RESULTS AND DATA ANALYS

Aim of the study:

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a HBM-based education about endometrial

cancer prevention on elderly women’s awareness and quality of life

Research hypothesis:

To fulfill the aim of the current study the following research hypothesis were formulated:

(1) (Elderly women who will be exposed (study group) to educational intervention based

on HBM for endometrial cancer prevention will exhibit higher awareness total mean

score than those who will not be exposed (control group) to the educational

intervention.

(2) Elderly women who will be exposed (study group) to educational intervention based

on HBM for endometrial cancer prevention will exhibit higher quality of life total

mean score than those who will not be exposed (control group) to the educational

intervention.

(3) Elderly women who will be exposed (study group) to educational intervention based

on HBM for endometrial cancer prevention will exhibit higher awareness total mean

score than in the pretest.

(4) Elderly women who will be exposed (study group) to educational intervention based

on HBM for endometrial cancer prevention will exhibit higher quality of life total

mean score than in the pretest.

The study results will be presented in the following parts:-

Part I: Structured personal data and medical history of elderly women. (Table 1- 9).

Part II: Elderly women’s pre, post and follow up beliefs regarding endometrial cancer

prevention in the study and control group. (Table).

Part III: Elderly women’s pre, post and follow up practices regarding endometrial cancer

prevention in the study and control group (Table ).

Part IV: Elderly women’s pre, post and follow up knowledge regarding endometrial cancer

prevention in the study and control group. (Table ).

Part V: Elderly women’s pre, post and follow up QOL regarding endometrial cancer

prevention in the study and control group. (Table - )

Part VI: Relations between different study variables. (Table).

Part I: Structured personal data and medical history of elderly women

Table (1): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding personal data (N=30
for study group and 30 for control group).

Personal Categories Control group Study group Chi square

data (n=30) (n=30) test
No. % No. % χ2 P
Age group 60< 65 years 11 36.7 12 40.0 2.48 .98
65< 70 years 15 50.0 16 53.3
≥ 70 years 4 13.3 2 6.7
Mean ±SD 65.87±3.15 65.40±2.80
Marital Married 12 40 14 46.7 .27 .87
status Divorced 8 26.7 7 23.3
Widowed 10 33.3 9 30
Educational Do not read or write 13 43.3 14 46.7 .15 .99
level
Primary education 9 30 9 30

Intermediate 5 16.7 4 13.3

education
University 3 10 3 10
Employment Unemployed 30 100 30 100 - -
status

Regarding participant age table (1) shows that, About 50.0 % of the study participants in

the control group were added 65< 70 years, while 53.3 % of them aged 65< 70 years in the

study group with a mean of 65.87±3.15 years in control group and 65.40±2.80 years in the

study group . Concerning marital status; about 40% of the study participants in the control

group were married and 33.3% were widow, while 46.7% of them were married and 30%

were widow in the study group. Regarding to educational level 43.3% of the study

participants in the control group did not read or write and 46.7% of them in the study group

did not read or write. In according to employment status the results showed that all of the

study participants in the study and control group were unemployed.

Table (2): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding past medical history
(N=30 for study group and 30 for control group).

Past Categories Control Study group Chi

medical group (n=30) (n=30) square
history test
 No. % No. % Χ2 P
Health Urine or feces incontinence 5 16.7 4 13.3 .99 .99
problems Htn 4 13.3 4 13.3
Heart diseases 1 3.3 1 3.3
Diabetes 7 23.3 8 26.7
Arthritis 3 10 2 6.7
Dm & incontinence 3 10 4 13.3
Dm & incontinence& heart 2 6.7 1 3.3
diseases
Dm& heart diseases 1 3.3 1 3.3
Htn, dm, arthritis 1 3.3 1 3.3
Surgical No 17 56.7 15 50 .42 .52
history Yes 13 43.3 15 50
Type of Tonsillectomy 6 20 4 13.3 .51 .97
surgery Appendectomy 3 10 5 16.7
Cardiac surgery 1 3.3 2 6.7
Total hip replacement 1 3.3 0 0
Cholecystectomy 1 3.3 1 3.3

Regarding health problems table (2) shows that, About 23.3% complained from diabetes

mellitus ,16.7 % complained from Urine or feces incontinence and 13.3% complained from

hypertension in the control group while (26.7% , 13.3%, 13.3%) retrospectively in the study

group complained from the same health problems . in relation to surgical history 43.3% of the

study participants in the control group and 50% in the study group had surgical history ,

regarding to the type of surgery the results showed that , about: 20 % of them perform

tonsillectomy and 10 % perform appendectomy in the control group 13.3% and 16.7%)

respectively in the study group.

Table (3): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding gynecological

history (N=30 for study group and 30 for control group).

Gynecological history Categories Control Study group Chi

group (n=30) (n=30) square
test
 No. % No. % Χ2 P
Was your menopause Spontaneous 30 100 30 100 - -
Age at first menstrual 11 year 1 3.3 2 6.7 .51 .97
period 12 year 8 26.7 9 30
13 year 12 40 11 36.7
14 year 7 23.3 6 20
15 year 2 6.7 2 6.7
Mean± SD= 13.0 ± .23 13.41 ± .65
Were your periods No 14 46.7 16 53.3 .27 .61
usually regular Yes 16 53.3 14 46.7
Age at last period 40<45 year 10 33.3 12 40 .58 1.0
45- 50 year 20 66.7 18 60
Mean± SD= 47.76 ± 2.67 49.34 ± 6.12
How many days did 3 days 6 20 7 23.3 .74 .95
your period last? 4 days 7 23.3 7 23.3
5 days 9 30 9 30
6 days 7 23.3 5 16.7
7 days 1 3.3 2 6.7
Mean± SD= 4.95 ± .79 4.82 ± .90
Were your periods No 13 43.3 12 40 .07 .79
painful Yes 17 56.7 18 60
If yes answer how Mild 12 40 12 40 .11 .94
painful? Moderate 11 36.7 10 33.3
Severe 7 23.3 8 26.7
Yes 30 100 30 100 - -
Amount of bleeding? Mild 5 16.7 6 20 .64 .73
Moderate 13 43.3 10 33.3
Severe 12 40 14 46.7

Regarding menopause table (3) shows that, all of the study participants in the control and

study group menopause were spontaneous. Concerning age at first menstrual period 40 % of

the study participants in the control group age of first menstrual period were 13 years, 26.7%

at 12 years and 23.3 % at 14 years with mean± SD = 13.0 ± .23, while (36.7 %, 30 %, 20 %)

retrospectively in the study group with mean± SD = 13.41 ± .65 also 53.3% of the

participants period in the control group was regular compared to 46.7 % in the study group.

Concerning age at last period, 66.7 % in the control group aged 45- 50 year with mean± SD

= 47.76 ± 2.67 compared to 60 % in the study group with mean± SD = 49.34 ± 6.12 also

regarding days of period, 23.3% of study participants in the control and study group period

lasts for 4 days with mean± SD =4.95 ± .79 in the control group and 4.82 ± .90 in the study
group and about 40% of the two groups feel mild pain during period. In relation to amount of

bleeding 40 % complained from severe bleeding in the control group and 46.7 % in the study

group.

Table (4): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding gynecological

history (N=30 for study group and 30 for control group) cont.,

Gynecological history Categories Control group Study group Chi square

(cont.,) (n=30) (n=30) test
No. % No. % Χ2 P
Do you have spotting of No 9 30 7 23.3 .34 .56
blood? Yes 21 70 23 76.7
If yes Continuous 16 53.3 19 63.3 .62 .43
Interrupted 14 46.7 11 36.7
Having mood swings No 30 100 30 100 - -
Bloating No 30 100 30 100 - -
Headache No 24 80 27 90 1.18 .28
Yes 6 20 3 10
Do you examine your No 24 80 26 86.7 .48 .49
breasts? Yes 6 20 4 13.3
Any abnormalities in the No 18 60 16 53.3 .34 .95
results of the following Cholesterol 2 6.7 2 6.7
test
Blood sugar 8 26.7 10 33.3
test
Bone density 2 6.7 2 6.7
test

Regarding presence of blood spotting table (4) shows that, about 70 % complained from

blood spot in the control group while 76.7 % in the study group also 53.3% of them in the

control group and 63.3% in the study group reported that the blood spots was continuous.

Concerning presence of post-menopausal symptoms( mood swings and bloating), all of the

study participants in the study and control group didn't complained from mood swings and

bloating and that about 20% of participant in the control group and 10 % in the study

complained from postmenopausal headache. Regarding breast examination about 20% of

participant in the control group and 13.3 % in the study performed breast examination;

furthermore 26.7 % of participant in the control group and 33.3% in the study reported

abnormal blood sugar test results

Table (5): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding obstetrical history

(N=30 for study group and 30 for control group).

obstetrical history Categories Control Study group Chi square

group (n=30) (n=30) test
No. % No. % χ2 p
How many times have you <3 times 1 3.3 2 6.7 .59 .99
been pregnant? 3-6 times 24 80 22 73.3
>6 times 5 16.7 6 20
mean± SD= 3.99 ± .89 3.21± .53
How many children do you <3 children 1 3.3 2 6.7 .63 .99
have? 3-6 children 25 83.3 23 76.7
>6 children 4 13.3 5 16.7
mean± SD= 3.91 ± .80 3.01 ± .432
How old were you when 15< 20 year 23 76.7 23 76.7 1.48 .99
your first child was born? 20-< 25 year 6 20 7 23.3
≥25 year 1 3.3 0 0
How old were you when 25< 30 year 1 3.3 1 3.3 1.43 .99
your last child was born? 30-< 35 year 15 50 16 53.3
≥35 year 14 46.7 13 43.3
Did you experience No 22 73.3 24 80 .42 .52
abortion? Abortions 8 26.7 6 20
Any complications during No 21 70 22 73.3 .08 .77
pregnancy, delivery, or Yes 9 30 8 26.7
postpartum?
If yes, describe: No 21 70 22 73.3 0.42 .52
PIH 3 10 1 3.3
Gestational 2 6.7 2 6.7
diabetes
Post-partum 1 3.3 3 10
hemorrhage
Anemia 3 10 2 6.7

Regarding number of pregnancy table (5) shows that, about 80 % in the control group and

73.3% in the study group get pregnant from 3-6 times with mean± SD= 3.99 ± .89 in control

group and 3.21± .53 in study group, while 83.3 % in the control group and 76.7 % in the

study group have 3-6 children with mean± SD= 3.91 ± .80 in the control group and 3.01 ± .

432 in the study group, also about 20% of the study participant in the control and study group

experienced abortion. In addition to that about 30 % in the control group and 26.7 % in the

study group experienced complications during pregnancy, delivery, or postpartum, regarding

these complications, 10% in the control group and 3.3% experienced PIH.

Figure (1): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding birth control
methods (N=30 for study group and 30 for control group).
 Birth control methods
70.00%
66.70%
60.00%
57%
50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20% 20.00%
16.70%
10%10.00% 10% 10.00%
3% 3.30% 3.30%
0.00%

Natural family Birth control Injectable IUD birth control

planning – skin patch hormone pills
rhythm

study group control group

Regarding contraception methods figure (1) shows that, about 56.7 % in the control group

and 66.7% in the study group used birth control pills, compared to 16.7% in the study group

and 20 % in the control group used IUD.

Table (6): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding Sexual history
(N=30 for study group and 30 for control group.

Sexual history Categories Control Study Chi

group group square
(n=30) (n=30) test
No. % No. % Χ2 P
Sexual activity No 6 20 6 20 .36 .84
NA 16 53.3 14 46.7
Yes 8 26.7 10 33.3
Do you have concerns about your No 6 20 8 26.7 .30 .86
sex life? NA 17 58.6 16 53.3
Yes 6 20 6 20
Do you have a loss of interest in No 9 30 9 30 .53 .77
sexual activities (libido, desire)? NA 17 56.7 15 50
 Yes 4 13.3 6 20
Do you experience vaginal dryness? No 23 76.7 21 90 .34 .56
Yes 7 23.3 9 30
Do you have a loss of response No 10 33.3 12 40 .31 .86
(weaker or absent orgasm)? NA 17 56.7 15 50
Yes 3 10 3 10
Do you have any pain with No 10 33.3 11 36.7 .32 .85
intercourse? NA 17 56.7 15 50
Yes 3 10 4 13.3

Regarding sexual history table (6) shows that, about 26.7% in the control group and 33.3%

in the study group still sexual active and that 20 % in the control group study group had

concerns about sex, about 13.3% in the control group and 20% in the study group losses of

interest in sexual activities (libido, desire), 23.3% in the control group and 30% in the study

group experienced vaginal dryness, furthermore 10% of participants in the control group and

study had a loss of response (weaker or absent orgasm). In addition to 3 % in the control

group and 13.3% in the study group reported pain during sexual intercourse.

Table (7): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding medication history
(N=30 for study group and 30 for control group).

Medication history Categories Control group Study group Chi

(n=30) (n=30) square test
No. % No. % χ2 P
Are you currently using No 30 100 30 100 - -
hormone therapy for
menopause
If no, why not? Not 30 100 30 100 - -
described
Medication use No 23 76.7 24 80 .22 .97
Vitamins 3 10 2 6.7
Calcium 2 6.7 2 6.7
Herbs 2 6.7 2 6.7
Other therapy No 26 86.7 24 80 .42 .52
Exercise 4 13.3 6 20
Is this therapy helpful No 26 86.7 24 80 .42 .52
Yes 4 13.3 6 20
 Regarding medication history table (7) shows that, all of the study participants in the

control group and study group did not use hormone therapy for menopause as this therapy not

described for them, and that 10 % in the control group and 6.7% in the study group take

vitamins, also about 13.3% in both the two groups think that this therapy were helpful.

Table (8): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding lifestyle habits
(N=30 for study group and 30 for control group).
Lifestyle habits Categories Control Study group Chi square
group (n=30) (n=30) test
No. % No. % Χ2 P
Rarely 9 30 5 16.7
practicing exercise Occasionally 0 0 1 3.3
At least 3 1 3.3 1 3.3
times/week
Almost daily 3 10 3 10
Type of exercise Walking 12 40 10 33.3 .42 .52
Exercise duration According to 5 16.7 7 23.3 1.14 .77
tolerance
10-15 min 7 23.3 3 10
Diet: 2 3 10 4 13.3 .67 .72
How many meals do you 3 22 73.3 23 76.7
consume each day? 4 5 16.7 3 10
Are you on a special diet? No 18 60 21 70 1.04 .79
Low fat 4 13.3 2 6.7
Low 4 13.3 4 13.3
carbohydrates
Low salt 4 13.3 3 10
Do you consume any of Milk 8 26.7 9 30 .76 .86
the following dairy Cheese 11 36.7 13 43.3
product each day? Yogurt 10 33.3 7 23.3
Do you take fruits daily? Yes 23 76.7 26 86.7 1.002 .32
Do you take vegetables Yes 24 80 27 90 1.18 .28
daily?
Do you take soy foods? Yes 7 23.3 5 16.7 .42 .52
Do you take fish? Yes 21 70 23 76.7 .34 .56

Regarding personal habits table (8) shows that, about 30 % in the control group and 16.7 %

in the study group rarely practice exercise whereas 40 % in the control group and 20 % in the

study group practice only walking and 23.3 % in the control and 10 % in the study group for

10-15 min, concerning number of meals consumed daily, 73.3% in the control and 76.7 % in

the study group consumed 3 meals daily and that about 60 % in the control and 70 % in the

study not used special diet. furthermore (76.7% , 80 %, 23.3 %, 70% ) of participants in the

control group and ( 86.7%, 90 %, 16.7 %, 76.7 %) in the study group take fruits daily,

vegetables daily, soy foods, fish retrospectively.

Figure (2): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding health status (N=30
for study group and 30 for control group).

Health status
70.00%
63.30%
60.00%

50% 50.00%

40.00%
37%
30.00%
26.70%
20.00%

10% 10.00%
6.70%
3% 3.30%
0.00%

Excellent Good Fair Poor

study group control group

 Regarding health status figure (2) shows that, about 50 % in the control group and 63.3 %

in the study group had fair health status, whereas 36.7 % in the control group and 26.7 % in

the study group had good health status with no statistical significant differences between the

study and control group regarding health status.

Table (9): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding personal habits
cont., (N=30 for study group and 30 for control group).

personal habits (cont.,) Categories Control Study Chi

group group square
(n=30) (n=30) test
No. % No. % χ2 P
Caffeine use: Coffee 4 13.3 4 13.3 .34 .95
Do you consume drinks with Tea 13 43.3 15 50
caffeine Soda drinks 2 6.7 2 6.7
If yes, how many drinks each 1 9 30 9 30 .87 .83
day? 2 2 6.7 4 13.3
3 8 26.7 8 26.7
Stress management: Yes 7 23.3 5 16.7 .42 .52
Do you exposed to major
stressors or life changes in your
life in the last year?
If yes, explain Death of 7 23.3 5 16.7 .42 .52
closed
personnel

Regarding caffeine use table (9) shows that, about 43.3 % in the control group and 50 % in

the study group take tea and that 30 % in both control and study group take only one cup of
tea daily, concerning exposure to major stress in the last year, 23.3% in the control and 16.7

% in the study group exposed to major stress in the last year because of death of closed

personnel.

Figure (3): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding handling of stress
(N=30 for study group and 30 for control group).

handeling stress?
45.00%
40.00%
40.00%
43.30%36.70% 35.00%
40.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
20.00%
15.00%

16.70% 10.00%
5.00%
3.30%
0.00%

0.00%

Very well Well Moderately Poorly

study group control group

 Regarding handling stress figure (3) shows that, about 36.7 % in the control group and 43.3

% in the study group moderately handle stress, whereas 40 % in both the control study group

handle stress well, with no statistical significant differences between the study and control

group regarding handling stress.

Part II: Elderly women’s pre, post and follow up beliefs regarding endometrial cancer
prevention in the study and control group
Table (10): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding health belief
perceived severity in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30).
Study group (n=30) Control group (n=30)

Health Belief perceived

severity
Pre Post Follow Chi square Pre Post Follow Chi square
test test% up % Test test test up % test
% % %
χ2 p χ2 p
Endometrial cancer 80 86.7 80 61. 74. 73.3 86.7 80 1.67 44.
may lead to death
The physical cost of 10 70 63.3 26.01 00. 10 16.7 13.3 58. 75.
endometrial cancer is
very large
Endometrial cancer is 3.3 80 56.7 27.47 00. 13.3 16.7 16.7 17. 92.
a hopeless disease
Endometrial cancer 6.7 86.7 63.3 40.7 00. 13.3 6.7 13.3 1.10 58.
threatens my
relationship with other
Thinking about 10 90 70 47.35 00. 10 13.3 13.3 21. 90.
endometrial cancer
increase my heart
beats
Thinking about 10 90 66.7 41.13 00. 10 13.3 16.7 58. 75.
endometrial cancer
frightens me
If I have endometrial 16.7 93.3 66.7 37.54 00. 16.7 20 20 15. 93.
cancer, my whole life
will change
Endometrial cancer 6.7 80 60 34.51 00. 6.7 16.7 16.7 1.73 42.
may require
chemotherapy
treatment
Endometrial cancer 6.7 83.3 73.3 42.02 00. 6.7 13.3 10 74. 69.
may require
radiotherapy treatment
Endometrial cancer is 10 90 66.7 41.13 00. 10 20 10 1.73 42.
a serious health
problem
Endometrial cancer 3.3 86.6 73.3 48.47 00. 3.3 13.3 6.7 2.17 34.
may lead to a
hysterectomy
Regarding HB perceived severity, table (10) illustrate that the percentage of participants who
perceived endometrial cancer severity ranged between (3.3% - 80%) in the pretest where the
percentage ranged between (70% - 93.3 %) and(56.7% - 80%) in the posttest and follow up in the
study group ,with a highly statistical significant difference between the three phases, concerning the
control group the percentage reached (3.3% - 73.3 %), (6.7% - 20%) and (6.7% - 80%) in the pretest,
posttest and follow up respectively, with no statistical significant difference between the three phases
.of intervention

Table (11): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding health belief
perceived susceptibility in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30).
Health Belief Study group (n=30) Control group (n=30)
perceived
susceptibility
Pre Post Follow Chi square Pre Post Follow Chi square
test test up % Test test test up % test
% % χ2 P % % χ2 P
I am at a risk of 13.3 76.7 70 29.2 00. 13.3 23.3 16.7 1.06 59.
developing endometrial
cancer
My chances of getting 13.3 80 80 36.4 00. 13.3 20 16.7 48. 79.
endometrial cancer in 4
the next few years are
high
I worry a lot about 13.3 83.3 90 46.0 00. 13.3 23.3 16.7 1.06 59.
endometrial cancer 4
There is a high 10 76.7 76.7 35.8 00. 10 16.7 10 83. 66.
possibility that I will get 4
endometrial cancer
My physical health 13.3 70 63.3 23.0 00. 13.3 20 13.3 68. 71.
makes me likely to have 3
endometrial cancer
If I do not have 16.7 86.7 73.3 34.2 00. 16.7 20 23.3 42. 81.
symptoms, I do not 4
need screening tests
My family history puts 20 83.3 70 27.4 00. 20 23.3 23.3 13. 94.
me at risk of getting 2
endometrial cancer

Regarding HB perceived susceptibility, table (11) showed that the percentage of participants who

perceived endometrial cancer susceptibility ranged between (10% - 20%) in the pretest where the

percentage ranged between (70% - 86.7 %) and(63.3% - 90%) in the posttest and follow up in the

study group ,with a highly statistical significant difference between the three phases, concerning the

control group the percentage reached (10% - 20 %), (16.7% - 23.3%) and (10% - 23.3%) in the

pretest, posttest and follow up respectively, with no statistical significant difference between the three

phases of intervention.

Table (12): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding health belief
perceived barriers in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30).
Health Belief perceived Study group (n=30) Control group (n=30)
barriers
Pre Post Follow Chi square Pre Post Follow Chi
test test up Test test test up % square test
% % % % %
χ2 P χ2 P

I do not know how 13. 86.7 70 36.1 . 13.3 16.7 16.7 17. 92.
often I need to get 3 00
screening tests
do not know at what age 16. 86.7 73.3 34.24 . 16.7 23.3 23.3 53. 77.
it is necessary to have a 7 00
screening test
Do not know where I 0 93.3 83.3 65.08 . 0 6.7 6.7 2.09 35.
could go if I wanted to 00
do a screening
I have not taken the 16. 83.3 80 35.28 . 16.7 23.3 23.3 53. 77.
screening test because I 7 00
am afraid to find out if I
have cancer
It is too embarrassing to 23. 83.3 83.3 31.01 . 23.3 30 30 44. 80.
have a screening test 3 00
It is too expensive to 23. 70 70 17.56 . 23.3 33.3 26.7 78. 68.
have a screening or 3 00
vaccination
The screening test is 13. 76.7 70 29.2 . 13.3 23.3 16.7 1.06 59.
painful physically 3 00
Screening is not 20 80 70 25.25 . 20 26.7 23.3 37. 83.
necessary as there is no 00
cure for cancer
Getting uterine test 16. 93.3 80 43.35 . 13.3 16.7 23.3 58. 75.
would only make me 7 00
worry
Regarding HB perceived barriers, table (12) showed that the percentage of participants who

experienced barriers for endometrial cancer prevention ranged between (0% - 23.3%) , (70% -

93.3%) and (70% - 83.3%) in the pretest , posttest and follow up respectively in the study group ,with

a highly statistical significant difference between the three phases, concerning the control group the

percentage reached (0% - 23.3 %), (6.7% - 33.3%) and (6.7% - 30%) in the pretest, posttest and

follow up respectively, with no statistical significant difference between the three phases of

intervention.

Table (13): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding health belief
perceived benefits in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30).
Health Belief Study group(n=30) Control group (n=30)
perceived benefits
Pre Post Follow Chi square Pre Post Follow Chi
test Test up % Test test test % up square
% % % % test

χ2 P χ2 P

The innovative HPV 6.7 73. 66.7 32.3 00. 6.7 13.3 16.7 1.10 58.
vaccine is an effective 3 7
primary prevention
strategy for endometrial
cancer
The screening test can 6.7 96. 73.3 54.0 00. 6.7 16.7 16.7 1.10 58.
save my life 7 6
It is important for a 13.3 93. 83.3 49.0 00. 13.3 20 20 61. 74.
female to have a 3 9
screening test so she
will know if she is
healthy
If uterine changes are 6.7 96. 90 65.8 00. 6.7 16.7 6.7 2.22 33.
found early they are 7 5
easily curable
screening test can find 3.3 93. 73.3 54.5 00. 3.3 10 6.7 1.07 59.
uterine changes before 3 7
they become cancer

Regarding HB perceived benefits, table (13) showed that the percentage of participants who

experienced the benefits from endometrial cancer prevention ranged between (3.3% - 13.3%) , (73.3%

- 96.7%) and (66.7% - 90%) in the pretest , posttest and follow up respectively in the study group

,with a highly statistical significant difference between the three phases, concerning the control group

the percentage reached (3.3% - 13.3 %), (10% - 20%) and (6.7% - 20%) in the pretest, posttest and

follow up respectively, with no statistical significant difference between the three phases of

intervention.

Table (14): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding health belief
perceived cues to action in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30).

Health belief cues Study group (n=30) Control group (n=30)

to action
Pre Post Follow Chi square Pre Post Follow Chi
Test test up% Test test test up% square
% % % % test
χ2 P χ2 P
I search for new 13.3 83.3 80 38.64 00. 13.3 20 16.7 48. 79.
information related to
my health
I take vitamins when I 6.7 86.7 73.3 44.64 00. 6.7 10 10 27. 87.
do not eat good meals
I frequently do things 0 86.7 80 56.52 00. 0 3.3 6.7 2.07 36.
to improve my health
I always follow 13.3 90 86.7 48.52 00. 13.3 16.7 20 48. 79.
medical orders
because I believe they
will benefit my state
of health
I eat a well-balanced 20 100 96.7 61.26 00. 20 26.7 26.7 48. 79.
diet

Regarding HB perceived cues to action, table (14) showed that the percentage of participants who

beliefs to take cues to action for endometrial cancer prevention ranged between (0% - 20%) , (83.3%

- 100%) and (73.3% - 96.7%) in the pretest , posttest and follow up respectively in the study group
,with a highly statistical significant difference between the three phases, concerning the control group

the percentage reached (0% - 20 %), (3.3% - 26.7%) and (6.7% - 26.7%) in the pretest, posttest and

follow up respectively, with no statistical significant difference between the three phases of

intervention.

Figure (4): frequency distribution of elderly women total level of beliefs according to
health beliefs model in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30 for control group and 30 for
study group)

Elderly women beliefs level

100% 100%
100%
100% 100% 90%

77% 80%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
23%
20%
20%
10%
0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0%
good average poor control good average poor study
group group

pretest posttest follow up

Figure (4) indicates that all of the study participants had poor level of beliefs in the pre,

post and follow up test in the control group while, 100%, 0% and 0% had poor level of
beliefs in the pre, post and follow up test in the study group retrospectively compared to 0%,

80 % and 23.3 % that had good level of beliefs in pre, post and follow up test retrospectively.

Part III: Elderly women’s pre, post and follow up practices regarding endometrial cancer
prevention in the study and control group
Table (15): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding reported practice
about endometrial cancer prevention in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30 in the study
and 30 control group).
Reported practice Study group (n=30) Control group (n=30)
regarding
endometrial
cancer prevention
Pre Post Follow Chi square Pre Post Follo Chi
test% test% up% Test %test test w square
% up % test
χ2 P χ2 P
Severity of 10 93.3 83.3 52.8 . 10 13.3 10 23. 89.
endometrial cancer 5 00
make me practice
regular exercise at
least 3 times per
week
I avoid obesity 3.3 3.3 10 1.69 . 3.3 13.3 6.7 2.17 34.
weight to prevent 43
endometrial cancer
I do yearly 13.3 86.7 66.7 34.9 . 13.3 23.3 13.3 1.44 49.
screening test to 2 00
prevent
endometrial cancer
I take healthy diet 16.7 96.7 93.3 57.3 . 16.7 26.7 20 93. 63.
to prevent 4 00
endometrial cancer
I take diet contain 3.3 96.7 90 70.0 . 3.3 10 6.7 1.07 59.
anti-oxidant to 5 00
prevent
endometrial cancer
I take diet contain 6.7 66.7 56.7 25.2 . 6.7 10 10 27. 87.
soya to prevent 5 00
endometrial cancer
I take diet contain 6.7 93.3 86.7 59.3 . 6.7 10 6.7 31. 86.
omega 3 to prevent 7 00
endometrial cancer
I practice 6.7 76.7 73.3 37.5 . 6.7 6.7 10 31. 86.
relaxation 0 00
techniques to
prevent
endometrial cancer
I take diet contain 13.3 86.7 73.3 37.5 . 13.3 13.3 16.7 18. 91.
anti-oxidant to 4 00
prevent
endometrial cancer

Regarding reported practice for endometrial cancer prevention , table (15) illustrated that the
percentage of participants who reported performing specific practices for endometrial cancer
prevention ranged between (3.3% - 16.7%) , (3.3% - 96.7%) and (10% - 93.3%) in the pretest ,
posttest and follow up respectively in the study group ,with a highly statistical significant difference
between the three phases, concerning the control group the percentage reached (3.3% - 16.7 %),
(6.7% - 26.7%) and (6.7% - 20%) in the pretest, posttest and follow up respectively, with no
statistical significant difference between the three phases of intervention.
Table (16): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding Kegel exercise
performances checklist in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30 in the study and 30
control group).
Kegel exercise Study group (n=30) Control group (n=30)
performances
Part one, getting ready for
exercise
Pre Post Follow Chi square Pre Post Follow Chi
test test up % Test test Test% up % square
% % % test

χ2 P χ2 P
Defining the pelvic 0 86.7 63.3 48.27 00. 0 0 0 - -
muscles: through trying to
flow urine
You can place a hand 0 76.7 70 43.31 00. 0 0 0 - -
mirror at the bottom of the
anal area to define the
Kegel muscles
Tighten and stretch the 0 83.3 60 44.44 00. 0 0 0 - -
muscles: that work to
control the flow of urine.
Make sure that the 0 86. 63.3 48.2 . 0 0 0 - -
bladder is completely 7 7 00
empty.
Focus on tightening the 0 86. 63.3 48.2 . 0 0 0 - -
pelvic floor muscles only 7 7 00
Find a comfortable 0 80 63.3 42.84 00. 0 0 0 - -
position (on a chair or
lying). All muscles must
be relaxed

Regarding Kegel exercise performance part one, table (16) illustrated that no one of the study

participants performed Kegel exercise for endometrial cancer prevention in the pretest while the

percentage increased to range between (76.7% - 86.7%) and (60% - 70 %) in the posttest and follow

up respectively in the study group, with a highly statistical significant difference between the three

phases of intervention (P=0.00), concerning the control group no one of the study participants

performed Kegel exercise for endometrial cancer prevention in the pretest, posttest and follow up.

Table (17): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding Kegel exercise
performances checklist in pretest, posttest and follow up cont. (N=30 study and 30 control
group).
Study group(n=30) Control group (n=30)
Part two, do Kegel Pre Post Follow Chi Pre Post Follow Chi
exercises test test% up% square test test% test up% square
% % test
χ2 P χ2 P
Pressing the pelvic floor 0 96.7 73.3 62.1 00. 0 0 0 - -
muscles for 5 seconds. 7
Beginners can press for 2 -
3 seconds then gradually
.increase it
Stretch the muscles for 10 0 90 73.3 55.4 00. 0 0 0 - -
seconds before repeating the 6
exercise to relax the
muscles by count from one
to ten
Repeat the exercise ten 0 90 73.3 55.4 00. 0 0 0 - -
times: You should do one 6
set ten times, 3-4 times a
.day
Pressing the pelvic floor 0 90 60 50.4 00. 0 0 0 - -
muscles for 10 seconds: and
.repeat 3-4 times a day
Lifting the legs slightly: 0 93.3 70 57.0 00. 0 0 0 - -
raise the legs off the ground 7
for 5 seconds and then
return to the starting point
slowly. It is recommended
to do this 10 times in a row
 Regarding Kegel exercise performance part two, table (17) illustrated that no one of the study

participants performed Kegel exercise for endometrial cancer prevention in the pretest while the

percentage increased to range between (90 % - 96.7%) and (60% - 73.3%) in the posttest and follow

up respectively in the study group, with a highly statistical significant difference between the three

phases of intervention(P=0.00), concerning the control group no one of the study participants

performed Kegel exercise for endometrial cancer prevention in the pretest, posttest and follow up.

