KULIAH

TEKNIK PENGELASAN LOGAM

BAB 8
PENGELASAN BAJA TAHAN
KARAT

JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI MANUFAKTUR - UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL ACHMAD YANI

PART - A

2020 TPL Bab 8 (Part A) 1

 What is Stainless Steel ?
Why is it Stainless ?

 In 1913, English metallurgist Harry Brearly, discovered that

adding chromium to low carbon steel gives it stain
resistance.
 An addition of a minimum of 11.5 % chromium to the steel
that makes it resist rust, or stain 'less' than other types of
steel.
 Cr plus Ni, Mn, Mo, N etc to improve strength and ductility
Cr oxide ~ 0.1 m
acting as passive film

Stainless Steel, Why Stainless Steel

 Stainless steels = Cr containing steel
alloys
 Cr content is min. 10.5% and max 30%
• Cr makes the steel 'stainless' =
improved corrosion resistance,
 due to a chromium oxide film
 that is formed on the steel surface
 This extremely thin layer is
 also self-repairing in the presence of
oxygen
 and damage by abrasion, cutting or
machining is quickly repaired
 Carbon (C) : < 0.03 % - 1.2%

2020 TPL Bab 8 (Part A) 2

 Chromium Oxide Film

 Fig. 1 - In any normal oxidising environment a protective coating of

passive chromium rich oxide film is automatically formed on
stainless steel.
 Fig. 2 - When scratched, damaged or machined this protective film
is denuded exposing the steel to the atmosphere.
 Fig. 3 - The protective coating is quickly restored through the rapid
self-repairing quality of the chromium rich film.

Klasifikasi Stainless Steel

Stainless steel mempunyai unsur utama chromium (Cr) dan nickel (Ni).
Cr penstabil ferit (α) dan Ni penstabil austenite (γ). Berdasarkan
struktur mikronya, stainless steel dapat diklasifikasikan atas :

 Austenitic Stainless Steel (16-26%Cr, 6-22%Ni)

 Ferritic Stainless Steel (10.5-30%Cr)
 Duplex Stainless Steel (23-30%Cr, 2.5-7%Ni)
 Martensitic Stainless Steel (12-18%Cr, 0.12-1.2%C)
 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel (10-18%Cr, 4-25%Ni,
0.02-0.30%C)

Struktur mikro weld metal tergantung komposisi kimia dan kecepatan

pendinginan. Diagram Schaffler digunakan untuk memperkirakan
struktur mikro weld metal. Komposisi weld metal ditentukan dari Nickel
Equivalent dan Chromium Equivalent yang diplot pada diagram
Schaeffler.

2020 TPL Bab 8 (Part A) 3

 Strength and Ductility of Stainless Steel

Toughness of Stainless Steel

2020 TPL Bab 8 (Part A) 4

 Alloying elements in stainless steel
Superferritic 303, 303 Se
stainless steels Ni-Cr-Fe
alloys

Add Cr,Mo Add S or Se for

Add Ni for corrosion resistance machinabilty
In high-temperature
430 environments Duplex
stainless steels

No Ni, 309, 310, 314, 330

347 ferritic
Increase Cr,
Add Cr and Ni
Add Nb + Ta lower Ni for higher strength
for strength
to reduce
and oxidation resistance
sensitization

Add Ti 304 (“18-8”) Add Cu, Ti, AI, Precipitation

321 to reduce Fe-18 to 20Cr-8 to 10 Ni lower Ni for hardening
sensitization precipitation hardening stainless steels

Add more Mo for

304L Pitting resistance Add Mn and N, lower Ni
for higher strength
Lower C
316L to reduce 201, 202
316
sensitization

No Ni addition,
317L Add more Mo for lower Cr,
Pitting resistance martensitic

Superaustenitic Add Ni, Mo, N for

317 403, 410, 420
stainless steels corrosion resistance

Diagram Schaeffler
Schaeffler diagram for predicting weld ferrite content and solidification mode

Nb

2020 TPL Bab 8 (Part A) 5

 Typical
Welding
Problems in
Stainless
Steels

Nominal
Composition
of Wrought
Stainless
Steels

2020 TPL Bab 8 (Part A) 6

 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL
 Austenitic stainless steel paling mudah dilas dibandingkan jenis stainless
steel lainnya.
 Tipe austenitic stainless steel yang paling sering digunakan : SS 304
 Problem yang mungkin terjadi pada pengelasan austenitic stainless steel :

1) Solidification cracking : terjadi jika weld metal membeku sebagai fasa

tunggal γ (full austenite), yaitu jika Creq/Nieq < 1.5. Cacat ini dapat dihindari
dengan menciptakan 5-10% δ-ferrite pada weld metal melalui pemilihan kawat
las yang tepat.
2) Liquation cracking
3) Reheat cracking
4) Weld decay : korosi intergranular di daerah HAZ yg terjadi pada temperatur
550 – 850 °C. Di interval temperatur tersebut terbentuk endapan karbida
Cr23C6 pada batas butir yang mengakibatkan terjadinya zone yang
kekurangan Cr pada kedua sisi batas butir. Cara mengatasinya : (a)
menggunakan “L” grades (rendah karbon), (b) menggunakan jenis 321 (Ti
stabilised), Ti = 5 x %C, atau jenis 347 (Nb stabilized), Nb = 10 x %C, (c)
menghilangkan endapan karbida dengan solution treatment pada 1050 °C
yang dilanjutkan dengan pendinginan cepat.

