g(x)) · g0(x)
= f(x2) · 2x
= (x2)3 · 2x
= 2x7
2.
Solution: Let and g(x) = √x, then we

obtain
. Applying Remark 5.2.1, 3.
Solution: Let and g(x) = sinx, then g0(x) = cosx. Applying Remark 5.2.1, we
obtain
Theorem25:TheSecondFundamentalTheoremofCalculus
Let f beafunctioncontinuouson[ a,b ].If F isanyantiderivativeof f on[ a,b ],then
Z b x = b
f (x )dx = F (x ) = F (b) − F (a)
a x = a
Example 39. Evaluate the following definite integrals.
1.
Solution:
Z 2 7x = 2
1 (3x2 − 7x + 5)dx = x3 − 2 x + 5x x = 1
7 7
=
= (2)3 − 2 (2) +
=
5(2) − (1)3 − 2 (1) + 5(1)
=
Z
7
2.2(7x5 + 4x3 − 2x)dx
Solution:−
66
2 76 4 2x =26
Z
2(7x + 4x − 2x)dx
5 3
=
− − x x = −2 x+x
= 7 6 4 27 6 4
(2) + (2) − (2) − (−2) + (−2) − (−2)2

224 224
=3 + 16 − 4 − 3 + 16 − 4
= 0
Remark4
BytheSecondFundamentalTheoremofCalculusandtheSubstitutionRule,
Z b x= b
0
f (g(x )) · g (x )dx = F (g(x )) = F (g(b)) − F (g(b)).
a x= a
Ifwelet u = g(x ),wehave

Z b u = g(b)
0
f (g(x )) · g (x )dx = F (u) .
a u = g(a)
Therefore,
Z b Z g( b)
0
f (g(x )) · g (x )dx = f (u)du.
a g( a)
Example 40. Evaluate the following definite integrals using Remark 5.2.2.
1.
Solution: Let u = 5x − 4, then du = 5dx and
Upper Limit: Lower Limit:

x=3 x = −2
u = 5x 4 = 5(3) 4 = 11 u = 5x 4 = 5( 2) 4= 14 −
−
− − − −
Z 3 dx 1 11 3
3 = Z u− du
−2 (5x − 4) 5 −14
1 1 x = 11
=· −2u−2 x = −14
5
1
=−10(11)−2 − −101 (−14)−2
= −10121 − −10196 1 1 1 1
1 1
=−1210 − −1960
15
= −47432
2.
Solution: Recall that We split the interval at x = 0 and we obtain,

Z Z
|x |dx = |x |dx + |x |dx
−3 Z− 03 0Z
2
= (− x )dx + xdx
−3 0
x2 x =0 x2 x =2
= − +
2
x = −3 2 x =0
9
= 0+ +(2 − 0)
2
13
=
2
Remark5
1. TheFundamentalTheoremsofCalculusestablishacloseconnectionbetweenan-
Z
tiderivativesanddefiniteintegrals.Forthisreason, f (x )dx isalsoreferredtoas
anindefiniteintegral,andtheprocessofantidifferentiationasintegration.However,
notethatinAdvancedCalculus,theintegralisdefinedindependentlyoftheantideriva-
tiveanddoesnotalwayscoincidewiththeantiderivativeofafunction.
2. TousetheSecondFundamentalTheoremofCalculus,thefunction f mustbecontin-
Z 1 x =1
1 1 1
uouson[ a,b ].Forinstance, 2 dx = − = .Infact,thedefinite
−1 x x 2
x = −1
1
integralof f (x )= on[ − 1, 1] cannotevenbedefinedsincetheintervalisnotcon -
x2
tainedinthedomainof f.
Z
2 0 2
Lesson 3.2.1: Definite Integrals of Even and Odd Functions

Definition 6: Even and Odd Functions
If a function f is defined on [−a, a] and f(−x) = f(x) for all x ∈ [−a, a], then f is called an even
function.
If a function f is defined on [−a, a] and f(−x) = −f(x) for all x ∈ [−a, a], then f is called an odd
function.
Example 41. .
1. The function f(x) = 4x6 − 7x4 + 13x2 − 11 is an even function since

f(−x) = 4(−x)6 − 7(−x)4 + 13(−x)2 − 11
=
4x6 − 7x4 + 13x2 − 11
= f(x)
2. The function f(x) = 3x5 − 7x3 + 4x is an odd function since
f(−x) = 3(−x)5 − 7(−x)3 + 4(−x)
=
3(−x5) − 7(−x3) − 4x
=
= −3x5 + 7x3 − 4x
−(3x5 − 7x3 + 4x)

= −f(x)
3. The function is an even function since
f(−x) 6= −f(x)
f(−x) 2(−x)3 − 5
=
= 2(−x3) − 5
=
−2x3 − 5
4. The function f(x) = 2x3 − 5 is neither even nor odd function since f(−x) =6 f(x) and
Example 42. Evaluate the following definite integral.
1.
− 6 7x4 + 13x2 − 11 is an even function, then
= − (2x 3 +5)
Theorem26
If f isdefinedon[ − a,a ] andanevenfunction,then
Z a Z a
f (x )dx =2 f (x )dx .
−a −a
If f isdefinedon[ − a,a ] andanoddfunction,then

Z a
f (x )dx =0
−a
Solution: Since f(x) = 4x −
Z 2 2
(4x6 − 7x4 + 13x2 − 11)dx = 2Z (4x6 − 7x4 + 13x2 − 11)dx
−2 0
1 1 1x = 2
= 24 · 7 x7 − 7 · 5 x5 + 13 · 3 x3 − 11x x = 0
4 7 13
= 2 (2)7 − 5(2)5 + 3 (2)3 − 11(2)−
7
4 7 7 5 13 3
2 (0) − 5(0) + 3 (0) − 11(0)
7
4 7 13
= 27(128) − 5(32) + 3 (8) − 22 − 2(0)
512 224 104
= 2 7 − 5 + 3 − 22
= 2
4306
105
8612
=
105
2.
− 5 3
Solution: Since f(x) = 3x − 7x + 4x is an odd function, then
Lesson 3.2.2: Wallis’ Formula

