Acta Geodyn. Geomater., Vol. 9, No.

2 (166), 179–189, 2012

APPLICATION OF SELF POTENTIAL METHOD IN THE AREA

CONTAMINATED WITH OIL DERIVATIVES

Bogdan ŻOGAŁA 1)*, Maciej J. MENDECKI 1),

Wacław M. ZUBEREK 1) and Małgorzata ROBAK 2)
1)
University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Bedzinska Str. 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland,
Phone number: +48 323689438, Fax: +48 322915865
2)
Wrocław University Of Environmental And Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Food
Microbiology, C.K. Norwida Str. 25/27, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland, Phone No./Fax +48 713205462
*Corresponding author‘s e-mail: bogdan.zogala@us.edu.pl

(Received January 2012, accepted April 2012)

ABSTRACT
Oil derivatives contamination of soils effects in changes of many physical properties of soil such as: electrical resistivity,
conductivity and self potential (SP) as well. Thus the measurable anomalies of these properties are possible to detect with
geoelectrical measurements.
SP geoelectrical measurements were carried out in the area of controlled oil spill. The oil was spilled into vadose zone of dry
sands. The first underground water level was observed at the depth of 10 m. The measurements were carried out along 20 m
long profile situated above 3 m long contaminated zone. The part of contaminated zone (1.5 m) had been subjected to
bioremediation process with yeasts Yarrowia lipolytica since 4 months. In the border of contaminated zone and biodegradated
one chemical gradient was developed and significant increase of self potentials values can be observed.
The measurements were carried out with potential gradient method. Lund Imaging System equipment and non-polarizable
electrodes (Cu/CuSO4) were applied.
Above contaminated and biodegraded zone distinct SP anomaly (10-20 mV) was measured. The anomaly correlates with
results of EM, resistivity imaging and induced polarization investigations.

KEYWORDS: self potential (SP), resistively imaging, electromagnetic survey, oil contamination, bioremediation

INTRODUCTION Riser-Roberts, 1998; Mareš et al., 2000; Sauck, 2000;