Struktur Mikro Austenitic Stainless Steel

2020 TPL Bab 8 (Part A) 7

 Intergranular Corrosion in Austenitic SS
Heating between 500 and 830˚C causes carbide precipitation at grain boundaries
which lowers Cr level in adjacent matrix. Corrosion occurs at the denuded areas of
sensitised steels if they are in aggressive environments.

For example:
• Weld decay: The HAZ of austenitic stainless steels containing more than about
0.05% C can be susceptible to a form of intergranular corrosion called weld decay
(occurs at HAZ parallel to direction of welding). Avoiding weld decay :
• Use low carbon content steels (max. 0.03% C to reduce susceptibility to weld decay)
• Stabilise carbon with Ti or Nb which form carbides that are stable at high temperature
--> Types 321 & 347 are essentially identical to 304 except for the addition of Ti & Nb
• Solution treat after welding --> Heat to 1000-1100˚C followed by quenching. The high-
temperature heat treatment dissolves the Cr carbide that has precipitated during
welding, and quenching prevents its re-formation.
• Knife line attack: occurs at stabilized austenitic stainless steel
To avoid intergranular
attack:
1. Lower C content
2. Stabilising elements
3. Solution treatment

Weld decay

Intergranular corrosion in HAZ of a 304 Grain boundary microstructure in

stainless steel containing 0.05% C. sensitized austenitic stainless steel

2020 TPL Bab 8 (Part A) 8

 Pengaruh Karbon Vs Korosi Intergranular
Effect of Carbon Content : The carbon content of the material can affect the
degree of sensitization. Sensitization takes place more rapidly in 304 stainless
steel as its carbon content is increased.

Increasing carbon

Effect of carbon content on isothermal precipitation of Cr23C6 in 304

stainless steel

2020 TPL Bab 8 (Part A) 9

 FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL

 Stainless steel dengan paduan unsur chromium(10.5-18%) tanpa nickel

seperti Type 430 dan 409.
 Kemampuan ketahanan korosinya pada tingkat menengah dan sifat
fabrikasinya rendah,namun dapat ditingkatkan dengan cara menambah
paduan lain lebih banyak seperti type 434 dan 444.
 Type 430 (16-18%Cr) dan 407 (10-12%Cr)
 Problem yang mungkin terjadi pada pengelasan ferritic stainless steel :
 Pertumbuhan butir yang terjadi sangat cepat pada daerah HAZ
karena kecepatan difusi Fe pada struktur BCC yang tinggi sehingga
dapat menurunkan ketangguhan. Mengatasinya dengan
menggunakan heat input yang rendah.
 Kemungkinan terbentuknya martensite (keras dan brittle  retak)
ketika pendinginan. Mengatasinya dengan preheating.
 Sensitasi : pembentukan endapan karbida/nitride akibat proses
pemanasan. Mengatasinya dengan PWHT pada temperatur 750-850
°C selama 30-60 menit.

Struktur Mikro Ferritic Stainless Steel

Microstructure of 430
stainless steel
(magnification 212X) : (a)
near fusion boundary; (b)
near base metal; (c) base
metal.

2020 TPL Bab 8 (Part A) 10

 DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL
• Introduced in the late 1970’s, the presence of 40-60% ferrite in austenitic
alloys greatly improves yield strength, resistance to stress corrosion cracking,
and weldability.
• Contain very low C (≤ 0.03%), Cr between 20% and 30%, Ni ~5%, plus some
ferritizer and austenitizers
• Ferritizers: Si, Mo, V, Al, Nb, Ti, W.
• Austenitizers: Ni, Co, Mn, Cu, C, N.
• Commonly used for special application in offshore drilling rigs
 Better resistance to chlorides than austenitic stainless steel

Struktur Mikro Duplex Stainless Steel

2020 TPL Bab 8 (Part A) 11

 DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL

 Duplex stainless steel mempunyai fasa duplex (2 fasa)

 Fasa austenite (γ) dan ferrite (α) dengan komposisi ideal 50% : 50%
 Problem yang mungkin terjadi pada pengelasan duplex stainless steel :
 Di Weld Metal : Jika pengelasan tanpa kawat las (autogeneous)
maka kandungan austenite di weld metal akan berkurang jauh
dibawah 50% (tergantung kecepatan pendinginan). Umumnya pada
pengelasan baja ini digunakan kawat las dengan nickel yang tinggi
(over matching) supaya austenite seimbang dengan ferrite.
 Di HAZ : pada temperatur tinggi akan terbentuk seluruhnya ferrite
dan terjadi pertumbuhan butir. Pada pendinginan akan terbentuk fasa
austenite di batas butir. Ketangguhan di HAZ sangat rendah karena
kandungan austenite yang sangat rendah. Untuk mengatasinya perlu
mengontrol heat input.

2020 TPL Bab 8 (Part A) 12

2020 TPL Bab 8 (Part A) 13