Some integrals involving powers of sine and cosine may be evaluated easily by using the Wallis’
Formula. This formula was named in honor of John Wallis who is an English mathematician.
Theorem27
Let n and m beapositiveintegers.
Z π
2 (n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5) ··· (1 or 2)
1. sinn θdθ = ·α
0 (n )(n − 2)(n − 4) ··· (1 or 2)
π
where α =1 if n isoddand α = if n iseven.
2
Z π
2 (n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5) ··· (1 or 2)
2. cosn θdθ = ·α
0 (n )(n − 2)(n − 4) ··· (1 or 2)
π
where α =1 if n isoddand α = if n iseven.
2
Z π
2 (n − 1)(n − 3) ··· (1 or 2)(m − 1)(m − 3) ··· (1 or 2)
3. sinn θ cosm θdθ = ·α
0 (n + m )(n + m − 2)(n + m − 4) ··· (1 or 2)
π
where α = if n and m arebothevenand α =1 otherwise.
2
Example 43. Use Wallis’ Formula to evaluate each of the following definite integrals.
1.
Solution:
2.
Solution:
3.

x=0
u = 2x = 2(0) = 0
x=3 x=0
4.

x=0
u = 3x = 3(0) = 0
Z
3
5.x4p9 − x2dx −
, then dx = 3cosθdθ and 9 x2 = 9cos2 θ.

93
3.3. UNIT TEST 3
3.3 Unit Test 3

Definite Integrals
I. Each question is a multiple-choice question with four answer choices. Read each question
and answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best answer.
1. Expressin closed form.
a.c.
b.d.
2. Express the function ofin closed form and then find the limit.
a.; 5 c.
b.; 10 d.; 5
Z 3 2 3
3. If2 [f(x)]2dx = 6, Z [g(x)]2dx = −7 and Z2 4f(x)g(x)dx = 16,

find.
3
a. 7 b. 17 c. 15 d. 21
x
4. Let F(x) = Z p3t2 + 1dt. Find F00(2)

2
a. 0 b. √13 c. 6√13 d.
5. Let . Find F0(x)
a. sinxcosx(sinx + cosx)
b. −sinxcosx(sinx + cosx)
6. Evaluate, given 0
that
− a.
b.
c. −sinxcosx
d. sinx + cosx II. Do as indicated.
7. Evaluate . c. d.
a. b.
c.
8. Evaluate .
a. b. c. d.
a.
b. 0 d. 2
9. Evaluate .
c. d.
a. b.
2 Z
10. Evaluatex3p4 −
x2dx. c. d.
1. Find
2. In each part, evaluate the integral, given that
a.
b.
c.
x
3. Let F(x) = Z p3t2 + 1dt. Find

2
a. F(2)
b. F0(2)
c. F00(2)
4. Evaluate the following integrals.
a.
b.
Unit 4: Applications of Definite Integrals

This unit focuses on the applications of definite integrals. We will determine the area of a plane
region, area of the region bounded by two curves, area of a polar region, the arc length, and the
volume of solids of revolution.
Lesson 4.1: Area of a Plane Region

LearningOutcomes
1. Stateandapplytheformulaforfindingtheareaofaplaneregionboundedbyacurve,
the x -axis,andtheverticallines x = a and x = b;and
2. Calculatetheareaofaplaneregionbyintegration.
The computation of areas of a plane region has been introduced in lower mathematics subjects.
Usually, these plane regions are bounded by straight edges, which are known as polygons. We start
by defining the area of a rectangle to be its length times its width. From this, we successively derive
the formulas for the area of a parallelogram, a triangle or other polygons. Partitioning these into
rectangles and summing up each area of the rectangles derives such polygons.
In integral calculus, our ancient mathematicians develop a simpler and more accurate tool in solving
plane areas that are bounded by either arcs or straight lines.
87
97
FormulafortheAreaofaPlaneRegion
Formula1:VerticalRectangle
Z b
Ifthegraphof y = f (x ) liesentirelyabovethe x -axisontheinterval [a,b ], f (x )dx gives
a
theareaoftheregionboundedbythecurves y = f (x ),the x -axisandtheverticallines x= a
and x = b.
Z b
Ifthegraphof y = f (x ) liesentirelybelowthe x -axisontheinterval [a,b ], − f (x )dx
a
givestheareaoftheregionboundedbythecurves y = f (x ),the x -axisandtheverticallines
x = a and x = b.
Formula2:HorizontalRectangle
Z d
fthegraph x = v (y ) liesentirelyontherightofthe y -axisontheinterval [c,d ], v (y )dy
c
givestheareaoftheregionboundedbythecurves x = v (y ),the y -axisandthehorizontal
lines y = c and y = d.
Z d
Ifthegraph x = v (y ) liesentirelyontheleftofthe y -axisontheinterval [c,d ], − v (y )dy
c
givestheareaftheregionboundedbythecurves x = v (y ),the y -axisandthehorizontal
lines y = c and y = d.
4.1. AREA OF A PLANE REGION
98 UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Procedure14:SuggestedStepsinCalculatingAreasbyIntegration
1. Sketchtheregion.
2. Shadetheareatobedetermined.
3. Drawarepresentativerectangle(verticalorhorizontalrectangle)ofareaanddenote
itsbaseandaltitude.
4. Setuptheareaintegral.
Example 44. Find the area of the region R bounded by the following curves. 1. y =
3x − x2 and the x-axis
Solution: Using Vertical Rectangle,the area of the region R bounded above by f(x) = 3x − x2
and below by x-axis and the lines x = 0 and x = 3 is
Z b
AR =f(x)dx
a
3
Z =(3x − x2)dx
0
= 32x2 − 31x3 xx = 3= 0
99
27
= 2 − 9 − (0)
square units
2. x = 8 + 2y − y2, y-axis, y = −1 and y = 3
Solution: Using Horizontal Rectangle, the area of the region R bounded on the right by x = 8 + 2y
− y2 and on the left by the y-axis and the lines y = −1 and y = 3 is
AR = Z v(y)dy d
c3
= Z 1(8 + 2y − y2)dy
−
213 y = 3 = 8y + y − 3y y = −1
= (24 + 9 − 9) − −8 + 1 + 3
20
= 24 − − 3
square units
Lesson 4.2: Area of the Region Bounded by Two Curves

