GENERAL BIOLOGY (RESEARCHED REVIEWER)

History Timeline-of Nervanz De Guzman

1595 – Zacharias Janssen(Brother; Hans Janssen), a Dutch
Spectacle maker that was credited with the 1st compound microscope.

1665 - Robert Hooke, a British Scientist who used one of the first light
microscope to look at thin slices of plant tissues of Cork.
- He published Micrographia, a book containing detailed
drawings of many biological specimens, including the first
drawing of cells on what he observed on thin slices of cork
under microscope.
- He saw that it was composed by neat holes with walls. Later he
called this empty chambers/holes as “cells”
-2nd cell theory
1674 – Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch businessman and scientist
in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology.
- He discovered Protozoa and Bacteria (9 years after
Protozoa) that helped lay the foundations for the sciences
of bacteriology and protozoology.
- Leeuwenhoek studied the structure of the optic lens, striations
in muscles, the mouthparts of insects, and the fine structure
of plants and discovered parthenogenesis in aphids.
- In 1680 he noticed that yeasts consist of minute globular
particles.
- He extended Marcello Malpighi’s demonstration in 1660 of
the blood capillaries by giving the first accurate description
of red blood cells.
- The father of Microbio
CALLED CELLS ANIMAL CUOLES
-DISCOVERED SPERM

1833 – Robert Brown, a Scottish Botanist was responsible for

discovering the nucleus of a cell, he is perhaps best known for his
discovery of the random movement of microscopic particles in a
surrounding solution, later referred to as "Brownian motion."
- He was studying orchids under microscope when he observed
an opaque area, which he called the "areola" or "nucleus", in
the cells of the flower's outer layer. 
 GENERAL BIOLOGY (RESEARCHED REVIEWER)
1838 – Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, proposed
the cell theory.
- Mathhias Schleiden(1938), a German botanist that studied
different varieties of plants and concluded that all plants are
“aggregates of fully individualize, independent, separate beings,
namely the cells themselves”
- Theodor Schwann(1839), a German zoologist, stated that all
animals are also made up of cells and proposed a cellular basis
of life.

1840 – Albrecht von Roelliker, a Swiss anatomist who discovered that

egg and sperm cells are cells.
- He realized that human beings were form of cells from the
beginning to the end.

1855 – Rudolf Virchow, a German physicist, pathologist, and

anthropologist that expounds his famous conclusion(epigram): “Omnis
cellula e cellula”, that is develop only from existing cells[cells come
from pre-existing cells]. (The epigram was actually coined by François-
Vincent Raspail, but popularized by Virchow.)
- Before Virchow came out with this theory, it was believed that
new cells were created from a fluid called blastema.
(defies life comes from death)

1856 – Nathanael Pringsheim, observed on how a cell of sperm

penetrated an egg cell.
- He was among the first to observe sexual reproduction in
algae. He showed that these tiny organisms release sperm and
egg cells into the water, where they combine. He also
described the alternation of generations, or reproduction by
spores, in mosses.
- One of the founders of the Algology on his study of algal
reproduction.
- He first issue of the botanical journal Jahrbücher für
wissenschaftliche Botanik (“Annals of Scientific Botany”).
 GENERAL BIOLOGY (RESEARCHED REVIEWER)
1857- Albert von Kölliker described Mitochondria.
- Mitochondria, often reffered to as “powerhouses of the cell”,
were first discovered in 1857 by Albert von Kolliker, and later
coined “bioblasts” (life germs) by Richard Altman in 1886.
The organelles were then renamed “mitochondria” by Carl
Benda twelve years later.

1879 – Walther Flemming was a German biologist and the pioneer of

Cytogenetics. He described how chromosomes behave during mitosis.
- Flemming used aniline dyes, a by-product of coal tar, to stain
cells of salamander embryos. He was able to visualize the
threadlike material as the cells divide.

1883 - August Friedrich Leopold Weismann a German evolutionary

biologist. He discovered that germ cells are haploid chromosomes.
- He formulated the germ-plasm theory of inheritance. In order
to prove that the disuse or loss of somatic structures would
not affect the subsequent offspring. (Directly discrediting J-
B Lamarck)
- Germ plasm, which is independent from all other cells of the
body (somatoplasm), is the essential element of germ cells
(eggs and sperm) and is the hereditary material that is passed
from generation to generation

1898 – Camillo Golgi an Italian Biologist who communicated to the

Medical–Surgical Society of Pavia, the discovery of the “internal
reticular apparatus”, a novel intracellular organelle which he
observed in nerve cells with the silver impregnation he had introduced
for the staining of the nervous system.

1938 – Behrens used differential centrifugation on separating nuclei

from cytoplasm.

1939 - Siemens Elmiskop IA produced the first commercial

transmission electron microscope.
- Although current transmission electron microscopes are
capable of two million-power magnification, as scientific
instruments, they remain based upon Ruska's prototype
(family prototype).
 GENERAL BIOLOGY (RESEARCHED REVIEWER)
1952 – George Otto Gey & co-workers originated HeLa cell line (a
continuos Human cell line)
- This cell line was from a cervical adenocarcinoma from a
31-year-old Afro-American female. It has proved to be a very
vigorously growing cell line and is one of the most extensively
used cell lines in the world.
A cell line is a permanently established cell culture that will proliferate
indefinitely given appropriate fresh medium and space. Lines differ
from cell strains in that they have escaped the Hayflick limit and become
immortalized.

1953- James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins proposed the

double-helix structure of DNA because of the x-ray photo of DNA
created by their friend Rosalind Franklin using a technique called
X-ray crystallography.
- The photo revealed the helical shape of the DNA molecule.
Watson and Crick realized that DNA was made up of two
chains of nucleotide pairs.
- There were three models suggested for DNA replication:
conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive (Dispersive
and conservative proposed by Watson and Crick)

1955 – Harry Eagle an American Physician and Pathologist

systematically defined the nutritional needs of animal cells in culture.
- Animal cells are more difficult to culture than
microorganisms because they require many more nutrients
and typically grow only when attached to specially coated
surfaces.
- Nine amino acids, referred to as the essential amino
acids, cannot be synthesized by adult vertebrate animals and
thus must be obtained from their diet.
- Animal cells grown in culture also must be supplied with these
nine amino acids, namely, histidine, isoleucine, leucine,
lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan,
and valine.
 GENERAL BIOLOGY (RESEARCHED REVIEWER)
1957 – Matthew Meselson, Franklin Stahl, & Jerome Vinograd
developed density gradient centrifugation in cesium chloride solutions
for separating nucleic acids.
- The exact split between heavy and light nitrogen characterized
semi-conservative DNA replication. Meselson and Stahl
made three conclusions based on their results.
1998 – Mice are used for cloning somatic cells
1999 – A.J. Hamilton & David Baulcombe discovered siRNA as part
of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants.
- Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short
interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-
stranded RNA non-coding RNA molecules, typically 20-27
base pairs in length, similar to miRNA, and operating within
the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway.