‘A’BSOLUTELY BIOLOGY – CONCEPT ENRICHMENT

CHAPTER 1: MOLECULES OF LIFE

1.1 WATER
1. Complete and label the figure.

2. Complete and label the figure of one water molecule attract to another water molecule.

3. Complete and label the figure of one water molecule attract to another four-water molecule.

2
 ‘A’BSOLUTELY BIOLOGY – CONCEPT ENRICHMENT

2. Shape and angle 3. Bond

▪ ▪

1. Composition 4. Type of molecule

▪ ▪
Structure

*Bond within water molecule

__________________ bond

2
2 Differences
Covalent Hydrogen
bond bond
*Bond between water
molecule

_________________ bond

Properties

1. Universal solvent
2. Description- Water dissolves
many substances because it is able 1
to attract and surround the polar 1. Low ________________
molecule 2. Description-
3. Significant-
2
3. Significant-

1. High specific ________

____________________
2. Description-
3
1 1. High latent __________ of _________________
2. Description-
4
3. Significant-

3. Significant-

1. Maximum density at _____

2. Description-
1. High surface tension
5 2. Description-

3. Significant-
6
3. Significant-
 ‘A’BSOLUTELY BIOLOGY – CONCEPT ENRICHMENT

1.2 CARBOHYDRATE
Carbohydrates Properties:
-_________ tasting
-__________ in water
- Can be crystallized
Importants
- Reducing sugar – because they have
divide into three classes
free ______________ _____________.
1. As the _________________ in ________________
Example:
2. ___________ sources
α-glucose:
3. _____________________ in cellular components
such as cell wall and cell membrane.
Monosaccharides

β-glucose:
Disaccharides

Properties:
-_________________________________
-_________________________________
-_________________________________ Polysaccharides
Example: maltose
Properties:
Formation of maltose
- _____________ molecule
- All are insoluble in water except ____________
– does not affect ___________________.
- All are easily hydrolyzed except _________
Example:
Breakdown of maltose:
1. Starch -__________________
-__________________
2. ________________
3. Cellulose
 ‘A’BSOLUTELY BIOLOGY – CONCEPT ENRICHMENT

Polysaccharide STARCH GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE

Structure
Microfibrils

Monomer
Function Structural component of plant cell wall.
Make cell wall very stable.

Types of bonds Amylose Amylopectin

present α-1,4
glycosidic
linkage
Present of
branches
Structure Why starch and glycogen are suitable as energy storage? Why cellulose is suitable materials for
related to ▪ ________________ molecules// high energy molecule plant cell wall?
function ▪ ________________//(bond) easily break down ▪ _____________________ due to
▪ Starch is ____________ and thus enables to be stored in large amount adjacent chains linked by hydrogen
without affecting water potential of cell bonds
(but glycogen is soluble in water) ▪ Give ______________ and give the
shape to the plant cell
Reducing sugar No
 ‘A’BSOLUTELY BIOLOGY – CONCEPT ENRICHMENT
1.3 LIPIDS

Lipids

Made up of: Made up of _____________ skeleton with

Also known as ___________.
Saturated fat →
- ____________ interconnecting rings and

- functional _________________________.
Unsaturated fat →
-
Example:

Made up of: Draw.

Draw. Draw. Draw.


1.4 PROTEINS
There are _________ amino acids
which act as _________________
of protein.
Draw.
They are classified into ________
groups based on the properties of
their ___________________.
Present of hydrophobic
side chain
‘A’BSOLUTELY BIOLOGY – CONCEPT ENRICHMENT
Proteins
Consist of ____________ amino acids Polymers consisting ____________
amino acids linked by
joined by ____________________ linkage
______________________ linkage
through ________________ process.
through ________________
To form → process.
Based on Structure
To break down →
Present of hydrophilic Present of carboxyl Present of amino group
side chain group in the side chain in the side chain
 ‘A’BSOLUTELY BIOLOGY – CONCEPT ENRICHMENT
a) Illustrate formation and breakdown of dipeptide.
Draw the formation of dipeptide.

Draw the break down process of a dipeptide.

 ‘A’BSOLUTELY BIOLOGY – CONCEPT ENRICHMENT
1.5 DNA AND RNA MOLECULES

Nucleic acids

Nucleotide Comparison between DNA & RNA

DNA RNA

Nitrogenous
Made up of _________ components.
Similarities

bases
1.Monomer is ________________.
2.Both have______________, nitrogenous base
and phosphate group.
Differences
Group
Strand
DNA

RNA Shape

Location
Draw. Draw.

Types

Function

Stability
 ‘A’BSOLUTELY BIOLOGY – CONCEPT ENRICHMENT
Structure of DNA based on the Watson and Crick Model.

Question 1. Label the structure. 5.

The two strands run in
10. The end of the strand
with a free _________ group _________________ direction

is the ___________ because to each other and are therefore

the phosphate group is
________________________.
attached to the ______
carbon of the sugar.
9. The sugar-phosphate
1.
Monomer of DNA is backbones are on the

_________________ _____________________ of

the helix.

11. The other end of the

strand with a free _________ 8.Sugar (_______________)
group is the ___________
linked to _________ group
because the hydroxyl group
by __________________
is attached to the ______
carbon of the sugar. linkage to form

____________________.
2.
DNA molecule consists of

_________ __________________
7. Adenine linked to ___________
3.
by ______ hydrogen bonds.
The 2 strands ___________
around each other, forming a Guanine linked to ___________
_______________________
by ______ hydrogen bonds.
4.
Each complete turn of the helix
6. The two strands are held together by
has __________ base pairs.
_________________ bonds between the

______________________ pairs.
 ‘A’BSOLUTELY BIOLOGY – CONCEPT ENRICHMENT
SUMMARY OF ALL MOLECULES OF LIFE

Molecules of
Elements Structure of monomers Formation and breakdown Type of linkage
life
Properties of water

1.

2.

3.
 ‘A’BSOLUTELY BIOLOGY – CONCEPT ENRICHMENT

Molecules of
Elements Structure of monomers Formation and breakdown Type of linkage
life

4.

5.