LearningOutcomes
1. Stateanddiscusstheformulaforcomputingtheareaboundedbytwocurve;and
2. Computetheareasofplaneregionsbetweentwocurves.
Formula for the Area of the Region Bounded by Two Curves

Formula3:VerticalRectangle
If f and g arecontinuousfunctionsontheinterval[ a,b ] and f (x ) ≥ g(x )) forall x ∈ [a,b ],

thentheareaoftheregion R boundedaboveby y = f (x ),belowby y = g(x ) andthevertical
lines x = a and x = b is
Z b
AR = [f (x ) − g(x )]dx
a
4.2. AREA OF THE REGION BOUNDED BY TWO CURVES 101
Formula4:HorizontalRectangle
If u and v arecontinuousfunctionsof y ontheinterval[ c,d ] and v (y ) ≥ u(y ) forall y ∈ [c,d ],

thentheareaoftheregion R boundedontheleftby x = u(y ),ontherightby x = v (y ) and
thehorizontallines y = c and y = d is
Z d
AR = [v (y ) − u(y )]dy
c
Example 45. Find the area of the following regions.
1. Region bounded by y = 6x − x2 and y = x2 − 2x
Solution:
Using Vertical Rectangle:
The area of the region R is bounded above by y = 6x − x2 and below by y = x2 − 2x. The Vertical
Rectangle is evaluated from x = 0 to x = 4.

AR = Z04[(6x − x2) − (x2 − 2x)]dx
= Z0 (−2x2 + 8x)dx
23 2x =4
= −3x + 4xx = 0
2 2
= −3(4)3 + 4(4)2 − −3 (0)3 + 4(0)2
128
= − 3 + 64
square units
Using Horizontal Rectangle:
4.2. AREA OF THE REGION BOUNDED BY TWO CURVES 103
We will divide the region into three parts; first, from y = −1 to y = 0; second, from y = 0 to y = 8; and lastly,
from y = 8 to y = 9.
AR = A1 + A2 + A3
08
=91[(1 + py + 1) − (1 − py + 1)]dy + Z0 [(1 + py + 1) − (3 − p9 − y)]dy+

Z
−
Z80[(3 + p9 − y) − (38 − p9 − y)]dy 9
= Z 1 2py + 1dy + Z0 (−2 + py + 1 + p9 − y)dy + Z8 2p9 − ydy
4 y=0 2 2 y=8
=3 (y + 1)23 + −2y + 3 (y + 1)32 − 3 (9 − y)32 y = 0
y = −1
4y = 9
−3 (9 − y)23 y = 8
4 2 2 4
=3 − 0 + −16 + 18 − 3 − 0 + 3 − 18 + 0 + 3
4 4 52 4
=+ + +
3 3 3 3
2. Triangle whose vertices are the points (−1,4), (2, −2), and (5, 1).
Solution:
Using Vertical Rectangle:
The equation of the line connecting the points (−1, −2) and (2, 4) is y = 2x, the equation of the line
connecting the points ( and the equation of the line connecting
the points (2, 4) and (6 .

AR = A1 + A2
= THE REGION BOUNDED BY TWO CURVES

4.2. AREA OF 105
=
7 7 2
−28 14
−1
11 11 x=2 33 99 x=6
=14x2 + x + −56x2 + 14x x = 2

7
x = −1
11 11 11 11 33 99 33 99
=
14 (2)2 + 7 (2) − 14(−1)2 + 7 (−1) + −56(6)2 + 14 (6) − −56 (2)2 + 14 (2)
22 22 11 11 297 297 33 99
= + − 14 + 7 − 14 + 7 + 14 − 7 7 7
square units
Using Horizontal Rectangle:
The equation of the line connecting the points ( , the equation of the line
connecting the points ( and the equation of the line connecting the
points (2, 4) and (6 .
AR = A1 + A2
1 7 11 1 4 22 1
= Z 2 3y + 3 − 2 y4 dy + Z14 −3y + 3 − 2 ydy

−
1 11 11 11 22
= Z 2 6 y + 3 dy + Z1 − 6 y + 3 dy
−
11 11 y=1 11 22 y=4
= 12y2 + y + −12y2 + 3 y y = 1
3
11 2 11 y = −2 2 11 11 2 22 11 2 22
11
=12(1) + 3 (1) − 12(−2) + 3 (−2) + −12(4) + 3 (4) − −12 (1) + 3 (1)
11 11 11 22 44 88 11 22
= 12 + − 3 + 3 − 3 + 3 + 12 − 3
3 square
units
4.3. AREA OF A POLAR REGION 107
Lesson 4.3: Area of a Polar Region

LearningOutcomes
1. Developaformulaforsolvingtheareasofpolarcurves;
2. Statethestepsinfindingtheareasofpolarcurves;and
3. Computetheareasofcurvesinpolarcoordinates.
If the plane region is bounded by the continuous polar curve r = f(θ) and the line φ = α and φ = β. To
calculate the area of this region, we divide the region into n subregions by the rays α = θ0 < θ1 < θ2 <
··· < θn−1 = β. We use the notation ∆θ = θi − θi=1 to denote the angle between two successive lines.
Let ri and Ri−1 be the smallest and largest values of r(θ) for θi−1 ≤ θ ≤ θi and let ∆Ai denote the area of
the ith region. Then and by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we

have
Procedure15:SuggestedStepsinCalculatingAreasinPolarRegion
Tofindtheareaofaregionboundedbypolarcurves:
1. Drawafigure.
2. Drawapolarrayscorrespondingtoasmallincrement dθ in θ.
3. Solvetheareabuintegrationbetweentheappropriatelimits.
Example 46. Do as instructed.
1. Find the area of the region enclosed by the graph of r = 1 + cosθ.

