FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING &

EARTH RESOURCES

HYDRAULIC & HYDROLOGY LABORATORY

SUBJECT CODE DAA1951
SUBJECT ENGINEERING LAB. I (WATER & ENVIRONMENT)
EXPERIMENT TITLE FLOW OVER WEIR
DATE OF EXPERIMENT 2 DECEMBER 2019
GROUP NUMBER 1
SECTION A21
AB17212 AMER HAMZAH BIN MOHD SALLEH
AB18122 AKMAL FIKRI BIN AZMY
AB18128 NURUL NADIAH BINTI AZHAR
GROUP MEMBER MUHAMMAD IZZAT FARHAN BIN
NAME & ID NUMBER AB18227
MOHMAD IDRUS
NUR HANNANI AKASYA BINTI AB
AB18279
HALIM
MUHAMMAD DANISH FIRDAUS BIN
AB18317
HASSAN
AB18331 KANG Q HUAT
NURUL AIN IZZATI BINTI MOHAMED
AB18115
DHALAN
LECTURER EN. NORASMAN BIN OTHMAN

REMARKS

ENDORSEMENT

1
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page

Cover page 1

Table of content 2

Introduction / Principles 3

Objectives 4

Apparatus 4

Procedure 5

Result 6-7

Discussion 8-11

Conclusion 12

References/Appendix 12 - 13

2
PRINCIPLES

A flow through a rectangular and V-shape weir/notch can be as given:

For rectangular notch,

2
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑𝑏√2𝑔𝐻 3/2
3
Where:

Q = flowrate (mᵌ/s)

Cd = discharge coefficient

b = width of the neckline or the width of the weir

H = head above bottom of weir

g = gravitational constant (9.81 m/s²)

For the V-shape weir:

8 𝜃
𝑄= 𝐶𝑑√2𝑔 tan 𝐻 5/2
15 2
Where:
𝜃
= ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑒
2

The coefficient 𝐶𝑑 is required to accommodate the effects of the simplified assumption in the
theory. These can be rearranged to give:

For Rectangular notch,

3𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
2𝑏√2𝑔𝐻 5/2

For Vee notch,

15𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
𝜃
8 tan 2 √2𝑔 𝐻 5/2

The actual discharge can be calculated by multiplying a discharge coefficient, 𝐶𝑑 theoretical

discharge by

𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑸𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒚

3
OBJECTIVES

1) To establish relationship between head, H and discharge, Q for water flowing over a
rectangular and V-shape weir.
2) To determined vale of the discharge coefficient, 𝐶𝑑 for both notches.
3) To compare the experimental value of 𝐶𝑑 with the value given by the manufacture.

APPARATUS

1. Flow over weir apparatus (TQ)

2. Hydraulic Bench
3. A stop watch

Figure 1: Apparatus of flow over weir

4
PROCEDURE

A rectangular weir is placed into the hydraulic bench. The apparatus is then connected to
the water supply system.

The water supply is opened. The water level was at the bottom of the V-shape.

The initial height, ℎ𝑜 is measured and recorded.

The water is allowed to fill up the tank until it reached 5 litres. The time taken for the water to fill up
the tank until 5 litres is determined and recorded.

5 sets of discharge rate,Q and head measurement H were collected. Step 2 to 3 is

repeated by using rectangular weir. load is place on each load hanger

5
RESULT

A) V – Shape weir

Enclused angle , θ : 90°

Volume : 0.005𝑚3

Reading Time Flow Head, H Log Q Log H Cd

(s) (m³/s) (m)
1 4.90 10.204 × 10−4 0.0790 -2.991 -1.102 0.246

2 5.98 8.361 × 10−4 0.0760 -3.078 -1.119 0.222

3 7.09 7.052 × 10−4 0.0695 -3.152 -1.158 0.234

4 8.68 5.760 × 10−4 0.0630 -3.240 -1.201 0.245

5 10.64 4.699 × 10−4 0.0590 -3.328 -1.229 0.235

B) Rectangular weir

Width of the neckline, b: 0.03 m

Volume : 0.005𝑚3
Reading Time Flow Head, H Log Q Log H Cd
(s) (m³/s) (m)
1 5.25 9.524 × 10−4 0.053 -3.021 -1.276 0.881

