Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY MARTIN C. F. MORTIMER
A review of English glass chandeliers might well start at Hampton Court. There are
two reasons for this. Amongst the meagre survivals of the grand furnishings which
it received when Dutch William commissioned Wren to extend it so magnificently
are three chandeliers. All have frames of silver-plated brass embellished, not to say
encrusted, with drops of rock crystal. The celebrated fitting in the Queen’s Bed
chamber with its frame of pairs of cast lions and unicorns was firmly attributed
many years ago to Benjamin Goodison, and made in 1736. That which hangs in the
Queen’s Audience Chamber is in relatively good state and resembles continental
parallels in its use of continuous strings of spherical crystals which follow the curves
of the arms and frame. The chandelier in the King’s Audience Chamber continues
to pose problems. The much-travelled Celia Fiennes noted a ‘crystal branch’,
possibly in this room, in about 1697, but the present fitting does not give any sort
of appearance of being of this date. It is heavily encrusted with diagonally intersec
ting rows of beads, many of which are cut. At the intersections are rosettes of
radially-arranged pear-shaped crystals. The frame includes arms for 12 candles but
of aimless profile, entirely lacking the vigour of Restoration design. Although these
chandeliers represent an exceedingly small and rare group, it remains that very little
is known about them. Present feeling is that they owe more to the Continent,
perhaps more specifically even to Scandinavia, than to this country, or may have
been assembled here from imported crystals. The chandelier from the King’s Au
dience Chamber which was severely damaged in the recent fire, has perhaps been
totally re-built, possibly twice.
The second reason for choosing Hampton Court as a point of departure in the
story of chandeliers is that it is the home of a considerable series of bevelled looking-
glasses. Many of these were fitted in the wainscot over chimney pieces and, together
with surviving window panes, had bevelled borders and date from the fitting up of
Wren’s extensions in the early 1690s. Subsequent furnishings provided a series of
elaborate pier glasses, some with bevelled borders of complicated section. The con
temporary term for work of this sort was ‘diamonding’ or ‘diamond cutting’. It was
from the grinding of the borders of cast glass plates that the craft of cutting evolved,
and chandeliers were amongst the earliest glass artefacts to receive cutting.
While acknowledging the early date of the crystal chandeliers at Hampton Court,
they do not in any way appear to be stylistic parents of what the English glass
chandelier epitomises. The real start comes with the use of load-bearing glass arms.
These appeared first, there seems no doubt, on the aprons of pier glasses. James
Moore, a prominent cabinet-maker who, from 1714 was in partnership with John
Gumley, plate glass maker, supplied a pair of well-known gilt gesso wall mirrors
with glass arms to Erthig at a time which varies with authorities between 1720 and
1724-6. There are also two pairs of these glass arms or sconces fitted with brass
wall mounts and attached to wainscot at Boughton, Northamptonshire.
The most frequently illustrated example of the early use ot glass arms is the
candelabrum or table chandelier in the Victoria and Albert Museum (Fig. 1). Each
arm was made in a single piece: the separate components ol candle tube, drip pan
39
and supporting arm being welded into a unit. In this instance, the four arms are
joined to a finely formed central turning with teared knops above and below. The
whole sockets into a heavily made candlestick or base, and the teared knops combine
with the annular moulding and terraced foot to date the piece to around 1725.
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1. Four-light candelabrum, c. 1725. 2. Eight-light chandelier, c. 1725.
Victoria and Albert Museum. Private Collection.
This piece, then, is the real point of departure for the English glass chandelier.
It is extremely rare: there is another at Corning, and a fragment was seen last year
in a London saleroom, but at present no others are known. But then, hanging
chandeliers of this type are rare too. Fig. 2 illustrates a complete example, the arms
of which are scarcely graceful. It will be seen that all the stem pieces are cut. For
long enough it has been considered that lack of cutting on the arms of early glass
chandeliers, all other parts of which were cut, suggests that their makers feared that
the delicate arms would not survive cutting. However, as has been said, cutting
developed from bevelling of mirror plates and, although patents were taken out for
various machines in the late 17th century to assist the laborious process, plates and
their simpler borders were still ground and decorated horizontally, any machinery
or grinding equipment being applied to them rather than they being offered to the
wheels. This is not to say that wheel cutting was not used on mirror plates at this
time. Very soon after the turn of the century many examples of elaborate pier
glasses are seen, with cyphers of twined initials in their crests, to say nothing of the
shaped link pieces which were used, often in sapphire blue to cover the joints bet
ween sections of border. Nevertheless, a study of early cutting on articles other than
mirrors shows that a great deal of it was in flat planes, and an arm with an integral
drip pan would have been an awkward component to cut. Was most early cutting
in the hands of those whose principal work was the grinding or diamondin'; of plate
glass? It is, perhaps, no accident that the first recorded appearance of the word
40
‘chandelier’ is in an advertisement of John Gumley in the London Gazette of 1714,
‘Looking glasses, coach glasses and schandeliers’. This maker had an extensive and
profitable business supplying looking glasses of various types. Signed examples oc
cur at Hampton Court and Chatsworth. Payment was made in 1720 to Gumley and
Moore, already mentioned, on behalf of Lord Burlington for brackets and sconces
supplied to Chiswick. Ralph Edwards has suggested the brackets might have been
41
m the Chapel of Emanuel College, Cambridge, was given to the College in 1732.
It is the only one of the group whose arms are arranged in two tiers from two
receivers, but here again are the plain arms with slip-over drip pans and the same
combination of flat cutting and annular moulding. While the date of the gift is not
necessarily the date of manufacture, this is the closest we can come to a documented
example of these first English chandeliers. Before leaving the family, there is food
for thought in the consideration of a pair of small fittings at Grimsthorpe Castle.
They hang in galleries which flank the Vanburgh Hall. The Hall was designed in
1722 and completed in 1726. The chandeliers have un-cut glass arms and slip-over
annular pans. The shafts comprise large glass balls cut with broad diamonds in low
relief, and elaborate finials and receivers in gilt gesso. The glass details accord exact
ly with those of the other chandeliers so far described. The gilt finials match those
of five other chandeliers hanging in the main body of the hall, which are certainly
of gilt gesso, thus suggesting a common maker. Here, then, is an example to rein
force the suggestion that these first chandeliers were the product of the looking-glass
workshops such as that of Messrs. Gumley and Moore.
In 1732 the great Assembly Rooms at York were opened. The architect was Lord
Burlington, and he presented the organisers with ‘a magnificent centre lustre’. Over
the next few years a whole suite of chandeliers was provided for the Rooms. They
were in various sets and sizes, with arms generally arranged in two tiers, emerging
from separate receivers. The stempieces were not cut but of ‘crinkled’ glass (the
term used in surviving records), that is to say, reticulated or diamond-moulded. In
keeping with the lack of sophistication, the arms were of twisted rope pattern. There
are two chandeliers in the Treasurer’s House, York, much decayed, which answer
the description of the Assembly Rooms chandeliers in their surviving parts, and
may well be part of the series. Lord Burlington’s contribution is described in 1785
as ‘most curiously carved’, and it may therefore have been facet-cut, a standard of
quality to which the authorities may not have felt able to rise. Part of another series
of chandeliers of this date and style hang at Doddington Hall, Lincolnshire. The
tradition persists that they were originally supplied for use in the Lincoln Assembly
Rooms (1).