Solution: Using the table of values.
θ 0 π 2π
r 2 1 0 1 2
The curve is symmetric about the intervals [0, π] and [π, 2π]. Thus, we only need to calculate the area
for the interval [0, π] and then multiply by 2. We have,
1 π
A = 2 · 2 Z0 (1 + cosθ)2dθ
Z
π
Z =(1 + 2cosθ + cos θ)dθ

2
0
= 1 + 2cosθ + (1 + cos(2θ))dθ π1
Z 0 2
=1 + 2cosθ + + cos(2θ)dθ π 1
1
Z
0 2 2
= + 2cosθ + cos(2θ)dθ
π 3 10 2 2
3 1 θ=π
= θ + 2sinθ + sin(2θ)
2 4
θ=0
3 1 3 1
=2 (π) + 2sinπ + 4 sin(2π) − 2(0) + 2sin0 + 4 sin(2(0))
3π 1 1
= + 2(0) + 4 (0) − 0 + 2(0) + 4 (0)
2 square units
2. Find the area of the region enclosed by the graph of r = 2sin(2θ)
Solution: In this case we need to include in the table of values in order to have a more accurate
graph.
θ 0 π 2π
r 0 2 0 −√3 −2 −√3 0 2 0 −√3 −2 −√3 0

√3 √3 √3 √3
The curve is symmetric about the intervals . Thus,
we only need to calculate the area for and then multiply by 4. We have,
1πZ0 π2 2 Z0 π2 π
A = 4·2 [2sin(2θ)] dθ A = 4 [1 − cos(4θ)]dθ
= 2ZZ00 ππ222 [4sin2 2(2θ)]dθ = 4θ − 14 sin(4θ) θθ = 0=2
= 8 sin (2θ)dθ π 1 1
= 8 − cos(4θ) dθ 2 − 4 sin(2π) − 4 0 − 4 sin0
1
0 2square units
Area Between Two Polar Curves
If the region R is bounded above by r1 = f1(θ) and bounded below by r2 = f2(θ), and the lines θ = α and
θ = β, then the area of the region R is
.
Example 47. Do as indicated.
1. Find the area inside the curve r = 5sinθ and outside the curve r = 2 + sinθ.
Solution: Let r1 = 5sinθ and r2 = 2 + sinθ.
θ 0 π 2π
r1 0 5 0 −5 0
r2 2 3 2 1 2
The region is symmetric about the intervals and . Thus, we only need to calculate
the area for and then multiply by 2. We have,

1 π
A = 2 · 2 Zπ62 (5sinθ)2 − (2 + sinθ)2dθ

Z
π
2
Z
=π 25sin2 θ − (4 + 4sinθ + sin2 θ)dθ
6π
2 π
=π6 25sin2 θ − 4 − 4sinθ − sin2 θ)dθ
2
=π 24sin2 θ − 4 − 4sinθ)dθ
6π2
=π Z [12(1 − cos(2θ)) − 4 − 4sinθ)]dθ

6π2
=π Z [12 − 12cos(2θ) − 4 − 4sinθ)]dθ

6π2
=π [8 − 12cos(2θ) − 4sinθ)]dθ
Z 6
θ = π2 = (8θ − 6sin(2θ)
+ 4cosθ) θ = π6
h
= 8 2 − 6sin(π) + 4cos2i − h8 6 − 6sin 3 + 4cos 6i π π π π
π
4π √3 √3
= [4π − 6(0) + 4(0)] − " − 6 2 ! + 4 2 !#

3
4π √ √
+3 3 − 2 3
3 = 4π −
8π √
= +
3
3 square units
2. Find the area of the region outside the curve and inside the curve r2 =
sin(2θ).
Solution: In this case we need to include where k is an integer in the table of values in
4
order to have a more accurate graph. Let r1 = ±psin(2θ) and r2 = √2cosθ.
θ 0 π
r1 0 ±1 0 0 ±1
− − −
√2 −√2
r2 1 0 −1 −1
θ 2π
r1 0 − − − 0
r2 0 1 √2
A =
π
1 1 1
π
θ= 2
=2 π −2 cos(2θ) − θ − 2 sin(2θ)
θ= 4
− (0) − − (1) 1 1 π 1 1 1
4 2
π 1
= 2 −2(−1) − 2 − 2(0) − 2 2
4 − π square units
=
8
Lesson 4.4: Arc Length

LearningOutcomes
1. Definesmoothinthecurveofanequation;and
2. Computethelengthofanarcofanequation.
Definition7:Smooth
Acurvewithequation y = f (x ) issaidtobe smooth on[ a,b ] if f 0 iscontinuouson[ a,b ].
Formula for the Length of an Arc
1. If y = f(x) is a smooth curve on the x-interval [a, b], then the arc length L of this curve from x = a
to x = b is
2. If x = u(y) is a smooth curve on the y-interval [c, d], then the arc length L of this curve from y =
c to y = d is
Example 48. Find the arc length of the following curves in the specified interval.
1. from x = 1 to x = 3.
Solution: First,
2,
which is continuous on [1, 3]. Thus, is smooth on [1, 3]. Therefore,

116
4.4. ARC LENGTH
L = Z13 q1 + (9√3x − 2)2dx = Z1 p1 + 81(3x −
Z
2)dx
=3 √243x − 161dx
1
x=3
3
= 162(243x − 161)2 x = 1
= 162(568)23 − 162(82)32
2. 3x − 6y + 9 = 0 between y = −1 to y = 2.
Solution: The equation 3x − 6y + 9 = 0 is the same as x = 2y − 3. Also,
= 2,
which is continuous on [−1, 2]. Thus, 3x − 6y + 9 = 0 is smooth on [−1, 2]. Therefore,
L =p1 Z + (2)2dy
−21
√
Z =5dy
−1
= √5y y = 2
4.5. VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION 117
√√5(2)5 y−=√−5(1−1)
=
= 3
3. 8y = x4 + 2x−2 from the point where x = 1 and x = 2.
Solution: The equation 8y = x4 + 2x−2 is the same as . Also,
which is continuous on [1, 2]. Thus, 8y = x4 + 2x−2 is smooth on [1, 2]. Therefore,
Z
L =2 s1 + x6 −3 12dx
1 2x
= Z 2 r4x6 + x12 −6 2x6 + 1dx
1 4x
Z
2 rx12 + 2x66 + 1
=dx
1 4x
Z 2 sx6 + 13 2
=dx
Z
1 2x
2 x+1
Z
= 6 dx
3
1 2x
=2 1x3 + 1x−3dx
1 2 2
= 18x4 − 14x−2 xx = 1= 2
= 18 (2)4 − 41(2)−2 − 18 (1)4 − 14 (1)−2
1 1 1
= 2 − 16 − 8 + 4
33
=
16
Lesson 4.5: Volumes of Solids of Revolution
LearningOutcomes
1. Defineasolidofrevolution;
2. Stateandillustratethemethodofcalculatingthevolumeofsolidsofrevolutionusing:
thediskmethod,washermethodandcylindricalshellmethod;and
3. Calculatevolumesofsolidsofrevolutionusing:thediskmethod,washermethodand
cylindricalshellmethod.
Definition 8: Solid of Revolution

A solid of revolution is a solid obtained when a plane region is revolved about a line (in the same plane)
called the axis of revolution.
In finding the volume of a solid of revolution, the idea is to approximate by very thin rectangles the region
to be revolved, and then to revolve each rectangle about the same axis. We shall employ two methods:
1. Disk or Washer Method. Use rectangles that are perpendicular to the axis of revolution.
2. Cylindrical Shell Method. Use rectangles that are parallel to the axis of revolution.
Formula for the Volume of a Solid of Revolution using Disks or Washers
Example 49. Find the volume of the solid generated when the indicated plane region is revolved about the
given axis of revolution.
1. Region bounded by y = x − 2x + 1 and y = 7 − x
2
a. about y = −1
Solution: Using the washers we obtain that the value of r1(x) = x2 − 2x + 2 and r2(x) = 8 − x. Also,3
V = Z 32 π h(8 − x)2 − (x2 − 2x + 2)2idx
= Z 32 π (644− 16x3+ x2)2− (x4 + 4x2 + 4 − 4x3 + 4x2 − 8x)dx
= Z 2 π(−x + 4x − 7x − 8x + 60)dx
−
1 7x = 3
= π −5 x5 + x4 − 3 x3 − 4x2 + 60x x = −2
15 4 7 3 2
= π −5(3) + (3) − 3(3) − 4(3) + 60(3) −

1 7
π −5 (−2)5 + (−2)4 − 3 (−2)3 − 4(−2)2 + 60(−2)
567 1424
= π−− 15 π
5 cubic
units
b. about x = −2
Solution: Using the washers we obtain from y = 0 to y = 4, r1(y) = 3 − √y and r2(y) = 3 + √y. From y = 4 to
y = 9, r1(y) = 3 − √y and r2(y) = 9 − y.
V = V1 + V 2
= Z044 π h(3 + √y)2 − (3 − √y)2idy + Z49 π9h(9 − y)2 − (3 − √y)2idy
= Z0 π[(9 + 6√y+ y) − (9 − 6√y + y)]dy + Z4 π[(81 − 18y + y2) − (9 − 6√y + y)]dy
= Z04 12π√ydy + Z49 π(y2 − 19y + 6√y + 72)dy

23 y=4 13 19 2 23 y=9
h
= 8πy+ π y − 2 y + 4y + 72yy = 4
3
y=0
3 1 19
= π 8(4)2i − π h8(0)32i + π 3(9)3 − 2 (9)2 + 4(9)23 + 72(9)−
1 19
π3 (4)3 − 2 (4)2 + 4(4)32 + 72(4)
459 568
= π 64 − 0 + 2 − 3
cubic units
2. Region bounded by y = x3, x = 1, x = 2 and y = 0
a. about y = 0
Solution: Using the disk we obtain that the value of r(x) = x3.
Z 2
V =π [r(x)]2 dx
Z 12
Z =π x3 2 dx
1
2
=πx6dx
1
1 x=2
= πx7
7
x=1
11
= π7(2)7 − π 7 (1)7
128 1
= π − 7π
7 cubic units
b. about x = 2
Solution: Using the disk method we obtain that the value of r(x) = 1 from y = 0 to y = 1, and
from y = 1 to y = 8.
Z 1 8
Z V =0 π(1)2dy + Z1 π 2 − y132 dy
1 8
= π0 dy + π Z1 4 − 4y13 + y23dy
= πy+ π 4y − 3y34 + 5y35 y = 1 y = 1 3y = 8
y=0
= π(1) − π(0) + π 4(8) − 3(8)3 + (8)3 − π 4(1) − 3(1)3 + (1)3

5 5
=
16 8 4 3 5
=
π+ π− π 4 3 5
5 5
cubic units
Formula for the Volume of a Solid of Revolution using Cylindrical Shells
rmula7:VerticalRectangle
ppose R istheregionboundedaboveby y = f (x ),belowby y = g(x ),andthevertical

es x = a and x = b suchthat f and g arecontinuousfunctionson[ a,b ].Iftheline x = x 0
esnotintersecttheinteriorof R ,thenthevolumeofthesolidofrevolutionobtainedwhen
isrevolvedabouttheline x = x 0 isgivenby
Z b
V = 2πr (x )h (x )dx ,
a
here r (x ) and h (x ) aretheradiusandheight,respectively,ofacylindricalshellatan

bitrary x in[ a,b ].
rmula8:HorizontalRectangle
ppose R istheregionboundedontheleftby x = u(y ),ontherightby x = v (y ),andthe

rizontallines y = c and y = d suchthat u and v arecontinuousfunctionson[ c,d ].Ifthe
e y = y 0 doesnotintersecttheinteriorof R ,thenthevolumeofthesolidofrevolution
tainedwhen R isrevolvedabouttheline y = y0 isgivenby
Z b
V = 2πr (y )h (y )dy ,
a
here r (y ) and h (y ) aretheradiusandheight,respectively,ofacylindricalshellatan

bitrary y in[ c,d ].
Example 50. Find the volume of the solid generated when the indicated plane region is revolved about the
given axis of revolution.
1. Region bounded by y = x2 − 2x + 1 and y = 7 − x
a. about y = −1
Solution: Using the cylindrical shell we obtain that the value of

from y = 0 to y = 4, and
from y = 4 to y = 9. Also,
Z 4 9
V =0 2π Z (y + 1)2y12dy + Z4 2π (y + 1)6 − y + y21dy
4 9
=0 2π 2y32 + 2y12dy + Z4 2π 5y − y2 + y23 + 6 + y12dy
45 43y=4 52 13 2 52 2 32 y = 9
= 2πy2 + y2 + 2π y − 3y + 5y + 6y + 3y y=4
5 3 2
y=0
4 5 4 3 4 4
= 2π5 (4)2 + 3(4)2 − 2π 5 (0)52 + 3 (0)32+
5 1 2 2
2π2 (9)2 − 3 (9)3 + 5 (9)52 + 6(9) + 3 (9)32−
5 1 2 2
2π (4)2 − 3 (4)3 + 5 (4)52 + 6(4) + 3 (4)23

