Name 205

Shipbuilding Materials and Metallurgy

Presentation No: 14
Prof. Dr. Md. Abdul Gafur
PP&PDC, BCSIR and Adjunct Faculty, MIST

Alloy Steel
 Alloy Steel
• Low Alloy steel –less than 10% alloying element
• High Alloy Steel- more than 10% alloying element
Impurities in Plain Carbon Steel: S, P, Si, Mn (0.04, 0.05, 1,1)
 Limitation of Plain Carbon Steel
• Low hardenability
• Major loss of hardness on tempering
• Low corrosion and oxidation resistance
• Low strength at elevated temperature
 To overcome these limitation
• Alloying is required to give specific properties
• Alloying elements are: Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, W, V, Co
and Si
 Why Alloying?
• Increase hardenability
• Improve strength at ordinary temperatures
• Improve mechanical properties at either high or
low temperatures
• Improve toughness at any minimum hardness or
strength
• Increase wear resistance
• Increase corrosion resistance
• Improve magnetic properties
 Effect of Alloying
The alloying element may
• form solid solution or intermetallic compounds
• alter phase transformation temperature
• alter solubility of C in gamma & alpha iron
• change rate of transformation of gamma to its
decomposition products or rate of dissolution of
cementite in gamma
• decreases the softening temperature
 Alloying Elements

Austenite Satabitizer C, N,Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn

Ferrite Stabilizer Ti, P, V, W, Mo, Al, Cr, Sn, Zr, Si, Nb

Carbide Former Mo, W, Ti, Nb, V, Cr

Graphitizer Si, Co, Al ,Ni
Presence of element in annealed state ( in ferrite/ as carbide)
Relative Strength of Ferrite Former. Fe- Relative Strength of Austenite Former. Fe-Ni
phase diagram insight
Mo phase diagram insight
Phases in
S/S
Hardening effect of alloying effects of
solid solution
 Grain growth
• Cr wroks as grain growth promoter
• vanadium, titanium, niobium, aluminium work
as grain growth inhibitor and to a small extent,
nickel.
The displacement of the eutectoid
point
Eutectoid temperature
Effect of Cr on Phase Field
Continuous Cooling Transformation
(CCT) for 1080 and 4380 Steel
Nickel Steel: Nickel is extensively used in alloy steels for engineering purposes,
generally in quantities up to about 5.0%. When so used, its purpose is to
increase strength and toughness. It is also used in larger amounts in stainless
steels and in maraging steels. Gamma stabilizer.

*
*

*
Chromium Steels- Forms α and stabilize α. It forms harder carbides Cr7C3 or Cr23C6, when
sufficient C present.
D2 steel – high C high Cr steel.

*
Ni-Cr Steel- The addition of either nickel or chromium singly to a steel can have
some adverse effects. Whilst nickel tends to inhibit grain growth during
heat-treatment, chromium accelerates it, thus producing brittleness under
shock. Meanwhile, chromium tends to form stable carbides, making it
possible to produce high-chromium, high-carbon steels, whilst nickel has
the reverse effect in promoting graphitisation -leads to Ni Cr steel

*
Effect of Mn
• Mn is used as deoxidatizer and desulphuriser of the molten
steel (FeO+MnFe+MnO; FeS+MnFe+MnS)
• More than 1%Mn considered as alloying element.
• The susceptibility of low-carbon steels to brittle fracture is
reduced by raising the manganese carbon ratio, using up to
1.3% manganese. Similarly free-cutting steels contain up to
1.7% manganese so that sulphur will be present as manganese
sulphide (MnS) globules which aid machining.
• Mn also has a considerable strengthening effect on the ferrite
and also increases the depth of hardening to a useful degree
• Mn stabilize the gamma field. It is also carbide former.
Manganese Steel

*
 Stainless Steel
• Stainless steels are selected for their excellent
resistance to corrosion. All true stainless steels
contain a minimum of about 11% Cr, which
permits a thin, protective surface layer of
chromium oxide to form when the steel is
exposed to oxygen. Highly adhered.
• The chromium is what makes stainless steels
stainless. Chromium is also a ferrite stabilizing
element.
Example 1. A steel to BS 970:835M30 contains 4.25% Ni; 1.25% Cr;
0.25% Mo; 0.45% Mn; 0.25% Si and 0.3% C.
Austenite stabilisingequivalent (from Fig. 13.7) = 4.25(Ni) + (0.45 X 0.5(Mn)) + (0.3 x 30(C)) =
4.25 4- 0.225 4- 9.0
= 13.475
Ferrite stabilising equivalent = 1.25(Cr) 4- 0.25(Mo) 4- (0.25 X 1.5(Si)) = 1.25 4- 0.25 4- 0.375
= 1.875
These coordinates are represented by point A in Fig. 13.7 indicating that the steel will have a
martensitic structure after air-cooling from its austenitic condition. It is in fact an air-hardening
steel

