COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

Lahore Campus: Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore

UAN: +92-42-111-001-007
Department of Chemical
Engineering

Project Report Guidelines Handbook

Chemical Engineering Plant Design

For

Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering

Department of Chemical Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad

1
 CHAPTER 1

The contents of this manual to a documented report of the process followed and the
results of final year design project conducted by a student in fulfilment of the
requirements for an undergraduate degree in Chemical Engineering. The project
should be presented in a manner that will reflect credit on the student, the faculty,
and the University.

1. Organization of Project Report

A final year project design report is made up of three main parts namely preliminary
pages, main text and references. These are arranged as in Table 1.

Table 1. Arrangement of parts in a project report

Sr. # Section Status Page #
1. Title Page Compulsory 4
2. Statement for award of Compulsory 5
project
3. Statement by Supervisor Compulsory 6
4. Declaration by Student Compulsory 7
5. Declaration by Supervisor Compulsory 8
6. Dedication Optional 9
7. Acknowledgements Optional 10
8. Abstract Compulsory 11
9. Table of Contents Compulsory 12
10. List of Figures Compulsory 13
(If any)
11. List of Tables Compulsory 14
(If any)
12. List of Abbreviations Compulsory 15
(If any)
13. List of Appendices Compulsory 16
(If any)

14. Text Compulsory 18

15. References Compulsory 21
16. Appendices Optional

2
 CHAPTER 2
General Guidelines for the Project Report

Please read the guidelines carefully to avoid wastage of time and other resources involved
in the revision of the project report.

- The project report should be printed on a good quality (minimum 80 grams white)
paper of A4 size.
- The Top, Bottom and Right margins should be 1”, while the Left (binding side)
margin should be 1.5” to allow binding.
- Times New Roman script should be used to write a project report.
- The font size in the main body of the report should be 12-point. Footnotes should
be 10-point.
- Items where different font size is required are mentioned separately in the samples
available in this manual.
- Line spacing in main body of text should be 1.5.
- Introductory pages should be numbered in lower case Roman numerals (i, ii, iii …).
The title page is counted as page “I” but the page number is not printed on it.
- For the body of the thesis including text, chapter title pages, section dividing pages,
illustrations, appendices, and references, use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3 …). The
numbering begins with one (1) and runs consecutively to the final page or end of
the report. Do not use suffixes to the Arabic numerals such as 12a.
- All page numbers of the report are placed in the center at the bottom of the page.
All page numbers must be Times New Roman with font size of 12.
- Use ‘Chicago’ style for references.
- The project report must be presented in English.
- The submitted copy shall be duly signed by all the concerned.

3
 Project Title (Font 21, Regular)

By (14, Italic)
Student 1 Name (Font 17), (Registration Number) (Font 17)
Student 2 Name (Font 17), (Registration Number) (Font 17)
Student 3 Name (Font 17), (Registration Number) (Font 17)
Student 4 Name (Font 17), (Registration Number) (Font 17)
Student 5 Name (Font 17), (Registration Number) (Font 17)

COMSATS University Islamabad (Font 20)

Lahore Campus – Pakistan (Font 20)

Semester in which project submitted, Year (Font 18)

4
 COMSATS University Islamabad (Font 16)

Project Title (Font 20)

A Chemical Engineering Plant Design Project Report Presented to (Font 14)

COMSATS University Islamabad (Font 16)

In partial fulfillment (Font 14)

of the requirement for the degree of (Font 14)

Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering

(Font 21)
By (Font 12)

Semester in Which Project Completed, Year (Font 18)

5
 Project Title (Font 16, Bold)

A Chemical Engineering Plant Design Project Report submitted to the Department of

Chemical Engineering as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor
of Science in Chemical Engineering (Font 12).

Name of Students (Font 12) Registration Number (Font 12)

Supervisor (Font 14)

Name and Affiliation (Font 14)

Co-Supervisor (Font 14)

Name and Affiliation (Font 12)

6
 Author’s Declaration (Font 16)

We hereby state that our Chemical Engineering Plant Design Report titled “Report Title”
is our own work and whatever is cited in the references. This report has not been submitted
previously by us for taking any degree from this University i.e. COMSATS University
Islamabad or anywhere else. (Font 12)

Signature: ………………......... Signature: ……………….........

Name: Name:

Date: Date:

Signature: ……………......... Signature: ……………….........

Name: Name:

Date: Date:

Signature: ……………….........