2
544 1287 304
= 2π 15 + 2π 10 − 2π 5
625
= 2π
6
cubic units
b. about x = −2
Solution: Using the cylindrical shell we obtain that the value of r(x) = x + 2 and h(x) = −x2 + x + 6. Also,
Z
V =32 2π (x + 2)3 −2x2 + x + 6dx
−
=2 2π −x − x + 8x + 12dx
Z
−
14 13 2 x=3
= 2π −4x − 3x + 4x + 12xx = −2
1 1 1 1
= 2π −4(3)4 − 3 (3)3 + 4(3)2 + 12(3) − 2π −4 (−2)4 − 3 (−2)3 + 4(−2)2 + 12(−2)

171 28
= 2π 4 − 2π − 3
625
= 2π
12
cubic units
2. Region bounded by y = x3, x = 1, x = 2 and y = 0
(a) about y = 0
Solution: Using the cylindrical shell we obtain that the value of r(y) = y and h(y) = 1 from
from y = 1 to y = 8. Also,
Z 1 8
V =0 Z 2π (y)(1)dy + Z1 2π (y)2 − y31dy
1 8
=0 2πydy + Z1 2π 2y − y34dy
12y=1 2 3 73 y = 8
= 2π2y + 2π y − 7y y = 1 y = 0
113 3
= 2π2(1)2 − 2π 2 (0)2 + 2π (8)2 − 7(8)37 − 2π (1)2 − 7 (1)37
1 64 4
= 2π 2 − 2π(0) + 2π 7 − 2π 7
127
= 2π
14 cubic units (b)

about x = 2
Solution: Using the cylindrical shell we obtain that the value of r(x) = 2 − x and h(x) = x3 from x = 1 to x
= 2. Also,
2
V = Z12 2π(2 − x)(x3)dx
= Z1 2π(2x3 − x4)dx
1 1 x=2
= 2πx4 − 5x5 x = 1
2
1 1 1 1
= 2π(2)4 − 5(2)5 − 2π 2 (1)4 − 5 (1)5
2
8 3
= 2π 5 − 2π 10
13
= 2π
10 cubic units
4.6 Unit Test 4

Applications of Definite Integrals
Instruction: Write all your official answers and solutions on sheets of yellow pad paper, using only either
black or blue pens.
I. Each question is a multiple-choice question with four answer choices. Read each question and
answer choice carefully and choose the ONE best answer.
1. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are the points (1, 1), (4, 5) and (6, 3).
a. 2 c. 5
b. 4 d. 7
2. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = x3 − 2x2 and y = x2 − 2x.
a. c.
b. d. 1
3. Find the exact arc length of the curve over the stated interval from x = 1 to x = 8.
80√10 − 13√13 80√13 − 13√10
a.c.
27 27
b. d.
For numbers 4-7:

Let R be the region bounded by y = x2 − 1, x = 2 and y = 0.
4. Find the area of R.
a. square unitsc. square units
b. square unitsd. square units
5. Find the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about x-axis using the Washer
Method.
a. cubic units c. cubic units
b. cubic units d. cubic units
6. Find the volume of the solid generated when R is revolved about x = 2 using the Disk Method.
a. cubic units c. cubic units
b. cubic units d. cubic units

4.6. UNIT TEST 4 133
7. Set up the definite integrals required to find the perimeter of R.
a. c.
b. d.
For numbers 8 - 15:

Let M be the region bounded by the parabola y = x2 and the line y = x + 2.
6.
y = x +2
y = x2 5.
4. (2, 4)
3.
2.
(-1,1)
1.
− 4. − 3. − 2. − 1. 0 1. 2. 3. 4.
− 1.
8. Set up the integral to find the area of M, using vertical rectangular strips.
a. c.
b. d.
9. Set up the integral to find the area of M, using horizontal rectangular strips.
1
a. Z [√y − (y − 2)]dy + Z14 2√ydy
0
14
b. Z 2√ydy + Z [√y − (y − 2)]dy
01
14
c. Z 2√ydy + Z [(y − 2) − √y]dy
0 1
1 4
d. Z [(y − 2) − √y]dy + Z1 2√ydy

0
10. Find the area of M.
a. sq. units b. 3 sq. units c. 4 sq. units d. sq. units

11. Which of the following represents the integral to find the volume of the solid generated by
revolving M about the x-axis by using washer method?
a. c.
b. d.
12. What is the volume obtained in number 11?
a. cu. units c. cu. units
b. cu. units d. cu. units
revolving1 M about the line x = −2 by using washer method?
4
a. π0 4√ydy + π Z (y + 2√y + 4 − y2)dy

1
Z 14
Z b. πydy + π Z (−y2 + 5y − 4)dy
0 1
Z
c. π1 8√ydy + π Z 4(y + 4√y + 4 − y2)dy
0 1
1 40 1
Z
d. π4ydy + π Z (y2 − 5y + 4)dy
revolving M
about the line x = −2 by
using cylindrical shell?
2
a. 2c. 2
− −
b. 2d. 2
−
−
a. cu. units b. cu. units c. cu. units d. cu. units

II. Do as indicated.
1. Find the area of the region described.

a. The region enclosed by the rose r = 4cos3θ.
θ 0 π π π π 2π 3π 5π π θ 7π 5π 4π 3π 5π 7π 11π 2π
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
r
b. The region inside the circle r1 = 5sinθ and outside the limacon r2 = 2 + sinθ.
θ 0 π π π π 2π 3π 5π π θ 7π 5π 4π 3π 5π 7π 11π 2π
6 4 3 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
r1
r2
2. Use Disk Method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed by the
given curves is rotated in its axis of revolution.
a. y = x3, x = 0 and y = 8; revolved about the y-axis.
y=8
8.
(0, 8) (2, 8)
6.
4.
y = x3
2.
(0, 0)
− 2. 0 2.
x=0
b. y2 = x, y = 1, y = 0 and x = 3; revolved about the x-axis