Table (18): Percentage distribution of the study participants in the study group regarding
Range of Motion exercises performance checklist in pretest, posttest and follow up
(N=30 study and 30 control group).
Range of Motion Study group (N=30) Control group (N=30)
exercises performance
Pre Post Follow Chi square Pre Post Follow Chi
test test up % test test% test% up% square
% % test
χ2 P χ2 p
Position in a 0 90 76.7 57.33 00. 0 0 0 - -
comfortable position
Expose limb to be 0 100 90 78.37 00. 0 0 0 - -
exercised
Put all joint s 0 93.3 86.7 67.78 00. 0 0 0 - -
through : Flexion
Extension 0 93.3 80 62.67 00. 0 0 0 - -
Abduction 0 96.7 83.3 68.61 00. 0 0 0 - -
Adduction 0 100 83.3 72.47 00. 0 0 0 - -
Rotation 0 96.7 86.7 71.35 00. 0 0 0 - -
Provide support 0 90 80 59.46 00. 0 0 0 - -
above and below joint
during exercises

Follow sequence of 0 100 86.7 75.25 00. 0 0 0 - -

exercises for upper
and lower body

Discontinue exercises 0 100 80 70 00. 0 0 0 - -

if complained of pain
or discomfort

Regarding Range of Motion exercises performance, table (18) illustrated that no one of the study

participants performed Range of Motion exercises for endometrial cancer prevention in the pretest while

the percentage increased to range between (90% - 100%) and (76.7% - 90%) in the posttest and follow up

respectively in the study group ,with a highly statistical significant difference between the study
participants in three phases of intervention (P= 0.00 ), concerning the control group no one of the study

participants performed Range of Motion exercises for endometrial cancer prevention in the pretest,

posttest and follow up.

Table (19): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding Breathing

exercises performance checklist in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30 study and 30
control group).
Study group (N=30) Control group (N=30)
Breathing exercises Pre Post Follow Chi square Pre Post Follow Chi
performance Test Test % up test% Test% Test% up % square
% % test

Χ2 P Χ2 P
Choose a 0 90 80 59.46 00. 0 0 0 - -
comfortable
position, feel all
body resting on the
chair

Close your eyes. 0 93.3 76.7 60.54 00. 0 0 0 - -

Concentrating of the 0 100 90 78.37 00. 0 0 0 - -

rhythm of breathing,
observe breathing
out.

Prolong gently the 0 93.3 83.3 65.08 00. 0 0 0 - -

breathing out and
wait till the
breathing in comes
all by itself.

Focus on your body, 0 93.3 80 62.67 00. 0 0 0 - -

how you sit in the
chair and how your
feet touch the
ground.

Concentrate on 0 90 73.3 55.46 00. 0 0 0 - -

breathing and inhale
and exhale
consciously.

Take slow, deep, 0 93.3 86.7 67.78 00. 0 0 0 - -

regular, steady
breaths through the
nose.

When you exhale, 0 90 83.3 61.85 00. 0 0 0 - -

let go all tension in
your body.

If feeling pressure in 0 96.7 82.3 68.61 00. 0 0 0 - -

chest concentrate on
it, and let the
pressure go with the
breathing out.

Imagine worries, 0 96.7 80 66.18 00. 0 0 0 - -

pain, thoughts also
slowly leave you
with breathing.

When you inhale, 0 90 86.7 64.53 00. 0 0 0 - -

imagine taking in
new energy with
breathing.

Then feel weight of 0 96.7 86.7 71.35 00. 0 0 0 - -

your body resting in
the chair and come
back to the room,
open your eyes.

Regarding Breathing exercises performance, table (19) illustrated that no one of the study

participants performed breathing exercises for endometrial cancer prevention in the pretest while the

percentage increased to range between (90% - 100%) and (73.7% - 90%) in the posttest and follow

up respectively in the study group ,with a highly statistical significant difference between the three

phases of intervention (P= 0.00 ), concerning the control group no one of the study participants

performed Breathing exercises for endometrial cancer prevention in the pretest, posttest and follow

up .
Figure (5): frequency distribution of elderly women total level of practice in pretest,
posttest and follow up (N=30 control group and 30 study group)

100.00%
100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
100.00% 100.00% 90.00%

80.00%

70.00%
63.30%
60.00%

50.00%

36.70% 40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%
0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

average good poor control average good poor study

group group

pretest posttest follow up

Figure (5) indicates that all of the study participants had poor level of practice in the pre,

post and follow up test in the control group while, 100%, 0% and 0% had poor level of

practice in the pre, post and follow up test in the study group retrospectively compared to 0%,

100 % and 36.7 % that had good level of practice in pre, post and follow up test

retrospectively.
Part IV: Elderly women’s pre, post and follow up knowledge regarding endometrial
cancer prevention in the study and control group
Table (20): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding knowledge about
causes and risk factors of endometrial cancer in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30
study and 30 control group).
Knowledge about Study group (n=30) Control group (n=30)
causes and risk factors
of endometrial cancer
Pre Post Follow Chi square Pre Post Follow Chi
Test Test% up % test Test% Test up% square
% % test
Χ2 P
Χ2 P
Obesity is a risk factor 13.3 86.7 86.7 45.76 00. 13.3 16.7 16.7 17. 92.
for endometrial cancer
Diabetes and 10 100 80 65.7 00. 10 16.7 20 1.18 55.
hypertension are risk
factors for endometrial
cancer
Never being pregnant or 6.7 93.3 86.7 59.37 00. 6.7 10 10 27. 87.
being pregnant at an
older age are risk factors
for endometrial cancer
Abnormal menstruation 6.7 86.7 80 48.46 00. 6.7 10 10 27. 87.
is a symptom of
endometrial cancer
Beginning sexual 10 90 83.3 49.75 00. 10 13.3 10 23. 89.
relationship at an early
age is a risk factor for
endometrial cancer
Pregnancy more than 3 10 93.3 83.3 52.85 00. 10 16.7 13.3 58. 75.
times or at early age is a
risk factor for
endometrial cancer

Regarding knowledge about causes and risk factors of endometrial cancer, table (20) illustrated

that elderly women knowledge level in the pretest ranged (6.7% -13.3% ) while the percentage

increased to range between (86.7% - 100%) and (80 % - 86.7%) in the posttest and follow up

respectively in the study group ,with a highly statistical significant difference between the three

phases of intervention (P= 0.00 ), concerning the control group the level of knowledge ranged

between ( 6.7 %- 13.3%), ( 10%- 16.7%) and ( 10%- 20%) in the pre, post and follow up test

respectively, with no statistical significant difference between the three phases of intervention .
 Table (21): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding knowledge about
causes and risk factors of endometrial cancer in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30
study and 30 control group).

knowledge about Study group (n=30) Control group (n=30)

causes and risk factors
of endometrial cancer
Pre Post Follow Chi square Pre Post Follow Chi
test test% up % test test% test up% square
% % test
χ2 P

χ2 P
Smoking cigarettes is a 6.7 93.3 76.7 52.41 .00 6.7 13.3 6.7 1.10 .58
risk factor for
endometrial cancer
Do you think that the basis 10 90 83.3 49.75 .00 13.3 10 13.3 .23 .89
of endometrial cancer is a
particular virus?

Is endometrial cancer 10 100 86.7 62.69 .00 10 13.3 13.3 .00 1.0
associated with age of
women?
Do you think that women 0 93.3 80 62.67 .00 0 10 16.7 .83 .66
are more likely to develop
endometrial cancer at the
beginning of the marriage?
Have you heard about 10 96.7 86.7 58.87 .00 6.7 10 13.3 .23 .89
endometrial cancer?

Do you think that 6.7 96.7 83.3 60.22 .00 10 6.7 10 .31 .86
endometrial cancer is a
genetic disease?
Table (22): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding knowledge about
endometrial cancer signs and symptoms in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30 study
and 30 control group).
knowledge about Study group (n=30) Control group (n=30)
endometrial cancer
signs and symptoms
Pre Post Follow Chi square Pre Post Follow Chi
test test% up % test test% test up% square
% % test
χ2 P
χ2 P
having pain around 13.3 90 83.3 46.04 00. 13.3 20 16.7 48. 79.
stomach is a symptom
of endometrial cancer
Painful defecation is one 3.3 93.3 90 66.46 00. 3.3 6.7 6.7 42. 81.
of the symptoms of
endometrial cancers
Yellow, smelly, painless 10 93.3 80 50.58 00. 0 20 13.3 1.26 53.
discharge from vagina is
one of the symptoms of
gynecologic cancers
More frequent or urgent 0 96.7 86.7 71.35 00. 3.3 3.3 6.7 2.07 36.
need to urinate is one of
the symptoms of
endometrial cancers
Pain during sexual 3.3 93.3 80 58.47 00. 3.3 6.7 6.7 42. 81.
intercourse is one of the
symptoms of endometrial
cancers

knowledge about Study group (n=30) Control group (n=30)

endometrial cancer
diagnosis
Pre Post Follow Chi square Pre Post Follow Chi
test test up % test test test up% square
% % % % test
χ2 P
χ2 P
Early diagnosis is 3.3 100 86.7 70.91 00. 10 13.3 10 1.92 38.
possible in endometrial
cancers
Diagnosis of endometrial 10 93.3 80 50.59 00. 10 6.7 10 31. 86.
cancer through taking a
Swab from the cervix
Diagnosis of endometrial 13.3 96.7 83.3 52.47 00. 13.3 13.3 13.3 21. 90.
cancer through
Radiographs
Endometrial cancer 6.7 90 73.3 47.51 00. 6.7 13.3 13.3 90. 64.
may be cured in case
of early diagnosis
Treatment is possible 3.3 90 76.7 53.21 00. 3.3 10 3.3 1.69 43.
when endometrial
cancers are diagnosed
early
Does this disease lead to 6.7 100 100 81.29 00. 6.7 6.7 10 31. 86.
other cancers like breast
cancer?

Regarding knowledge about endometrial cancer diagnosis, table (23) showed that elderly women

knowledge level in the pretest ranged (3.3 % -13.3% ) while the percentage increased to range

between (90% - 100 %) and (73.3 % - 100 %) in the posttest and follow up respectively in the study

group ,with a highly statistical significant difference between the three phases of intervention (P= 0.00

), concerning the control group the level of knowledge ranged between ( 3.3 %- 13.3%), ( 6.7 %- 13.3

%) and ( 3.3 % - 13.3 %) in the pre, post and follow up test respectively, with no statistical significant

difference between the three phases of intervention .

Table (24): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding knowledge about
endometrial cancer prevention in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30 study and 30
control group).
Study group (n=30) Control group (n=30)
Elderly women Pre Post Follow Chi square Pre Post Follow Chi
knowledge regarding test% test up % Test test% test up % square
endometrial cancer % % test
prevention
χ2 P χ2 P
Birth control pills reduce 13.3 26.7 23.3 1.74 42. 13.3 13.3 20 68. 71.
the risk of endometrial
cancer
Gynecological 16.7 96.7 93.3 57.34 00. 16.7 30 20 1.67 43.
examination should be
taken when one has a
gynecological disorders
Exercising regularly 16.7 96.7 86.7 51.3 00. 16.7 23.3 16.7 58. 75.
does not prevent
endometrial cancer
It is required to reduce 10 96.7 83.3 56.27 00. 10 10 13.3 23. 89.
the stress and to use
techniques for handling
stress for being
preventing endometrial
cancer
 Avoiding diets including 10 90 83.3 49.75 00. 10 20 13.3 1.26 53.
excessive animal fat is
important for preventing
endometrial cancer
Do you have the intention 6.7 90 80 51.31 00. 6.7 0 10 6.21 05.
to take the vaccination that
protects you from
?endometrial cancer

Regarding knowledge about endometrial cancer prevention, table (24) showed that elderly women

knowledge level in the pretest ranged (6.7 % -16.7 % ) while the percentage increased to range

between (26.7 % - 96.7 %) and (23.3 % - 93.3%) in the posttest and follow up respectively in the

study group ,with a highly statistical significant difference between the three phases of intervention

(P= 0.00 ), concerning the control group the level of knowledge ranged between ( 6.7 %- 16.7 %), ( 0

%- 30 %) and ( 10 % - 20 %) in the pre, post and follow up test respectively, with no statistical

significant difference between the three phases of intervention .

Figure (6): frequency distribution of elderly women total level of knowledge in pretest,
posttest and follow up (N=30 control group and 30 study group)

%001
%001 %001

%00.001
%00.09
%00.08
%75
%00.07
%34 %00.06
tseterp %00.05
tsettsop %00.04
pu wollof %00.03
%0 %0 %0 %00.02
%0 %0 %0 %0 %00.01
%00.0
 Figure (6) indicates that all of the study participants had poor level of knowledge in the

pre, post and follow up test in the control group while, 100%, 0% and 0% had poor level of

knowledge in the pre, post and follow up test in the study group retrospectively compared to

0%, 100 % and 56.7 % that had good level of knowledge in pre, post and follow up test

retrospectively.

Figure (7): frequency distribution of elderly women total level of awareness in pretest,
posttest and follow up (N=30 control group and 30 study group)

level ssenrawA
%001
%001
%001 %001
%001 %08 %78
%09
%08
%07
%06
%05
%04 %02
%03 %31
%02 %0 %0 %0
%0 %0 %0
%01 %0 %0 %0 %0
%0
puorg yduts wol
etaredom hgih puorg lortnoc wol
etaredom hgih

tseterp tsettsop pu wollof

Figure (7) indicates that all of the study participants had poor level of awareness in the

pre, post and follow up test in the control group while, 100%, 0% and 0% had poor level of

awareness in the pre, post and follow up test in the study group retrospectively compared to

0%, 86.7 % and 20 % that had good level of awareness in pre, post and follow up test

retrospectively
 Part V: Elderly women’s pre, post and follow up QOL regarding endometrial cancer
prevention in the study and control group
Table (25): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding QOL in pretest, posttest and
follow up (N=30 study and 30 control group).
Study group Control group
s Pre test Post test Follow up Chi Pre test Post test Follow up
square
L M H L M H L M H χ2 p L M H L M H L M H
ate your 6.7 90 3.3 13.3 43.3 43.3 13.3 43.3 43.3 18.86 001. 6.7 90 3.3 6.7 83.3 10 6.7 86.7 6.7

you with 6.7 6.7 86.7 6.7 0 93.3 13.3 16.7 70 7.47 11. 6.7 6.7 86.7 6.7 6.7 86.7 3.3 6.7 90

o you feel 80 16.7 3.3 40 46.7 13.3 56.7 36.7 6.7 10.31 04. 80 16.7 3.3 76.7 20 3.3 76.7 16.7 6.7
prevents
what you

u need any 90 6.7 3.3 90 10 0 93.3 3.3 3.3 2.02 73. 90 6.7 3.3 90 6.7 3.3 86.7 10 3.3
t to function

ou enjoy life 13.3 76.7 10 3.3 46.7 50 3.3 56.7 40 13.13 01. 13.3 76.7 10 13.3 76.7 10 10 76.7 13.
o you feel 23.3 0 76.7 10 0 90 10 10 80 8.81 07. 23.3 0 76.7 20 6.7 73.3 23.3 3.3 73.
eaningful
able to 16.7 76.7 6.7 16.7 53.3 30 10 73.3 16.7 6.65 16. 16.7 76.7 6.7 16.7 73.3 10 13.3 76.7 10

Regarding elderly women QOL, table (25) showed that the percentage of elderly women who had

high QOL in the pretest ranged (3.3 % -86.7% ) while the percentage reached (0 % - 93.3 %) and (3.3

% - 80 %) in the posttest and follow up respectively in the study group ,with a statistical significant

difference between the three phases of intervention (P= 0.001 ), concerning the control group the

percentage ranged between ( 3.3 %- 86.7 %), ( 3.3%- 86.7 %) and ( 3.3 % - 90 %) in the pre, post and

follow up test respectively, with no statistical significant difference between the three phases of

intervention.
 Table (26): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding QOL and exposure to
specific events in the last two weeks in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30 study and 30
control group).
Study group Control group
s Pre test Post test Follow up Chi Pre test Post test Follow up
square
L M H L M H L M H χ2 p L M H L M H L M H
feel in your 10 83.3 6.7 10 56.7 33.3 13.3 63.3 23. 7.06 13. 10 83.3 6.7 6.7
86. 6.7 10 83.3 6.
3 7
our physical 23.3 73.3 3.3 10 56.7 33.3 13.3 63.3 23. 9.51 05. 23.3 73.3 3.3 23.3 70 6.7 20 76.7 3.
3
ugh energy 80 10 10 36.7 40 23.3 46.7 40 13. 13.53 01. 80 10 10 76.7 13. 10 80 10 1
e 3 3
accept your 16.7 73.3 10 6.7 56.7 36.7 13.3 66.7 20 6.82 15. 16.7 73.3 10 16.7 70 13.3 16.7 70 13
nce
h money to 20 23.3 56.7 10 26.7 63.3 20 26.7 53. 1.56 82. 20 23.3 56. 20 20 60 16.7 26.7 56
s 3 7
you is the 73.3 16.7 10 50 16.7 33.3 50 20 30 5.92 21. 73.3 16.7 10 70 20 20 70 16.7 13
you need in
y life
o you have 83.3 10 6.7 56.7 26.7 16.7 66.7 23.3 10 5.31 26. 83.3 10 6.7 76.7 16. 6.7 80 13.3 6.
or leisure 7
 Regarding elderly women QOL and exposure to specific events during the last two weeks, table (26)

showed that the percentage of elderly women who highly exposed to specific events in the last two

weeks in the pretest ranged (3.3 % -56.7% ) while the percentage reached (16.7 % - 63.3 %) and (10

% - 53.3 %) in the posttest and follow up respectively in the study group ,with a statistical significant

difference between the three phases of intervention (P= 0.05 ), concerning the control group the

percentage ranged between ( 3.3 %- 56.7 %), ( 6.7 %- 60 %) and ( 3.3 % - 56.7 %) in the pre, post and

follow up test respectively, with no statistical significant difference between the three phases of

intervention.

Table (27): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding QOL (satisfaction) in
pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30 study and 30 control group).

Items Study group

Pre test Post test Follow up Chi Pre tes
square
L M H L M H L M H χ2 P L M H
How well are you able to get around? 73. 10 16. 46. 6.7 46. 56. 6.7 36. 6.34 18. 73. 10 1
3 7 7 7 7 7 3
How well are you able to get around? 73. 10 16. 46. 6.7 46. 56. 6.7 36. 6.34 18. 73. 10 1
3 7 7 7 7 7 3
How satisfied are you with your sleep? 13. 73. 13. 16. 46. 36. 23. 50 26. 6.33 18. 13. 73. 1
3 3 3 7 7 7 3 7 3 3
How satisfied are you with your ability to perform your daily 76. 0 23. 50 0 50 53. 10 36. 11.02 03. 76. 0 2
living activities? 7 3 3 7 7
How satisfied are you with your capacity for work? 3.3 10 86. 6.7 6.7 86. 3.3 16. 80 2.01 74. 3.3 10 8
7 7 7
How satisfied are you with yourself? 73. 6.7 20 53. 6.7 40 63. 10 26. 3.39 50. 73. 6.7 2
3 3 3 7 3
How satisfied are you with your personal relationships? 0 10 0 0 80 20 6.7 76. 16. 10.75 03. 0 10
0 7 7 0

Regarding elderly women satisfaction, table (23) showed that the percentage of elderly women who

had high level of satisfaction in the pretest ranged (0 % -86.7% ) while the percentage reached (90% -

100 %) and (73.3 % - 100 %) in the posttest and follow up respectively in the study group ,with a

statistical significant difference between the three phases of intervention (P= 0.03 ), concerning the

control group the percentage ranged between ( 0 %- 86.7 %), ( 3.3%- 90 %) and ( 3.3 % - 86.7 %) in

the pre, post and follow up test respectively, with no statistical significant difference between the

three phases of intervention.

Table (28): Percentage distribution of the study participants regarding experiences and feelings in
the last two weeks in pretest, posttest and follow up (N=30 study and 30 control group).

Items Study group

Pre test Post test Follow up Chi Pre te
square
L M H L M H L M H χ2 P L M
How satisfied are you with your sex life? 80 0 20 53. 3.
43. 53. 10 36. 8.39 08. 80 0
3 3
3 3 7
How satisfied are you with the support you get from your friends? 10 6. 83. 6.7 3.
90 13. 10 76. 1.99 74. 10 6.
7 3 3 3 7 7
How satisfied are you with the conditions of your living place? 80 1 10 73. 6.
20 50 6.7 43. 9.66 05. 80 1
0 3 7 3 0
How satisfied are you with your access to health services? 16. 3. 80 20 3.
76. 13. 13. 73. 3.49 48. 16. 3.
7 3 3
7 3 3 3 7 3
How satisfied are you with your transport? 20 0 80 30 0
70 30 6.7 63. 5.34 256. 20 0
3
How often do you have negative feelings such as blue mood, 80 1 10 73. 6. 20 50 6.7 43. 9.66 05. 10 6.
despair, anxiety, depression? 0 3 7 3 7

Regarding elderly women experience and feelings in the last two weeks, table (28) showed that the

percentage of elderly women who experienced high level of feelings in the pretest ranged (10 %

-83.3% ) while the percentage reached (20 % - 90 %) and (36.7 % - 43.3 %) in the posttest and

follow up respectively in the study group ,with a statistical significant difference between the three

phases of intervention (P= 0.05 ), concerning the control group the percentage ranged between ( 10

%- 83.3 %), ( 13.3%- 83.3 %) and ( 13.3 % - 90 %) in the pre, post and follow up test respectively,

with no statistical significant difference between the three phases of intervention .

Figure (8): frequency distribution of elderly women total level of QOL in pretest, posttest
and follow up (N=30 control group and 30 study group)
 Elderly women QOL level
100% 100% 100%
100% 100%
90%
93% 93% 80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 7% 0% 0% 7% 0%
0% 0%

high Moderate low control high Moderate low

group

pretest posttest follow up

Figure (8) indicates that 6.7%, 93.3% and 0% had low level of QOL in the pre, post and

follow up test retrospectively and that 0 %, 100 % and 100 % had high level of QOL in the

control group while, 6.7%, 0% and 0% had low level of QOL in the pre, post and follow up

test in the study group retrospectively compared to 93.3%, 100 % and 100 % that had

moderate level of QOL in pre, post and follow up test retrospectively.

Part VI: Relations between different study variables

Table (29): difference between total Beliefs mean score across the program phases (pretest,
.)posttest and follow up) N=30 control group and 30 study group
 Total Beliefs mean score
Study group Control group
Mean ±SD Pre Post Follo Repeated Pre Post Follo Repeated
Test Test w up measures Test Test w up measures
ANOVA ANOVA
F P F P
Health 1.73 9.37± 7.40± 335.9 . 1.67 2.37 2.17± 2.12 0.12
Belief ± 1.03 1.22 5 00 ± ± 1.29 3 6
perceived 1.28 1.24 1.52
severity
Health 1.00 5.57± 5.23± 135.6 . 1.00 1.47 1.20± 1.39 0.25
Belief ± 1.36 1.19 2 00 ± ± 1.13 9 2
perceived 1.02 1.02 1.11
susceptibilit
y
Health 1.43 7.53± 6.80± 241.9 . 1.43 2.00 1.90± 2.43 0.09
Belief ± 1.04 1.45 8 00 ± ± 1.12 5 4
perceived 0.97 0.97 1.08
barriers
Health 0.37 4.53± 3.87± 437.2 . 0.37 0.77 0.57± 3.09 0.05
Belief ± 0.57 0.68 6 00 ± ± 0.50 8 0
perceived 0.49 0.49 0.82
benefits
Health 0.53 4.47± 4.17± 337.2 . 0.53 0.77 0.80± 1.26 0.28
belief cues ± 0.51 0.79 4 00 ± ± 0.71 3 8
to action 0.63 0.63 0.77
Total 5.07 31.47 27.47 865.1 . 5.00 7.37 6.63± 6.91 0.00
Health ± ± ± 00 ± ± 2.51 6 2
beliefs 2.21 2.78 2.91 2.21 2.81
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level

Table (29) illustrates that, a statistical significant difference was found between total belief

mean score of elderly women in the study group in the pre, post, follow up test (P= 0.00)

whereas a statistical significant difference was found between total knowledge mean score of

elderly women in the control group in the pre, post, follow up test (P= 0.002).

Table (30): difference between total practice mean score across the program phases (pretest,
posttest and follow up) (N=30 control group and 30 study group)
Total practice mean score
Study group Control group
Pre Post Follow Repeated Pre Post Follow Repeated
Test test up measures Test test up measures
ANOVA ANOVA
 F P F P

Mean 0.80± 37.43± 31.90± 2384.41 00. 0.80± 1.27± 1.00± 1.450 0.240
±SD 0.89 1.83 3.25 0.89 1.14 1.14
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level

Table (30) illustrates that, a statistical significant difference was found between total

practice mean score of elderly women in the study group in the pre, post, follow up test (P=

0.00) in addition to no statistical significant difference was found between total practice mean

score of elderly women in the control group in the pre, post, follow up test (P= 0.240)

Table (31): difference between total knowledge mean score across the program phases (pretest,
posttest and follow up) (N=30 control group and 30 study group)
Total knowledge mean score
Study group Control group
Pre Post Follow Repeated Pre Post Follow Repeated
test test up measures Test test up measures
ANOVA ANOVA
F P F P

Mean 2.60± 27.43± 24.50± 957.31 00. 2.60± 3.80± 3.80± 2.532 0.085
±SD 1.89 1.74 3.28 1.89 2.50 2.70

* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level

 Table (31) illustrates that, a statistical significant difference was found between total

knowledge mean score of elderly women in the study group in the pre, post, follow up test

(P= 0.00) in addition to no statistical significant difference was found between total

knowledge mean score of elderly women in the control group in the pre, post, follow up test

(P= 0.055)

Table (32): difference between total QOL mean score across the program phases (pretest, posttest
and follow up) (N=30 control group and 30 study group)
Total QOL mean score
Study group Control group

Mean
±SD
Pre Post Follow Repeated Pre Post Follow Repeated
test test up measures Test test up measures
ANOVA ANOVA
F P F P

48.53± 55.70± 52.90± 25.36 00. 48.53 49.33± 49.63± 1.409 0.250
 2.30 4.85 4.18 ± 2.68 2.86
2.30
The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level *

Table (32) illustrates that, a statistical significant difference was found between total QOL

mean score of elderly women in the study group in the pre, post, follow up test (P= 0.00)

while, no statistical significant difference was found between total QOL mean score of

elderly women in the control group in the pre, post, follow up test ( P= 0.250).

