Guillermo A.

Narváez Lozano 11-H

AP Biology – Chapter 3 Water (Worksheet)
Lookabaugh – Campbell Seventh Edition

Objectives:
✔ Know the importance of hydrogen bonding to the properties of water
✔ Four unique properties of water and how they contribute to life on Earth
✔ Know how to interpret the pH scale
✔ Know the importance of buffers in biological systems

Concept: The polarity of water molecules result in hydrogen bonding

1
1. The structure of water is key to its special properties. Water is made up of _____
2 hydrogen
atom of oxygen and ________ atoms of __________________.

2. Water molecules are _____________

polar which gives the end bearing the oxygen atom a
Slightly _________
negative charge and the hydrogen atoms are slightly ___________
positive in charge.
Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules.
3. ________________

4
4. Each water molecule can form a maximum of ________ hydrogen bonds at one time.

Concept: Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s fitness for life

5. Water is so unique because of its hydrogen bonds:

✔ Cohesion
___________________ is the linking of like molecules. Think of this property
as a “water strider” walking on the top of a pond due to the ____________
surface tension
created by hydrogen bonding between water molecules.

✔ Adhesion
__________________ is the clinging of one substance to another. Think of
water adhering to another substance like the sides of a glass or a windshield.

✔ Transpiration is the movement of water molecules up a very thin tube

__________________
called stomata and their evaporation from the stomates in plants. The water molecules to
Cohesion and the walls of the xylem by _________________.
each other by _______________ Adhesion
6. Moderation of _______________________
temperature is possible because of a water’s high
specific heat.

✔ raise
Specific heat is the amount of heat required to __________________ or lower
1 degree Celsius. Relative to most other materials,
the temperature of a substance _______
the temperature of water changes less when a given amount of heat is lost or
gained
___________________. The high specific heat of water makes the Earth’s oceans
stable
relatively _________________ large quantities of life.
and able to support _________

Insulation
7. ___________________ of bodies of water by floating ice.

1
✔ dense
Water is less ____________ as a solid than a liquid which is opposite of most
dense it will float. This keeps large bodies of
other substances. Since ice is less ____________
freezing
water from __________________ and temperature
moderates the _______________.

solvent
8. Water is an important ____________________. (A substance something dissolves in.)
✔ Polar
______________ substances are water-soluble. These include IONIC
compounds, ____________
and nonionic polar molecules like sugar and some proteins.
✔ Hydrophobic substances like oils are nonpolar and will not
________________
dissolve in water.
_______________
***This is an important concept to understand when studying the cell membrane, its
structure and how things are allowed passage in and out of the cell.

Concept: Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms

1
9. The pH scale runs between _______ 14
and __________ and measures the relative
[H+]
____________ [OH-]
and ____________ of aqueous solutions. Draw the scale below and list
and example at each increase of 10 fold. *The scale is at the end of the worksheet.

H+ ions and a pH below _________.

10. Acids have an excess of ________ 7
11. ____________ OH- ions and a pH above __________.
Bases have and excess of _________ 7
neutral
12. Pure water is _______________ 7
which means has a pH of _________.

13. Buffers are substances that minimize changes in the ______.

pH H+
The accept _______
H+
from solution when they are in excess and donate _________ when they are depleted.

14. Carbonic acid (___________) is an important buffer in living systems. It moderates

pH changes in _________ ocean
blood plasma and the _____________.

AP Biology – Chapter 4 Carbon (Worksheet)

Lookabaugh – Campbell Seventh Edition

Objectives:
✔ Know the properties of carbon that make it so IMPORTANT.

Concept: Carbon Atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other
atoms.

1. Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form molecules that are large, complex and
diverse. Why?

✔ 4 valence electrons.
It has _______
✔ 4 covalent bonds.
It can form up to ______
✔ triple bonds.
double or __________
single __________
These can be _________,

2
 ✔ complex
It can form _________________ molecules.
✔ branched
straight ring-shaped or _____________.
These molecules can be ____________,

Isomers
2. ___________________ are molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ
in their arrangement of these atoms. These differences can result in molecules that are
VERY different in their biological activities. Name one of these molecules:
________________
glucose and fructose

Concept: Characteristic chemical groups help control how biological molecules

function.

Fuctional
3. ____________________ groups are attached to the carbon skeletons give the
molecule its diverse properties. The BEHAVIOR of organic molecules is dependent of
identity
the __________________ functional
of their _________________ groups.

4. Some common functional groups are:

● Hydroxyl group OH These are: _______________

_________________, alcohol like ethanol, and help to
dissolve molecules such as sugar. (Think of brewing beer, yeast and sugar)
● Carboxyl group COOH __________________
_________________, Organic (carboxylic) acids like fatty acids and
sugars have acidic properties because it tends to ionize. Good sources for H+ ions
● Carbonyl group <CO These are found in _______________
_________________, ketoses and aldehydes
like some sugars
● Amino group
_________________, NH2 Amines contain this group like _________ glycine _______

● Phosphate group PO3 Organic _____________

_________________, DNA
phosphate including ATP, _________
and phospholipids contain this group

● Sulfhydryl amino
group SH This group is found in some ________________
__________________,
cross-link
acids and forms ______________________ bridges in proteins which help with their
structure.
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The pH scale 3