(1, 1) (3, 1)
1.
y=1
(0, 0) (3, 0)
− 1. 0 1. 2. 3. y=0
y2 = x
− 1.
− 2.
3. Use Washer Method to find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed by the
a. x = 2y, y = 2 and y = 3; revolved about x-axis
4.
(0, 3) y=3 (6, 3)
2.
(0, 2) y=2 (4, 2)
x =2 y
0 2. 4. 6.
x=0
− 2.
− 4.
4. Use Cylindrical Shell to find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed by the
a. y2 = x, y = 1, y = 0 and x = 3; revolved about the x-axis

(1, 1) (3, 1)
1.
y=1
(0, 0) (3, 0)
− 1. 0 1. 2. 3. y=0
y2 = x
− 1.
− 2.
Bibliography
[1] Anton, H., Bivens, I. & Stephen, D ,Calculus: Early Transcendentals(10th Edition),John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.,2012
[2] Larson R & Edwards, B,Calculus (9th Edition),Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning,2010
[3] Leithold, L,The Calculus 7,Harper Collins,1997
[4] Peterson, T,Calculus and Analytic Geometry,KEN, Inc.,1968
[5] Stein, S.K,Calculus and Analytic Geometry(4th Edition),Mc-Graw Hill Book Company,1987
[6] Stewart, J,Calculus: Early Transcendentals(8th Edition),Cengage Learning,2016
[7] UP Institute of Mathematics,Mathematics 54 Elementary Analysis II Course Module,UP Diliman -

Institute of Mathematics,2014
125
AppendixA
College of Science
Midterm Examination in Integral Calculus

NAME: DATE:
COURSE, YEAR AND SECTION: SCORE:
Answer Sheet
ABCD
Instructions: On the above answer sheet provided, shade the bubble that corresponds to
your answer. Write your solutions on separate yellow/bond papers and attached to this test
paper for submission. Use either black- or blue-ink pen in writing.
1. ) satisfies F 0(x) = f(x) and F(0) = 2,

what is
a. F(x) = x7 − x4 − 6x2 + C c. F(x) = x7 − x4 − 6x2 + 2
b. F(x) = x7 − x4 − 6x2 + 1 d. F(x) = x7 − x4 − 6x2
2. What is the particular antiderivative of f(x) = x3 passing through the point

(2, 3)?
PUP Page 1 of 6 Midterm Examination

Evaluate
a. + 1 c.
b. 1 d.
3. and determine its particular antiderivative whose x-intercept is
a. c.
2.
b. d.
4. Evaluate Z 6x2(4x3 − 7)5dx.
a. c.
b. d.
a. c.
b. d.
6. Which of the following integrals can be solved easily using u-substitution?
a. Z x2 sin(x2)dx c. Z x2 sin(4x3)dx
b. Z x3 sin(x2)dx d. Z x2 sin(3x2)dx

Evaluate Z
7. Determine the general antiderivative of

a. ln x3 4+C
b.d.
8. Evaluate .
a. c.
b. ln(lnx) + C d.
9. What is Z tan(4x + 3)dx?
a. 4ln sec(4x + 3)| + C c.

ln|sec(4x + 3) + C
b.d.
10. (2x)csc(x2 − 5)dx.
a. ln|csc(x2 − 5) − cot(x2 − 5)| + C
b. 2x2 ln|csc(x2 − 5) − cot(x2 − 5)| + C
c. x2 ln|csc(x2 − 5) − cot(x2 − 5)| + C
d. 2ln|csc(x2 − 5) − cot(x2 − 5)| + C
11. Evaluate .
a. c.
12. What is ?
a. c.

Evaluate
13. Evaluate Z 5x52xdx.
a. b. c. d.
14. Determine the antiderivatives of f(x) = 3sec5x sec(5x)tan(5x).
a. b. c. d.
15. Evaluate Z ex2+10x−7(x + 5)dx.
a. ex2+10x−7 + C b. c. 2ex2+10x−7 + C d. (2e)x2+10x−7+C
16. Evaluate Z csch2 (7x − 9)dx.
a. coth(7x − 9) + C c. coth(7x − 9) + C
b. −7coth(7x − 9) + C d. 7coth(7x − 9) + C

Evaluate Z
17. (x − 2)coth(x2 − 4x + 3)dx.
a. ln|sinh(x2 − 4x + 3)| + C c.
b. 2ln|sinh(x2 − 4x + 3)| + C d.
18. Evaluate Z sinhxcoshxdx and express your answer in exponential form using
and cosh .
a. c.
b. d.
19. Evaluate .
a.
b. d.
20. Evaluate the Z cos(3x − 2)cos(x + 1)dx.
a.
b.
c.
d.
21. Which of the following trigonometric identity is/are applicable to evaluate Z

sin3 xcos5 xdx?
i. sin2 x = 1 cos2 x iii. cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x

ii. sin ) iv. cos
a. i b. i or iii c. all d. ii or iv
22. sin xcos xdx.
3 5
a.
b.
c.
d.
23. Which of the following is not equivalent to Z tan3 xsec4 xdx?
a.
b.
c.
d.
24. Using integration by parts, evaluate the Z ex cosxdx.
a. c. ex sinx + ex cosx + C
b. d.
25. Solve Z x3 cosxdx using repeated integration by parts.
a. x3 sinx − 3x2 cosx + 6xsinx − 6cosx + C
b. x3 sinx − 3x2 cosx − 6xsinx − 6cosx + C
PUP Midterm Examination

Evaluate Z
c. x3 sinx + 3x2 cosx + 6xsinx − 6cosx + C
d. x3 sinx + 3x2 cosx − 6xsinx − 6cosx + C
26. Solve using trigonometric substitution.
a. √x2 − 25 + 5arcsec c. √x2 − 25 − 5arcsec
b. √x 2− 25 − arcsec d. √x2 − 25 + arcsec

27. Evaluate the Z x2√x + 1dx.
a.
b.
c.
d.
28. Using Half-Angle Substitution, evaluate .
a. c.
b. d.
29. Evaluate .
a. c.
b. d.
30. Evaluate .
a.

b.
c.
d.
End of Exam
PUP Midterm Examination

AppendixA

College of Science
Final Examination in Integral Calculus

NAME: DATE:
COURSE, YEAR AND SECTION: SCORE:
Answer Sheet
Instructions: On the above answer sheet provided, shade the bubble that corresponds to your
answer. Write your solutions on separate yellow/bond papers and attached to this test paper for
submission. Use either black- or blue-ink pen in writing.
1. Evaluate .
i=1
a. 2500 b. 100 c. 335 d. 670
2. Express the function in closed form and then find the limit.
PUP Page 1 of 6 Final Examination

a. c.
b. 2 d.
Z 3 3
3. Suppose that f and g are continuous functions such thatf(x)dx = 2 and Z g(x)dx = 3,
2 2
find .
a. 7 b. 8 c. 10 d. 12
4. Let . Find F 00(1)
a. √2 b. c. d. 2
5. Evaluate .
a. 2 c.
b. 0 d. 2
6. Evaluate .
a. 16b. 24 c. 8 d. 20
Z 2
7. Evaluate3x√4 − x2dx.
0
a. b. 12 c. 8 d. 24
8. is equal to
a. b. c. d.
9. Evaluate .
a. b. c. d.