By the middle of the century, cutting had spread to arms. Fig. 4 illustrates a
splendid chandelier which now hangs in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, and was
placed there during the bi-centenary celebrations for the Declaration of In
dependence, when the Hall was fully restored. The arms are cut along their length
to a six-sided section and the side angles notched. The low relief diamonds on the
stempieces have top cross cuts, a surface treatment which was almost universal for
some 20 years. However, the cutting is, in this case, curiously coarse. The position
of the smaller ball below the spring of the arms may show that the make! had the
well-known brass chandelier form in mind, but the use of a ball as the main feature
in the stems of early glass chandeliers seems to be the only link with traditional brass
chandeliers, a considerable percentage of which were in fact designed by this date
without a spherical feature at all. In the classic brass chandelier of the time which
probably came over from the Continent, the ball is below the arms. It is rare indeed
to find an early glass chandelier with the ball in this position, although, in the
absence of contemporary illustration at this date, who can say what order the maker
chose. The stems are merely nesting sections of shaped glass threaded on i<> a metal
rod, and could be assembled in any order. Indeed, one notes that, it! September
1750, the garrulous but gifted Mrs Delaney writes that she has “pulled her old lustre
to pieces, and is going to make one just like the Duchess of Portland’s’. (; morally
42
i weive-ught chandelier. 1750-55. 5. n simple chandeln 1760.
Independence Hall, Philadelphia.
Private Collection.
46
the most elegant plan, ornamented with festoons of entire paste, etc., etc.’. This
term ‘festoons of entire paste’ is an intriguing one, since it is an odd way, even
allowing for the vagueness of contemporary terminology, to describe festoons of
graded drops. But there is a family of glass lighting fittings whose details include
festoons of solid glass. There are in fact girandoles or candelabra which may be just
such as Haedy advertised. Examples of chandeliers of this type hang at Uppark (Fig
10). They are original to the comprehensive refurnishing of the house by Sir Mat
thew Featherstonhaugh, who died in 1774. There are candelabra of conforming
design there, too. This family of chandeliers is characterised by a central feature
comprising a slender flared section fluted and notched, over a hemispherical piece
cut with large diamonds in very high relief. There are often small canopies of
trumpet or pagoda shape, stars and crescents as finials, notched spires and, of
course, one hopes for the solid festoons. The central feature seems to have developed
from the rather fat, notched spires which form the centres of contemporary
candelabra. Many candelabra or girandoles of the family survive and share details
with the chandeliers. They are invariably hung only with pear-shaped drops,
sometimes very thick, generally wired for suspension rather than drilled for pins,
and always used singly, never linked in chains. This is the first appearance of pear-
shaped pendent drops. Another example at Clandon, now inappropriately dressed
with chains of drops, is described in an inventory of 1778 as ‘a superb cut glass lustre
with festoon ornaments and brass chain’, again a phrase which suggests unit fes
toons. Another, owned by the Duke of Northumberland, and formerly at Nor
thumberland House and Albury, now at Alnwick, is described, albeit as late as
1890- 1910, as a ‘chandelier with stem and arms of cut glass, festooned and or
namented with glass drops’. Others hang at Warwick Castle and Badminton. Was
! l.iedy the maker of this series? Or is the following clue a link to Collet? The top
stempieee of the great Octagon chandelier at Bath exactly resembles the upper part
47
of the characteristic central feature of the Uppark-type chandeliers. However, since
every other aspect of the Bath chandelier is old-fashioned and every part of an Up-
park chandelier is distinctive, it is a slender lead indeed, although one which might
well be explored one day. On the whole, at present, Haedy looks the best runner,
with his ‘festoons of entire paste’.
Before leaving the rococo period in chandeliers, it is worth stressing that the art
of cutting reached one of few peaks at this time, a peak matched by the quality of
the glass itself. The Uppark family of chandeliers, however bizarre their design, are
I
of a glass whose lead tint combines with brilliance of finish to produce a richness
never surpassed though sometimes equalled in later styles.
William Parker’s efficiency lingered long in the minds of those in authority at
Bath. When the Guildhall was rebuilt, after much controversy in 1775-8 by
Thomas Baldwin, Parker was again commissioned for three chandeliers for the Ban
queting Room: they still hang there. It is most interesting to see that Parker’s
thoughts, so innovative at the Assembly Rooms, have scarcely moved on at all in
the six years that have passed. These chandeliers are richly dressed, but the chains
of linked circular drops, together with the chunky drip-pans and candle sconces are
19th century additions. Beneath this froth are the same double-curved arms and
simple vase stems whose combination was such a new departure at the Assembly
Rooms. Parker has introduced extra canopies or shades which might indicate that
these fittings may well have been more liberally enriched with ornamental pendants
than those in the Assembly Rooms. Against this is the fact that they cost less per
chandelier than their forebears.
By the early 1780s the neo-classical style had laid full hold on chandeliers, and
we find Parker supplying a pair to the Duke of Devonshire for Chatsworth (1). Their
layout is still not classic but comprises most of the elements required. There are the
large central vase and cover, vase-shaped sconces with Vandyke borders, festoons
of chains built up of graded and linked pear-shaped drops and, at the dividing
points, oval fan-cut four-ways representing paterae. The bill shows that they were
supplied in 1782 at a cost of £210. Although this is still only £100 or so a piece, they
are less than half the size of the Guildhall chandeliers at Bath. In these chandeliers
it can be seen that Parker, and probably other manufacturers, have discarded the
tube arm, substituting a separate sconce joined to the end of the arm by a mount
which itself incorporates a platform for a pan. Now a candle forgotten could cause
no more harm than a broken sconce, where formerly a replacement arm would have
been required.
By the end of the 1780s, the classic form had developed. A pair hangs in Arbury
Hall, Nuneaton (Fig. 11) which was supplied by Parker in 1788. The candlc-bcaring
arms, each with Vandyke pan and nozzle, alternate with an upper row, each with
spire and canopy. Vandyke bordered canopies are set above and below, the whole
is centred by a vase, and the top set off with a pineapple: a most pleasing design
and one produced by various markers with little variant, despite changes in taste
and minor experiments with alternatives, for some 20 years. Indeed, the period of
popularity of this classic design is neatly spanned in this house, since records survive
of an order placed by Sir Roger Newdigate for a further larger chandelier from the
same maker in 1804. A letter exists from Parker and Perry (as the firm had now
become), recommending the arms of the projected chandelier be plain fluted, since
‘plain arms have succeeded those cut hollows and are more generally approved’. It
is most satisfactory to note that all three of these chandeliers still hang in the house
and have, so far, escaped restoration.
48
11. One of a pair of neo-classical chandeliers at 12. A good neo-classical chandelier with gill
Arbury Hall, Nuneaton, supplied by ‘furniture’, c. 1795. It closely resembles a
William Parker in 1788. fitting at Clandon Park.
Among the most prolific makers of chandeliers and other things at this time was
John Blades. He had showrooms on Ludgate Hill, convenient, as had been Parker’s
at 69 Fleet Street, for James Powell’s Whitefriars Glassworks. The two firms were
major clients of Whitefriars. A certain amount is known about the chandelier output
of Blades although not perhaps as much as Parker’s. There are, for instance, ac
counts for lustres supplied to the Grosvenor family at Eaton Hall between 1808 and
1810 totalling £2,600. The chandelier in Fig. 13 was made by Blades for a house
in Scotland in 1828 and its working drawing has survived intact with it. Note that
it is hung entirely with rule-cut drops. J. B. Papworth, the architect, was retained
by Blades as designer, and is credited with the invention of these parallel-sided
drops. The form of nozzle and pan, and the details of the coronet and arm castings
are readily recognisable, and it is a comfort to be able to tie a whole group of lighting
fittings to one maker by this means. Some of their fittings were extremely rich, and
gold plating was quite usual, as opposed to the less costly gold lacquered finish.
Elaborate chandeliers in the Greek taste, incorporating groups of handsome sconces
hung with long rule-cut drops and set round shallow dishes of ground glass cut with
polished anthemion borders, the whole structure hanging on chains whose long links
incorporated glass insertions, survived at Ashburnham Place. They were dispersed
ai the sale of the contents of the house in the 1960s. There are constant references
Calcutta newspapers to the arrival of glass from Blades. Unless commissioned
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direct, it was auctioned on arrival. Some of the chandeliers in the old Viceroy’s
House in Calcutta appear to be Blades types. It is said they were taken to Delhi (6),
but if so, Lutyens side-stepped them in favour of his own designs.