In all cases when changes in our environment are
hazardous and are due to human activity we are forced
to undertake the affective remediation to reduce its
degradation. The effectiveness of applied action
depends on how rapid is our detection of polluted
areas and on how quick we can identify the source of
pollution. In case of the shallow subsurface soil
contamination with non-aqueous phase liquids
(NAPL) we can use the geophysical methods in most
cases they allow for quick and inexpensive evaluation
of contamination level and the range of the
environment degradation. The geoelectrical methods
seem for these aims excellent and are noninvasive
what is also important.
Contaminations with oil derivatives products
generate, in various way, corresponding changes of
physical rock properties e.g.: electrical resistivity,
electromagnetic conductivity, self and induced
potentials. The level of changes depends in large
degree on the concentration of contaminants. A lot of
papers present the results of the detection and of
monitoring of polluted areas with resistivity and
electromagnetic methods (Mazáč et al., 1990; Monier-
Williams, 1995; McNeill, 1997; Sauck et al., 1998;
Cassidy et al., 2001; Marcak, 2001; Buselli and Lu,
2001; Atekwana et al., 2002; Shevnin et al. 2003;
Werkema et al., 2003; Atekwana et al., 2004; Żogała
et al., 2005; Che-Alota et al., 2009; Żogała et al.,
2009a; Żogała et al., 2009b; Gołębiowski et al., 2010).
A few papers only indicate on the effective
application for this purpose the self potential methods
also (Atekwana and Atekwana, 2010).
The aim of this paper is to present the obtained
results of the application of self potential method for
the observation of the process of bioremediation with
Yarrovia lipolityca yeasts of polluted area with oil
derivatives. The results of observed self potential
above the contaminated plume have been compared
with other results obtained with resistivity imaging
and electromagnetic methods.
GEOLOGY
The studied area is located in the former fuel
base in Borne Sulinowo. The town together with the
fuel base is situated at the Pile Lake belonging to the
Szczecinek lake district (NW Poland) (Fig. 1).
Geologically the area is belonging to the Kujawsko-
Pomorski rift. The Cenozoic sediments are deposited
180 B. Żogala et al.
Fig. 1 Localization of study area.
Fig. 2 Plan of survey area.
on the consolidated Mesozoic basement being a part
of Middle Polish Anticlinorium. The Cenozoic cover
consists of mudstones and Oligocene sandstones,
clays, sands and Miocene mud approaching the
thickness up to 160 m, the Pleistocene and Holocene
sediments with changing thickness from 60 m to
200 m. Pleistocene sediments deposited in this area
are of glacial (mainly boulder clays), fluvioglacial
(sands and gravels) and limnoglacial origin (sands and
mud). The youngest sediments were formed by rivers,
lakes and biosphere activity (Żogała et al., 2008).
The experimental profile MM’ of 40m length has
been marked directky above the evidenced
contaminated with oil derivatives plume (Fig. 2)
(Żogała et al.. 2009a; Żogała et al.. 2009b).
Along this profile 9 shallow boreholes have been
drilled to the depth 5.1 m each. On that basis the
detailed geological section has been obtained (Fig. 3).
To the recognized depth the sediments consist of sand
with varied granulation and one gravel insert. The
sands are very dry and that the first unconfined water
level has been observed at the depth about 8 m. On the
lithological profile (Fig. 3) with continuous red line
the contaminated with hydrocarbon derivatives
(NAPL) zone in 2007 has been marked and with red
dashed lines the polluted plumes observed with
resistivity imaging in spring 2008 and autumn 2008
respectively (after bioremediation) (Żogała et al.,
2009a; Żogała et al., 2009b).
THE COURSE OF RESEARCH
It was assumed that during research the method
of detailed evidence of the polluted hydrocarbon
derivatives has been developed with the aim of
geoelectrical methods connected with geochemical
tests. For this purpose, in autumn 2007 in controlled
way the small selected area (3 m x 1 m) along the
MM’ profile has been polluted (Fig. 2) The
 APPLICATION OF SELF POTENTIAL METHOD IN THE AREA ….
Fig. 3 Lithological profile (Żogała et al., 2009c).
electromagnetic (EM) and resistivity imaging
measurements together with laboratory geochemical
measurements of the hydrocarbon content in soil
samples before and after the application of
hydrocarbons into the soil have been carried out. The
results of significant anomaly of measured electric soil
parameters – connected with pollution – increase of
resistivity and decrease of apparent conductivity of
soil. The same has been also confirmed by laboratory
test.
Half year later at spring 2008 the next EM and
resistivity imaging measurements has been carried out
to observe the pollution migration. Afterward, above
the half of the polluted area between 17.0 m and
18.5 m of the MM’ profile has been exposed to the
biological mat containing Yarrowia lipolityca yeasts
submerged in sodium alginate and the process of
bioremediation has been started.
The immobilization of yeast cells involved
adding of 2000 ml of 2.5 % sodium alginate to
500 ml of concentrated biomass (15 x 1011 cells) and
dropping the resulting solution by a multi-needle jet
into 0.2 M solution of calcium chloride. Finally, 2.5 l
of beat where received and the number of cells in
1 ml of beads was 1.7 x 109 (Kowalczyk et al., 2009;
Robak et al., 2011).
181
The following measurements – for the moni-
toring of polluted plume and the bioremediation
process – have been carried on at autumn of 2008. The
EM, Resistivity Imaging and Gradient Self Potential
methods have been applied. The EM and Resistivity
Imaging measurements have been realized along
the 40 m MM’ profile. The experimental SP
measurements were realized on shorter 20 m long
YY’ profile (Fig. 2) using non–polarizable electrodes
Cu/CuSO4 recommended for such measurements.
They are reducing electrical coupling occurring on the
electrode – soil contact.
THE BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SELF
POTENTIAL MECHANISM
The electrical Self Potential (SP) method can be
applied in those areas where the premises of the
polarized geological bodies exist and the geology of
subsurface strata and depth of their occurrence is
appropriate for the SP survey. The penetration depth
of the method is determined by the size of the
polarized body and the size of the potential drop on its
surface. Polarized geological bodies are the result of
natural ability of same rocks either geological,
geochemical or biological processes to create
electrical sources in geological medium. The
182 B. Żogala et al.
Fig. 4 Non-polarizable electrodes.
Fig. 5 The measurements the SP gradient method.
geological bodies are polarized when certain minerals
are occurring or fluids are saturating the pore space
generating good electrical conductivity. Ore-bearing
minerals existing on the boundary between saturated
and vadose zone are suspect to corresponding red-ox
processes. As a result two in opposition polarized
zones are emerging in the ore-body and the electrical
current is generated in the geological medium
(Dzwinel, 1972).
In case of electrolyte occurring in the pore space
the mechanism of SP generation is related with flow,
diffusion and concentration of ions. As a result the
measured self potential is a sum of streaming potential
occurring on the boundary mineral – fluid, diffusion
potential and connected gradient of ion concentration
and mineralization potential (arising from ion
content), thermoelectric potential (resulting from
thermal gradient) and bioelectric potential (presence
of plant roots). In addition, the activity of
microorganisms generates significant variations in soil
and groundwater chemistry changing the level of red-
ox reactions. However, the microorganism activity
and its influence on the SP value is not fully
recognized. The yeasts introduced into the polluted
soil have changed the value of streaming potential
influencing on electrical properties of the interface
boundary fluid – mineral. In described case the fluid
was NAPL which due the yeasts activity has been
decomposed into the organic acids and water. The
microorganism cells attached to the mineral grain are
behaving as a colloid particles causing the increase of
effective surface (the surface charge density is
increasing) in this way increasing the polarization
effect (Atekwana and Atekwana, 2010).
 APPLICATION OF SELF POTENTIAL METHOD IN THE AREA …. 183