3
Z
10. Evaluatex2√9 − x2dx.
0
a. b. c. d.
11. Evaluate .
a. b. c. d.
12. Evaluate .
a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d. 0
13. Suppose.
a a
a. 7 b. -7 c. 3 d. −3
14. If f(x) is odd function that is continuous on the interval [−a, a], then .
a. 1 b. 0 c. 2 d. cannot be determine
For numbers 15 - 15:
Let M be the region bounded by the parabola +2 and the line y = −x−2.

15. Set up the integral to find the area of M, using vertical rectangular strips. a.
b.
c.
d.
16. Set up the integral to find the

area of M, using horizontal rectangular
strips. a.
b.
c.
d.
17. Find the area of M.

a. sq. units b. 18 sq. units c. 12 sq. units d. sq. units
18. Set up the definite integrals required to find the perimeter of .
a. 6 c. 6√2 + Z √1 + 9x2dx
−2
b. 6d. 6
− −
revolving M about the x =
−2 by using washer
method?
0 2
a.
b.
c.
d.
revolving M
about the
line x = −2 by
using cylindrical shell?
4
a. 2c. 2
b. 2 d. 2
a. 252π cu. units b. 54π cu. units c. 108π cu. units d. 76π cu. units
revolving M = 2 by using washer method? a.
b.

c.
d.
revolving M = 2 by using cylindrical shell?
a. 2
b. 2
c. 2
d. 2
−
a. cu. units b. cu. units c. cu. units d. cu. units

25. Find the area of the region enclosed by the rose r = 4cos(3θ).

a. 10π sq. units b. 2π sq. units c. 4π sq. units d. 12π sq. units
PUP Final Examination

End of Exam
PUP Final Examination

Math 20053 Calculus 2

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Math 20053 Calculus 2

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Bumanglag, Oscar Jr. M.

Course Title : INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Course Code : MATH 20053

Course Credit : 3 units

This course includes the following topics: anti-differentiation, integration formulas of

1. Compute antiderivatives of various functions.

2. Evaluate indefinite integrals using the basic techniques of integration.

3. Find the integrals of trigonometric functions, exponential functions and hyperbolic

4. Solve integrals leading to logarithm and inverse trigonometric functions.

5. Evaluate integrals using some integration techniques such as integration by

6. Discuss and compute the definite integrals.

8. Discuss the First and Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

9. Compute the definite integral of even and odd functions.

10. Evaluate definite integrals using Wallis’ Formula.

12. Find the Arc Length.

COURSE CALENDAR/ SCHEDULE

Week Date Unit/ Lesson Topic to Study Activity

5 Oct. 12, 2020 Answer the Midterm

14 Dec. 14, 2020 Answer the Final

COURSE GRADING SYSTEM

Midterm Grade = 70%(Class Standing) + 30%(Midterm Examination) Final

Final Grade = (Midterm Grade + Final Term Grade) ÷ 2

SIS Grade Percentage/Equivalent Description

Prepared by: Noted by:

Committee on MATH 20014 Instructional Material Edcon B. Baccay

Dr. Lincoln A. Bautista

Dr. Emanuel C. de Guzman

1.1 Antiderivatives .................................................................................................................................... 3

1.2 Integration by Substitution ................................................................................................................ 8

1.3 Integration Leading to Logarithm .................................................................................................... 10

1.4 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions .............................................................................................. 15

1.5 Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions .................................................................. 18

1.6 Integrals of Exponential Functions .................................................................................................. 21

1.7 Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions .................................................................................................... 23

1.8 Integrals Yielding Inverse Hyperbolic Functions ............................................................................ 27

1.9 Unit Test 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 30

2 Techniques of Integration ................................................................................................................ 36

2.1 Trigonometric Integrals ................................................................................................................... 36

2.1.1 Integrating Products of Sines and Cosines ................................................................................... 36

2.1.2 Integrating Products of Secants and Tangents ............................................................................. 43

2.1.3 Integrating Products of Cosecants and ......................................................................................... 48

2.2 Integration by Parts .......................................................................................................................... 54

2.3 Integration by Trigonometric Substitution ..................................................................................... 58

2.4 Integration by Algebraic Substitution.............................................................................................. 63

2.5 Integration by Half-Angle Substitution ............................................................................................ 66

2.6 Integration by Partial Fraction ......................................................................................................... 68

2.7 Unit Test 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 71

3 Definite Integrals ............................................................................................................................... 75

3.1 Area of the Plane Region using Rectangular Method ...................................................................... 75

3.1.1 The Definite Integral ...................................................................................................................... 80

3.2 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus .................................................................................................. 82

3.2.1 Definite Integrals of Even and Odd Functions .............................................................................. 88

3.3 Unit Test 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

4 Applications of Definite Integrals 87

Lesson 1.1: Antiderivatives

Example 1. The function is an antiderivative of f(x) = x2 on the interval (−∞, ∞) because

The function + 1 is also an antiderivative of f(x) = x2 on the interval (−∞, ∞)

The process of finding antiderivatives is called antidifferentiation or integration. Thus, if

the constant C is called the constant of integral.

Example 2. Since is an antiderivative of f(x) = x2, then we write

Supposethat F (x ) and G (x ) areantiderivativesof f (x ) and g(x ),respectively,andthat C

Example 3. Evaluate Z (3x4 − 5x3 + 6x2 − 7x + 3)dx.