F. and C. Osier, the Birmingham makers, produced chandeliers of steadily in
creasing quality during the second half of the 19th century. By this time, many
chandeliers were being made for gas, and complicated arrangements were made for
the safe passage of the gas by way of the central shaft and out through hollow arms
to fish-tail burners. Fig. 14 is a particularly good Osier chandelier with a series of
Lafount-like arms bearing spires, and groups of arms for candles below. A splendid
fitting, but probably by now hung with imported drops. By the 1870s, it was not
uncommon to find the dressings all of soda glass, at least in Osier examples. Never,
however, with Perry and Co, still busy making fine chandeliers for the top of the
market and with a prestige address in Bond Street.
52
cut drops and finial pear-drops of the highest quality. No imported imitations for
Perry and Co.! Hundreds of chandeliers were made to this broad specification.
They are to be seen today in many country houses. Fig. 15 shows one of a pair of
classic Perry chandeliers of about 1870 with large and prominent crooks or scrolls.
A drawing survives, dated 1871, of a chandelier with similar features, in a book of
such designs in the Victoria and Albert Museum. This book, filled with a series of
working drawings of chandeliers of this kind, generally annotated with the names
of those who had ordered each chandelier, and the dates of these orders, was given
to a Mr John Wateridge by Mr Barlett, owner of Perry and Co. in the late 19th
century. He appears to have bought the business from the previous owners, whose
names were Willis and Miley. He had formerly been a chief draughtsman for the
firm and on this, and the existence of his sketch book, we can perhaps attribute the
design of the classic Perry chandelier of the 1860s and 70s to him.
53
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16. Working drawing for a ‘classic’ neo-classical chandelier of about 1790- 1800 by John Wateridgc,
designer for Perry & Co. between 1903 and 1925. Prints and Drawings Department, Victoria and
Albert Museum.
the buyer of the series of plan chests full of papers appears to have scrapped the
papers and used the plan chests. Lot 1128 in the catalogue makes painful reading:
‘An ebonised plan chest of 16 drawers containing . . . portfolios of water colour
drawings and sketches of State chandeliers etc. by Perry and Co’. However, surviv
ing records of John Wateridge provide some tenuous contact with the archives of
the company. He was designer for the firm between 1903 and 1925 and fortunately,
presumably to train his eye, drew details of surviving stock parts into his sketch
books. Here we can see accurate portrayals of many surviving parts, complete
chandeliers and, on occasion, candelabra and other fittings of instantly recognisable
patterns. Through Wateridge, therefore, we are able to attribute to the firm several
things of late 18th and early 19th century date, to say nothing of the late 19th cen
tury chandeliers which were included in the Wateridge archive, since he was
presented with Bartlett’s own sketch book. All these things went to the Victoria and
Albert Museum in 1952. As an example of the sort of things which survived until
John Wateridge’s time in the archives of the firm, one working drawing is illustrated
here (Fig. 16). It is chosen from many, partly because of its layout, half in elevation,
half sectioned, and partly because it shows a classic neo-classical chandelier of about
1790- 1800 in clear detail and perfect proportion; this is the point at which techni
que and design met in unsurpassed harmony. Although, as has been seen, the story
went on, this, surely, was the peak.
There is much omitted here: the many known makers left without mention, the
amazing creations at the Brighton Pavilion, the handsome fittings made for
Goldsmith’s Hall, and still hanging there, the place of Ireland (negligible but
evocative), the use of colour; but there is no room for more.
54
\
Footnotes
1.1 am grateful to Mr R. J. Charleston for information about chandeliers in the Assembly Rooms,
York and at Doddington and Chatsvvorth.
2. ‘Thomas Betts - An Eighteenth Century Glass Cutter’, by Alexander Werner, The Journal of the
Glass Association, Vol. 1, 1985.
3.‘The Eighteenth Century Chandeliers at Bath’, byj. Bernard Perret, Connoisseur, October 1938.
4. ‘The History of the Glass Chandelier’, by E. M. Elville, Country Life Annual, 1949.
5. ‘The History of the Royal Residences’, by W. H. Pync, 1819.
6. 'British Government in India’, by The Marquis Curzon of Kcdlcston, Cassell, 1925.
).»