Example 2. A stainless steel (304S15) contains 17.5% Cr; 11.0% Ni; 1.2% Mn; 0.6% Si and 0.05%
C.
Austenite stabilising equiv. = 11.0(Ni) 4- (1.2 x 0.5(Mn)) 4- (0.05 X 30(C)) = 11.0 4- 0.6 4- 1.5
= 13.1
Ferrite stabilising equiv. = 17.5(Cr) 4- (0.6 X 1.5(Si)) = 17.5 4- 0.9 = 18.4 which is represented by B
in Fig. 13.7 showing that the steel will have an austenitic structure following air-cooling to
ambient temperatures
Example 3. A stainless iron (403S17) contains 14.0% Cr; 0.03% C; 0.8% Si and 0.5% Mn.
Austenite stabilising equiv. = (0.03 x 30(C)) 4 (0.5 x 0.5(Mn)) = 1.15
Ferrite stabilising equiv. = 14.0(Cr) 4- (0.8 x 1.5(Si)) = 15.2
These coordinates are represented by point C suggesting that the structure will be mainly
ferritic but that it may also contain a little martensite when air-cooled from a high
temperature.
 Ferritic Stainless Steels
Ferritic stainless steels contain up to 30% Cr and
less than 0.12% C. Because of the BCC structure,
the ferritic stainless steels have good strengths
and moderate ductilities derived from solid-
solution strengthening and strain hardening.
Ferritic stainless steels are ferromagnetic. They are
not heat treatable. They have excellent corrosion
resistance, moderate formability, and are
relatively inexpensive.
 Martensitic Stainless Steels
• 17% Cr-0.5% C alloy heated to 1200°C forms 100% austenite,
which transforms to martensite on quenching in oil.
• The martensite is then tempered to produce high strengths and
hardnesses . The chromium content is usually less than 17% Cr;
otherwise, the austenite field becomes so small that very
stringent control over both the austenitizing temperature and
carbon content is required.
• Lower chromium contents also permit the carbon content to
vary from about 0.1% to 1.0%, allowing martensites of different
hardnesses to be produced.
• The combination of hardness, strength, and corrosion resistance
makes the alloys attractive for applications such as high-quality
knives, ball bearings, and valves.
• Austenitic Stainless Steels Nickel, which is an
austenite stabilizing element, increases the
size of the austenite field, while nearly
eliminating ferrite from the iron-chromium-
carbon alloys. If the carbon content is below
about 0.03%, the carbides do not form and
the steel is virtually all austenite at room
temperature.
Precipitation-Hardening (PH) Stainless
Steels
• The precipitation-hardening (or PH) stainless
steels contain Al, Nb, or Ta and derive their
properties from solid-solution strengthening,
strain hardening, age hardening, and the
martensitic reaction.
• The steel is first heated and quenched to permit
the austenite to transform to martensite.
Reheating permits precipitates such as Ni3Al to
form from the martensite. High strengths are
obtained even with low carbon contents.
 Duplex stainless steel
• In some cases, mixtures of phases are
deliberately introduced into the stainless steel
structure. By appropriate control of the
composition and heat treatment, a duplex
stainless steel containing approximately 50%
ferrite and 50% austenite can be produced.
• This combination provides a set of mechanical
properties, corrosion resistance, formability, and
weldability not obtained in any one of the usual
stainless steels.
• Most stainless steels are recyclable.
S/S
• how differences in properties can be used to
separate different types of stainless steels?
 Intergranular Corrosion Weld Decay
Intergranular corrosion (IGC), also known as intergranular attack (IGA), is a form
of corrosion where the boundaries of crystallites of the material are more susceptible to
corrosion than their insides.

S/S 304 18/8 S/S: 18 Cr 8% Ni <0.08%C

S/S 304L <0.03%C
S/S316 + 2%Mo <0.08%S
S/S316L <0.03% C

Sensitization: Austenitic stainless steel are heated 510-

800oC, and slow cooling Cr23C6 precipitated at grain
boundary. It causes depletion of Cr inside the grain
causes corrosion through the grain called Intergranular
corrosiom
 Prevention
• Solution treatment:
• Use low carbon S/S  304L
• Use 2%Mo  S/S 316. Mo
stabilizes carbon
• Use Ti  S/S 421 or Ta
S/S 347
 Tool Steel
• Contain high amount of Mo, W, V, Cr, Co
High Speed Steel
• 18-4-1 : 18 W4Cr1V
• end