2 5.98 8.361 × 10−4 0.048 -3.078 -1.319 0.897

3 6.70 7.463 × 10−4 0.043 -3.127 -1.367 0.945

4 8.15 6.135 × 10−4 0.037 -3.212 -1.432 0.973

5 10.36 4.826 × 10−4 0.033 -3.316 -1.481 0.909

6
CALCULATION

Calculate the Flow rate, Q by using;

Flow Rate = V/t

Reading 1 for Vee notch weir

0.005
Flow rate, Q = = 10.204 × 10−4 𝑚3/s
4.90

Reading 1 for rectangular weir

0.005
Flow rate, Q = = 9.524 × 10−4 𝑚3 /s
5.25

Calculate the discharge coefficient, Cd by using;

For Rectangular notch,

3𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
2𝑏√2𝑔𝐻 5/2

For Vee notch,

15𝑄
𝐶𝑑 =
𝜃
8 tan √2𝑔 𝐻 5/2
2

Rectangular Reading 1

3(9.524 × 10−4 )
𝐶𝑑 =
2(0.03)√2(9.81)0.0535/2

𝐶𝑑 = 0.881

Vee Notch Reading 1

15(10.204 × 10−4 )
𝐶𝑑 =
90
8 tan 2 √2(9.81) 0.0795/2

𝐶𝑑 = 0.246

7
DISCUSSION

1. Plot graph log Q versus log H.

1. V-shape weir

Log Q versus Log H Graph

-2.8
-1.102 -1.119 -1.158 -1.201 -1.229

-2.9

-3
Log Q

-3.1

-3.2

-3.3

-3.4
Log H

2. Rectangular weir

Log Q versus Log H Graph

-2.85
-1.276 -1.319 -1.367 -1.432 -1.481
-2.9

-2.95

-3

-3.05
Log Q

-3.1

-3.15

-3.2

-3.25

-3.3

-3.35
Log H

8
 Log Q = n log H + log k
3. Obtain the slope value, n and the intercept, log k of the plotted graph.
Theoretically n value for;
(1) Rectangular weir =3/2
(2) V-shape weir =5/2
Therefore, the experimental n value for rectangular and V-shape weir should be about
3/2 and 5/2 respectively.

(1) Rectangular weir (2) V-shape weir

−3.316 − (−3.021) −3.240 − (−2.991)
𝑛= 𝑛=
−1.481 − (−1.276) −1.201 − (−1.102)
𝑛 = 1.44 𝑛 = 2.52

Log Q = n log H + log k Log Q = n log H + log k

−3.316 = (1.44)(−1.481) −3.240 = (2.52)(−1.201)
+ log 𝑘 + log 𝑘
log 𝑘 = −1.183 log 𝑘 = −0.213
𝑘 = 0.066 𝑘 = 0.612

4. Obtain Cd value for rectangular and V-shape weir by using Equation (3) and (4).

Rectangular Reading 1 Vee Notch Reading 1

3(9.524 × 10−4 ) 15(10.204 × 10−4 )

𝐶𝑑 = 𝐶𝑑 =
2(0.03)√2(9.81)0.0535/2 90
8 tan 2 √2(9.81) 0.0795/2

𝐶𝑑 = 0.881 𝐶𝑑 = 0.246

5. Determine the percentage different between the experimental n value and theoretical n
value using the following equation
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑛 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑛

(1) Rectangular weir

1.5 − 1.44
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100% = 4%
1.5

(2) v-shape weir

2.5 − 2.52
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100% = −0.8%
2.5

9
6. Determine the percentage different between experimental Cd and Cd value for the
apparatus as specified by manufacturer;
0.62 − 𝐶𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎. %𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100% (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟)
0.62
0.62 − 𝐶𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑏. %𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100% (𝑉 − 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟)
0.62
(1) Rectangular weir
0.62 − 0.881
𝑎. %𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100% = −42.10%
0.62

(2) V-shape weir

0.62 − 0.246
𝑏. %𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100% = −37.40%
0.62

7. Compare your Cd value and Cd for the apparatus as specified by the manufacturer.
What are the factors that may contribute to the deviation of your Cd value?

