BUGHAO, MARIA ANGELIKA A.

HEALTH EDUCATION
BSN -1B SIR. CHRISTIAN S. TU

Write your answer short and substantively:

1. What are the definitions of the following terms and how are they distinct from one
another:

A. Ethical
 A branch of philosophy dealing with values pertaining to human conduct,
considering the rightness and wrongness of actions and the goodness or badness of t
he motives and ends of such actions.
 Systematic rules or principles governing right conduct. 

B. Moral
 Concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of
behavior and character based on those principles.
 Holding or manifesting high principles for proper conduct.

C. Legal
 Relating to law; connected with the law or its administration.
  authorized by law; deriving authority from law.

Ethical focused on the standard “code of behavior” in reference to a group, whether it is a

family, community or a nation. On the other hand, Moral are more personal in nature,
meaning it refers to a set of beliefs that people believe in and practice accordingly. While in
Legal, the government itself are the ones who administer and authorized a law.

2. What are the six ethical principles that dictate the actions of healthcare providers in
delivering services to clients?
Six Ethical Principles
1) Autonomy (Self- Determination)
2) Veracity (Truth telling)
3) Confidentiality (privileged information)
4) Non-maleficence (do no harm)
5) Beneficence
6) Justice (Equitable distribution of benefits and burdens)

3. What are the eleven core competencies of Nurses in the Philippines and its indicators?
11 Core Competencies Standards for Nursing Practice in the Philippines

1) Safe quality nursing care

Indicators:
• Identifies the health needs of the clients (individuals, families, population groups
and/or communities)
•  Explains the health status of the clients/ groups
• Identifies clients’ wellness potential and/or health problem
 • Gathers data related to the health condition
• Analyzes the data gathered.

2) Management of Resources and Environment

Indicators:
• Identifies tasks or activities that need to be accomplished.
• Plans the performance of tasks or activities based on priorities.
• Verifies the competency of the staff prior to delegating tasks.
• Identifies the cost-effectiveness in the utilization of resources. 
• Develops budget considering existing resources for nursing care.
• Plans for preventive maintenance program.
• Complies with standards and safety codes prescribed by laws.
• Adheres to policies, procedures and protocols on prevention and control of
infection.

3) Health education
Indicators:
• Obtains learning information through interview, observation and validation.
• Analyzes relevant information.
• Completes assessment records appropriately.
• Identifies priority needs.

4) Legal responsibility
Indicators:
• Fulfills legal requirements in nursing practice.
• Holds current professional license.
• Acts in accordance with the terms of contract of employment and other rules and
regulations.
• Complies with required continuing professional education.
• Confirms information given by the doctor for informed consent.
• Secures waiver of responsibility for refusal to undergo treatment or procedure.
• Checks the completeness of informed consent and other legal forms.

5) Ethnic-Moral Responsibilities
Indicators:
• Renders nursing care consistent with the client’s bill of rights.
• Meets nursing accountability requirements as embodied in the job description and
accountability for own decision and actions
• Justifies basis for nursing actions and judgment
• Projects a positive image of the profession

6) Personal and Professional Development

Indicators:
• Identifies one’s strengths, weaknesses/ limitations.
• Determines personal and professional goals and aspirations. 
• Participates in formal and non-formal education.
• Applies learned information for the improvement of care.

7) Quality Improvement
Indicators:
• Identifies appropriate quality improvement methodologies for the clinical problems.
• Detects variation in specific parameters i.e vital signs of the client from day to day.
• Solicits feedback from client and significant others regarding care rendered.
• Shares with the team relevant information regarding  clients’ condition and significant
changes in clients’ environment.
 • Encourages the client to verbalize relevant changes in his/her condition.

8) Research
Indicators:
• Specifies researchable problems regarding client care and community health.
• Identifies appropriate methods of research for a particular client / community problem.
• Combines quantitative and qualitative nursing design through simple explanation on the
phenomena observed.
• Analyzes data gathered using appropriate statistical tool.
• Interprets data gathered based on significant findings.

9) Records Management
Indicators:
• Completes updated documentation of client  care.
• Applies principles of record management.
• Monitors and improves accuracy, completeness and reliability of relevant data.
• Makes record readily accessible to facilitate client care.
• Uses data in their decision and policy making activities.
• Maintains integrity, safety, access and security of records.

10) Communication
Indicators:
• Creates trust and confidence.
• Spends time with the client/significant others and members of the health team to
facilitate interaction.
• Listens actively to client’s concerns/significant others and members of the health team.
• Interprets and validates client’s body language and facial expressions.

11) Collaboration and teamwork

Indicators:
• Contributes to decision making regarding clients’ needs and concerns.
• Participates actively in client care management including audit.
• Recommends appropriate intervention to improve client care.
• Respect the role of other members of the health team.
• Refers clients to allied health team partners.
• Acts as liaison / advocate of the client.

4. What is the difference between the terms Negligence & Malpractice?

Negligence
 Failure to exercise the care that a
reasonably prudent person would
exercise in like circumstances.
  The medical provider makes a mistake
and/or doesn’t know that his or her
actions will be harmful.  that the patient may suffer harm.
  Ignores basic responsibilities and
indirectly causes a victim to be injured
or killed. 
Malpractice
 A licensed professional fails to provide
services as per standards set by the
governing body.
 The medical provider takes action or
fails to take action with the knowledge
 Considered more serious than medical
negligence.

5. What is the meant by the legal terms respondeant superior, and how does this term
apply to professional nursing practice?

 Respondent Superior means that an employer is legally responsible for his employee's
negligent acts done within the scope of employment. This term applies to the world of
Nursing practice as the senior nurse/head nurse is liable or responsible to her junior nurse
if negligent acts happen within the scope of their work. But the responsibility of the head
nurse for her junior nurse depends on the situation and the negligent act that the junior
nurse do. If the negligent act is serious the management of the hospital will be the one to
investigate, decide and give sanction to the nurse.