Fig. 6 Selected parts of SP curves in different acquisition time windows.

membrane (Fig. 4). Such system is reducing the

SELF POTENTIAL SURVEY
The SP measurements are realized determining
the potential drop between two electrodes (P1 and P2)
installed in the soil. In this case the non-polarizable
electrodes are recommended. In described work the
Cu/CuSO4 electrodes have been used – it means that
the Cu rod was submerged in CuSO4 solution which
was in contact with the soil through semi-permeable
undesirable polarization of electrodes observed in case
of steel electrodes pushed in the soil.
In the measurements the SP gradient method has
been applied. The scheme of the measurement set is
presented in Figure 5.
Surveys were carried out along the YY’ profile
(Fig. 2) in two series with acquisition time 5 s and 8 s.
The signal was always sampled with 0.1 s step and the
184 B. Żogala et al.

Table 1 Interpretation results of SP curves for contact polluted zone – bioremediation zone.

Electrode spacimg P1P2 = 2m P1P2 = 3m P1P2 = 4m

Median Quartile deviation
Acquisition time 5s 8s 5s 8s 5s 8s
Vmin/Vmax 0.90 1.06 1.16 1.85 1.51 1.35 1.26 0.19
α 0 0 5 10 8 6.5 5.8 3.2
z [m] 2.12 2.12 2.11 2.09 2.10 2.81 2.12 0.01

Table 2 Interpretation results of SP curves for contact bioremediation zone – clean zone.

Electrode spacing P1P2 = 2m P1P2 = 3m P1P2 = 4m

Median Quartile deviation
Acquisition time 5s 8s 5s 8s 5s 8s
Vmin/Vmax 0.79 0.62 0.74 1.04 0.55 0.68 0.71 0.07
α -2 -3 -2 0 -5 -3 -2.5 0.5
z [m] 2.12 2.08 1.41 1.41 0.70 0.71 1.41 0.52

mean value was recorded. In each measurement series d

3 measurement cycles has been realized automatically
with electrode spacing 2 m, 3 m and 4 m shifting the
electrodes with 1 m step.
INTERPRETATION AND RESULTS
Introductory interpretation was based on the
visual inspection of the course of SP values along the
profile. One is looking for extreme value which may
be related with the existence of disturbing structures
(bodies) in geological medium. Steep slopes of SP
gradient curves may indicate on the high resistivity
contrast in the medium. Assuming the disturbing body
as a spherical, one may estimate the polarization angle
value of this sphere and the depth of its center which
is localized in the middle of the distance between the
potential extreme values (Vmin and Vmax). For the
potential curve passing above the epicenter of the
disturbing body there exist the relation between the
potential ratio Vmin/Vmax and the polarization angle α
(Zaborovskij, 1963; Dzwinel, 1972):
Vmin
= f (α ) ,
Vmax
Polarization angle is the angle between the
horizontal axis and polarization axis of the spherical
anomaly. Knowing the polarization angel one may
estimate the depth of center of the spherical body from
the relation (Dzwinel, 1972):
z= ,
3
tan 2 α + 8/ 9
2
where d is distance in [m] between the extreme
potential values (min. and max.) observed in the self
potential curve.
The obtained results are presented as curves of
SP potential versus the profile length (Fig. 6)
Next the ratio Vmin/Vmax for each electrode
spacing and each acquisition time has been calculated
for contacts:
• polluted zone – bioremediation zone
• bioremediation zone – clean zone.
For first contact the calculated ratio values are in
the range from 0.9 to 1.85 what correspond to the
polarization angle from 0o to 10o (Table 1) and for the
second contact in the range 0.62 to 1.04 what
correspond to the polarization angle from – 5o to 0o
(Table 2). For both contacts the depth of the centers of
disturbing spheres were also estimated (Table 1 and
Table 2).
The results of SP measurements allow to locate
the anomaly source along the survey line, to determine
its probable nature (distribution of potential signs and
polarization angle of the sphere) and to estimate the
occurrence depth of the anomaly center. Each of
separated anomalies is related to the contact zone
which appears in the area of theoretical sphere. For
separated zone diameter of theoretical sphere has been
calculated which informs on the size of contact zone.
 APPLICATION OF SELF POTENTIAL METHOD IN THE AREA …. 185

Fig. 7 Results of modeling of contact spheres for electrode spacing P1P2 = 3 m and
acquisition time 5 s.

The diameter of the sphere was estimated from
(Zaborovskij, 1963):
3 (19.5 m of MM’ profile). The diameter was 2.3 m and
⎡ 9⎛ 2 d ⎞ ⎤2 2
2
Vmin ⎢1 + ⎜ tan α − ⎟ ⎥ 4z
ρ oil ⎢ 16 ⎝ 3 z ⎠ ⎦⎥
2
2r V0 = ⎣
2 ρbio + ρoil d
sin α + 2 cos α
z spring 2008 (8 month after pollution) and in Figure 8c
where V0 – potential drop between contacting zones,
ρoil – resistivity of the polluted zone read off from
resistivity imaging inversion model, ρbio – resistivity
of bioremediation zone read off from resistivity
imaging, Vmin – SP potential minimum value, α –
polarization angle, z – depth of the anomaly center
and d – distance between SP extreme values in
contact. For the first zone the contact sphere radius is
estimated as 1.15 m and for the second is 1.02 m
respectively. An example of calculations for
acquisitions time 5 s and electrode spacing P1P2 = 3 m
is presented in Figure 7.
DISCUSSION
The interpretation of SP curves allowed for
quantitative description of the area polluted by oil
derivatives. Results of the interpretation have
indicated of the depth of the center of the contacts
polluted – bioremediated and bioremediated – clean
areas and their diameter. Depth to the center of the
first zone was approximately 2.1 m below surface
(16.2 m of MM’ profile) and the second zone 1.4
2.04 m respectively.
Figure 8a presents the results of resistivity
imaging of the soil from the autumn 2007 (before the
controlled pollution). Figure 8b shows result from
the results are presented from autumn 2008 (4 month
after the initiation of the bioremediation process). The
analysis of resistivity cross-section from the last
period of measurements (Fig. 8c) confirm the results
obtained by SP measurements. The modeled sphere
(s1 and s2) can also be observed on the resistivity
inversion model. One can notice the contact zones of
the bioremediated, polluted and clean soil.
Similar correlation exists with the changes of
soil apparent conductivity presented in Figure 9.
Horizontal extents of contact zones are well correlate
with observed soil apparent conductivity (sphere
diameters are marked by horizontal lines s1 and s2).
The contact zone between polluted and remediated
areas exist in the center of the low apparent
conductivity anomaly (Fig. 9) while the contact zone
between bioremediated – clean soil is observed in that
part of apparent conductivity profile where the
specific increase of soil conductivity occurs. At the
same time the soil conductivity value for the second
186 B. Żogala et al.

Fig. 9 Variations of apparent conductivity along the MM’ survey line.

contact zone is still relatively lower than in the
surrounding area.
Results of SP measurements indicate that the
anomaly size depends on concentration changes of
hydrocarbons in the soil. In polluted zone their
concentration is larger than in other edges and due to
this the bioremediation intensity is larger in the central
part of the polluted zone – first zone. The modeled
first zone is bigger and its center is related with
bioremediation occurring at the depth above 2 m
below surface. Probably to that depth at the time of
measurements (autumn 2008) the activity of
microorganisms has been occurred.
The second zone is located in the outer edge of
the pollution, the concentration of hydrocarbons was
lower there, therefore, the activity of yeasts also. This
results are in lower SP anomaly. The comparison of
SP curves (Fig. 6) with results of resistivity imaging
(Fig. 8c) and changes of apparent conductivity (Fig. 9)
for the autumn 2008 indicate that SP profiling can be
effectively applied to mapping the polluted areas and
to monitor their bioremediation with location of their
contact zones.
It should be pointed that measurements have
been carried out in relatively unique environmental
conditions. They are specified by large resistivity and
conductivity contrast in dry geological sediments with
large concentration gradients of the hydrocarbon
components in the pore space.
CONCLUSIONS
The SP method has proved to be a good method
to identify the size and depth of occurrence of
contamination and the bioremediation zone.
 APPLICATION OF SELF POTENTIAL METHOD IN THE AREA …. 187

Resistivity Imaging, EM and SP methods documented Mazáč, O., Beneš, L., Landa, I. and Maškova, A.: 1990,
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soils in the vadose zone. areas: case history from the cretaceous of Bohemia.
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Fig. 8 Resistivity cross-sections:

a) before NAPL contamination (autumn 2007),
b) after NAPL contamination (spring 2008),
c) after 1 year NAPL contamination (autumn 2008) (Żogała, in press)