Table (33): difference between total mean scores of beliefs in the pre and posttest (N=30
control group and 30 study group)
Beliefs mean score
Pretest Posttest
Mean ±SD Study Control Independen Study Control Independen
Group group t Group group t
T test T test
T P T P

Health 1.73±1.2 1.67±1.2 20. 98. 9.4± 1 2.4±1.5 20.86 03.

Belief
perceived
severity
Health 1.00±1.0 1.00±1.0 00. 1.00 5.566±1.356 1.4±1.105 12.83 21.
Belief 2 2
perceived
susceptibilit
y
Health 1.43±0.9 1.43±0.9 00. 1.00 7.533±1.041 2.000±1.08 20.17 47.
Belief 7 7 2
perceived
barriers
Health 0.37±0.4 0.37±0.4 00. 1.00 4.533±.5713 .766±.817 20.69 14.
Belief 9 9
perceived
benefits
Health 0.53±0.6 0.53±0.6 00. 1.00 4.466±.5074 .766±.773 21.90 02.
belief cues 3 3
to action
Total 5.07±2.2 5.00±2.2 12. 99. 31.466±2.77 7.366±.2.80 33.42 64.
Health 1 1 5 9
beliefs
The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level *

Table (33) illustrate that, no statistical significant difference was found between

participants in the study and control group regarding total belief mean score in the pre and

posttest retrospectively (P=.99) and (P=.64)

Table (34): difference between total mean scores of practices in the pre and posttest (N=30
control group and 30 study group)
Practice Mean Score
Pretest Posttest

Mean ±SD
Study Control Independen Study Control Independent
Group group t Group group T test
T test
T P T P

0.80± 0.80± 00. 1.00 37.433 ± 1.266± 91.73 002.

0.89 0.89 1.832 1.142
The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level *

Table (34) illustrate that, no statistical significant difference was found between

participants in the study and control group regarding total practice mean score in the pretest

(P=1.00) and that a highly statistical significant difference was found between participants in

the study and control group regarding total knowledge mean score in the posttest (P=.002)

Table (35): difference between total mean scores of knowledge in the pre and posttest
(N=30 control group and 30 study group)
Knowledge mean score
Pretest Posttest
Study Control Independent Control Independen
Group group T t test Study group t
Group T test
Mean ±SD
T P T P

4.47± 4.47± 00. 1.00 27.4333± 3.8000± 42.57 02.

1.80 1.80 1.73570 2.49689

The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level *

 Table (35) illustrate that, no statistical significant difference was found between

participants in the study and control group regarding total knowledge mean score in the

pretest (P=1.00) and that a highly statistical significant difference was found between

participants in the study and control group regarding total knowledge mean score in the

posttest (P=.02)

Table (36): difference between total mean scores of QOL in the pre and posttest (N=30
control group and 30 study group)
*
QOL mean score T
e Pretest Posttest h
Study Control Independent Study Control Independent m
Group group T test Group group T test e
n T P T P a
d
Mean ±SD 49.17 ± 49.17 00. 1.00 55.700 49.333± 6.29 002.
if
± 2.87 ± 2.68242
f
2.87 4.850
e
rence is significant at the 0.05 level
 Table (36) illustrate that, no statistical significant difference was found between

participants in the study and control group regarding total QOL mean score in the pretest

(P=1.00) and that a statistical significant difference was found between participants in the

study and control group regarding total QOL mean score in the posttest (P=.002)

Table (37): The relation between sociodemographic characteristics of elderly women and
.pre, post and follow up test total awareness scores. (N=30 study and 30 control group)
Total awareness score
Control group Study group
Pretest Posttest Follow up Pretest Posttest Follow up
f/t p f/t p f/t P f/t P f/t P f/t P
Age group 2.00 . .430 . .735 . 1.69 032. . . 269. 024.

6 168 014 011 0 189 012

Marital 1.07 . 1.20 . 1.76 . 1.50 240. . . 985. 386.

status 6 355 1 317 2 191 4 808 456

Education .249 . .558 . .408 . 118. . . . 1.07 .

al level 861 005 003 0013 529 002 4 0032

Table (37) show that, there was a statistical significant relation between participants age

and total awareness score in the control group (P=0.014) and (P=0.011) in the post test and
follow up retrospectively compared to (0.032), (0.012) and ( 0.024) in the pre, post and

follow up test retrospectively in the study group. Concerning educational level , there was a

statistical significant relation between participants educational level and total awareness

score in the control group (P=0.005) and (P=0.003) in the post test and follow up

retrospectively compared to (0.0013), (0.002) and ( 0.0032) in the pre, post and follow up test

retrospectively in the study group.

Table (38): The relation between sociodemographic characteristics of elderly women and
pre, post and follow up test total awareness scores cont., (N=30 study and 30 control
.group)

Total awareness score

Control group Study group
Pretest Posttest Follow up Pretest Posttest Follow up
f/t P f/t p f/t P f/t P f/t P f/t P
Medical 2.46 1.20 1.58 910. . 550. . 989. 479.
.045 .346 .187
history 2 4 4 535 821
Bleeding . 135. . 255. . 974. 055.
.054 .014 .288 .042 .009
severity 0043 004 045
 Table (38) show that, there was a statistical significant relation between participants

medical history and total awareness score in the control group (P= 0.045) in the pretest with no

statistical significance in the study .Concerning bleeding severity , there was a statistical

significant relation between participants bleeding severity and total awareness score in the

control group (P=0.014), (0.042) and (0.0043) in the pre, post and follow up test

retrospectively compared to (0.004), (0.045) and ( 0.055) in the pre, post and follow up test

retrospectively in the study group.

Table (39): The relation between sociodemographic characteristics of elderly women and pre, post
.and follow up test total QOL scores (N=30 study and 30 control group)

Total QOL score

Control group Study group
Pretest Posttest Follow up Pretest Posttest Follow up
f/t P f/t P f/t P f/t P f/t P f/t P
Age group .260 .05 .022 .01 1.13 .004 . . 1.65 . 1.67 .

26 001 8 01 1 041

0 3
Marital status .393 .67 .672 .51 .468 .631 33. 71. 439. 64. 456. 63.
Educational 1.55 .005 1.795 .004 .900 .004 1.4 . 1.96 . 1.17 05.

level 001 8 00
 1

Table (39) show that, there was a statistical significant relation between participants age

and total QOL score in the control group (P=0.055) ,(0.012) and (0.004) in the pre, post and

follow up test retrospectively compared to (0.001), (0.013) and ( 0.041) in the pre, post and

follow up test retrospectively in the study group. In relation to educational level , there was a

statistical significant relation between participants educational level and total QOL score in

the control group (P=0.005) , (P=0.0042) and (0.004) in the pre, post and follow up test

retrospectively compared to (0.001), (0.001) and ( 0.053) in the pre, post and follow up test

retrospectively in the study group.

Table (40): The Relation Between Sociodemographic Characteristics Of Elderly Women And
Pre, Post And Follow Up Test Total QOL Scores Cont., (N=30 Study And 30 Control
.Group)

Total QOL score

Control group Study group
Pretest Posttest Follow up Pretest Posttest Follow up
f/t P f/t P f/t P f/t P f/t P f/t P
Medical 3.665 .007 2.914 .022 2.354 .053 3.909 005. 1.212 341. 832. 595.

history
Bleeding .230 .001 .785 .022 .613 .043 113. 021. 796. 031. 855. 021.

severity

Table (40) show that, there was a statistical significant relation between participants

medical history and total QOL score in the control group (P=0.007), (0.022) and (0.053) in
the pre, post and follow up compared to (0.005) in the pretest in the study group. Concerning

bleeding severity , there was a statistical significant relation between participants bleeding

severity and total QOL score in the control group (P=0.001), (0.022) and (0.043) in the pre,

post and follow up test retrospectively compared to (0.021), (0.031) and ( 0.021) in the pre,

post and follow up test retrospectively in the study group.