Name:

Date:

7
 Supervisor’s Declaration (Font 16)

I/We hereby declare that I/We* have read this thesis and in my/our* opinion, this thesis is
sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of degree of Bachelor of Chemical
Engineering (Font 12)

Signature : ……………………………….

Name of Supervisor : ……………………………….

Date : ……………………………….

Signature : ……………………………….

Name of Co-Supervisor : ……………………………….

Date : ……………………………….

8
DEDICATION (18, Bold)

Text (Font 14, Regular)

ix
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (14, Bold)
Text (Font 12, Regular)

x
 ABSTRACT (16, Bold)

Title (16, Regular)

Text (Font 12, Regular)

xi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................. 1
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1. General Introduction ................................................................................ 3
1.2. Transport mechanism .............................................................................. 5
1.2.1 Inorganic Processes ................................................................. 7
1.2.2 Dense materials ....................................................................... 9
1.3 Gas separation materials ........................................................................ 11
1.4 Possible strategies to overcome the challenges ..................................... 15
1.4.1 Mixed Materials .................................................................... 18
1.5 Project outline ........................................................................................ 23
Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................... 30
Tuning the Gas Separation Performance ........................................................... 30
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 39
2.2 Experimental .......................................................................................... 45
2.2.1 Materials ................................................................................ 78
2.2.2 Polymer Synthesis ............................................................... 101
2.3 Characterization techniques ................................................................. 113
2.4 Results and Discussion ........................................................................ 118
2.4.1 Materials morphology ......................................................... 130
Chapter 6 ............................................................................................................. 149
Conclusions and Future perspectives ............................................................... 149
6.1 General conclusions ............................................................................. 151
6.2 Future work .......................................................................................... 156
Chapter 7 ............................................................................................................. 165
References ........................................................................................................... 165

xii
 LIST OF FIGURES (Font 14, Bold)

Figure 1.1: Different modes of transport of materials .................................................... xix

xiii
 LIST OF TABLES (Font 14, Bold)

Table 1.1:Different CO2 mixtures with other gases and their sources ...............................87

xiv
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (Font 14, Bold)

CO2 Carbon dioxide

GHG Greenhouse gas
H2 Hydrogen
N2 Nitrogen

xv
 LIST OF APPENDICES (Font 14, Bold)

Appendix A: Literature survey …………………………………………………….. 85

xvi
Chapter 1 (Font 17, Bold)
Introduction
 1.1. General Introduction (Font 14, Bold)

According to the scientific assessment of climate change in every decade,

presented in the report Climate Change 2001 (J. K. Aziz 2018), the major changes
observed in the earth’s atmosphere are: increase in the temperature of earth, average
sea level, heat content of ocean and decrease of ice content and snow cover on earth
(X. Li 2017). Carbon dioxide is emitted from these sources in the form of various
mixtures based applications are presented in the Table 1.1
Table 1.1 :Different CO2 mixtures with other gases and their sources

Binary gas pair Source Application

CO2/H2 Synthesis gas Coal/Biomass gasification

CO2/CH4 Natural gas Natural Gas processing

CO2/N2 Treated flue gas Combustion/Gasification

1.1.1. Molecular diffusion (Font 13, Bold)

Pore size in molecular diffusion is greater than the mean free path of the gas
molecules. Molecule–molecule collisions and composition gradient are responsible for
diffusion. Poiseuille flow or viscous flow takes place due to pressure gradient. In
molecular sieving the pore diameters of membranes should be in between of the gas
molecules to be separated. The pore size usually less than about 0.5 nm which may
result in high separation factors i.e. ˃10. Such a high separation is attributed to the
comparable pore sizes of membrane towards the gas molecules and only the small
particles in size move through the channels. Further, the pore distribution plays the
key role for the permeation of gas molecules which may result in more than one
transport mechanisms that certainly affect gas permeability.
1.2. Knudsen diffusion
If the gas molecules have small pore size with respect to mean free path then
the mode of transportation of gas molecules would be the Knudsen diffusion.
Molecules frequently strike with pore wall instead of molecules. Efficiency of this
Figure 1.1: Different modes of transport of materials in membranes

xix
Chapter 6
References
 REFERENCES (FONT 16, BOLD)
J. K. Aziz, B. Bruggen, K. L. Klugger. 2018. "PRODUCTION OF 1500 TONS/DAY
OF SODA ASH BY AMMONIA SOLVAY PROCESS." Journal of
American Chemical Society 118-130.

X. Li, Y. Park. 2017. "PRODUCTION OF 1500 TONS/DAY OF Caustic Soda."

Chemical Engineering Journal 111-119.