-The Factor that may contribute to the deviation of Cd value is eyes are not
perpendicular to the measurement will lead to parallax error when measuring the
height of water. Observer’s eyes should be perpendicular to the measurement while
taking the reading. Secondly, the error of time in starting and stopping the watch.
During one measurement we may start early and stop late.

8. Compare your Q (actual) and Q (theory).

𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝑪𝒅 𝑸𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒚
(1) rectangular weir
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 Percentage error(%)
−4 −4
9.524 × 10 10.810 × 10 11.90
−4 −4
8.361 × 10 9.321 × 10 10.30
7.463 × 10−4 7.897 × 10 −4 5.50
6.135 × 10−4 6.305 × 10−4 2.70
−4 −4
4.826 × 10 5.309 × 10 9.10
The highest percentage error for the flow rate occurs with 11.90% in the 1st reading.
(2) V-shape weir
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 Percentage error(%)
10.204 × 10−4 41.480 × 10 −4 75.40
8.361 × 10−4 37.662 × 10−4 77.69
−4 −4
7.052 × 10 30.137 × 10 76.60
5.760 × 10−4 −4
23.510 × 10 75.50
4.699 × 10−4 20.000 × 10−4 76.51
The highest percentage error for the flow rate occurs with 77.69% in the 2nd reading.

10
9. Does the magnitude of the flow rate, Q affect the discharge coefficient, Cd?
Yes. The magnitude of the flow rate, Q affects the discharge coefficient, Cd. But the
other factors have to be kept constant. The higher the flow rate, the nearer its value to
the theoretical flow rate, and therefore the value of discharge coefficient will be
higher. But, discharge coefficient in a flow channel with width constant should be
constant because only height of water is contingent on flow rate in this experiment.

10. Does Cd increase or decrease with increasing flow rate, Q?

When the flow rate of water varies, the energy loss in this system will also vary, this
will contribute to the loss of head and resulting the discharge coefficient become
unbalanced. Other than that, the height of the water to the height of weir might
contribute to the difference. For example, if the height of the weir crest above the
bottom of the channel is much lower than the water level, the weir is so low that the
flow would be totally unaffected by it and certainly would not be persuaded to pass
through critical depth. This different between the theoretical and experimental values
might also due to some errors occurs during the experiment.

11. Sketch the water profile before and after it passes the weir.
Before

After

11
CONCLUSION
From the results calculated form experiment, the highest percentage error between
experimental value and manufacture value the discharge coefficient is 77.69%, and the lowest
error is only 2.7%. The lowest coefficient determined form the experiment is 0.222, and the
highest is about 0.945.
The objectives of this experiment are achieved. If flow rate increases the discharge
coefficient becomes more accurate to the theoretical value. When the flow rate is to low it
clings to the notch and flows down it. The lower flow rates produce lower heights above the
notch creating larger changes from the theoretical equations.
There are some suggestions to reduce error and improve the experiment. The observer’s
eyes should be perpendicular to the measurement when taking the readings to avoid parallax
error. Using colored water in the experiment can help determining the reading clearly and
prevent the parallax error when the readings are taken. Next, repeated measurements produce
a series of times and take average of time.

REFERENCES
1. https://www.academia.edu/6931444/EXPERIMENT_RECTANGULAR_AND_TRIANGULAR_NO
TCHES_Equipment_Preparation
2. https://www.academia.edu/17238156/flow_over_weirs

12
APPENDIX

Figure 1 The student is measuring the initial Figure 2 The Student is recording the height
height of water before it passes the weir. of water after it passes the weir.

Figure 3 The Student is recording the time

of 5 L water.

13