SPEECH EMPLOYED BY PARTICIPANTS OF THE DAILY TALK SHOW

IN BREE TOMASEL ON ANXIETY AND HAPPINESS IN RADIO – ON

YOUTUBE CHANNEL

PROPOSAL

BY

ELA LESTARI

(A1B017102)

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTEMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF BENGKULU
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In everyday conversation Speech Acts have become a primary concern

English language scholars, teacher, and university students since the last century.

According to Yule (2006:118), speech acts is type of “action” performed by a speaker

with the utterance. We use The term of speech acts IS USED to describe actions such

as requesting, commanding, AND informing. IT MEANS THAT That is can define a

a speech act is the action performed by a speaker with an utterance. For instance, if

the people say, the utterance “I’ll be back” performs . This utterance containing

performing the speech act of “promising”. The speaker promises she or he will back

at a certain time in the near future.

Speech acts are classified based on their general functions, namely: One

general classification system lists five types of general functions performed by speech

acts; declarations, representatives, expressive, directives, and commissives (Austin,

1955). Austin proposed the speech acts theory and defines was introduced by

Philosopher J. L Austin in 1955, Austin defined speech acts as what actions we

perform when we produce utterances like giving suggestion, promising, inviting,

requesting, forbidding, and so on. …lanjutkan paragraph ini.

 Snippet of dialogue shows that a speech act cannot be pinned down, locally

and temporally, to one particular defining place and moment. It has to be interpreted

in the flow of conversation, as evolving together with the situation(s) in which it is

used. The invitation, if it had been one, both loses its 'force' and reinstates its 'point'

after having been produced (and as far as the invitation goes, rejected). This defining

aspect I will call the 'evolving temporal quality' of speech acting (Jacob. L. Mey) .

In communication, language has an important role because it is used to

deliver informations, ideas, feelings, desires of what the speaker wants in delivering

language to the listener or to explain what the speaker wants the listener to do

something in delivering language.

Speech act is the basic unit of linguistic communication ( Searle,

2000?). It means that speech acts the production of what is said within

performance of speech act. It is the way people act through their speech. To speak is

the perform speech act using system of constitutive rules. To express themselves,

people do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures but also

perform actions through there utterances. Thus, actions which are performed via

utterances are generally called speech acts.

Furthermore, Adolphs (2008) states that speech act theory assumes that utterances in

language use perform certain actions and that those utterances can be understood by

means of reference to the context in which they occur. A speech act usually
performed within a situation that provides contextual elements that help interpret the

speaker’s intention.

The most significant things in speech act is the message that the speaker wants to

convey. It means when using language is produces not only a sentence but also

perform an action. In this research, the writer conducted a research under the title:

“Speech Employed By Participants Of The Daily Talk Show In Bree Tomasel On

Anxiety And Happiness In Radio – On Youtube Channel ”.

The writer interested to study speech act because it can know how actually the

utterances reflected into actions. It is also an interested research to analyze the speech

act used in youtube channel. Youtube is a media that reflects the social life of human.

Many people like watching video on youtube, but not all of them understand about

the form or the function of language that used . Actually from a youtube, we can learn

another subject when we watch it like, educational value, moral value, the acting of

the actor or actress, and about the literary elements in the movie. There are many

types of movie now days includingmovies, action, dramas, animated and talk show.

Several previous studies have been conducted related to Speech Act are:

First A Speech Act Analysis Of Teacher Talk Inanefl Classroom by Sri Meiweni

Basra, Luthfiyatun Thoyyibah, International Journal of Education August 2017. The

study uses Searle’s taxonomy of speech act classification as the instrument. The

findings of the research show the frequency of each classification found as the
following: 70% for directives, 21% for representative, 6% for expressive and 3%for

commissive.

In addition, An Analysis of Speech Act Used in London Has Fallen

Movie, Zulfa Tutuarima. The result of the research shows that: there are 76

utterances of speech act used in London Has Fallen Movie which is the most

dominant is illocutionary act consist of 37 utterances.(ii) there are 99 utterances of the

classifications of the illocutionary act, and the most dominant categories are directive

with 32 utterances and expressive with 23 utterances.

Furthermore there is from Putri, the title is An Analysis Of Speech Act Used In

Harry Potter And The Goblet Of Fire Movie, English Education Department,

Ganesha University of Education, the research result showed that the utterances have

locutionary act or took the form of declarative, interrogative, imperative and

exclamation and those were used to express the direct/indirect illocutionary act of

declarative, representative, expressive, directive and commissive. Besides, the use of

the forms and their illocutionary acts brought about the result of the perlocutionary

acts of belief, annoyance, surprise, enlightenment, confirmation, rejection, obedience,

information, happiness/satisfaction, and action.

Based on the problem above the researcher choose Speech Act as one of

alternative to solve this problem. The research above was analyzed the movie where

the movie is not natural conversation and it only analyzed showing request and
illocutionary. In this research the researcher want to analyzed speech act in the

natural conversation and three type of speech act they were

Objectives of the Research

The purposed of this study is to describe the use of speech act in Bree Tomasel

On Anxiety And Happiness In Radio – The Daily Talk Show On Youtube

Channel

1.2 Research Question

1. What is most dominanat of speech acts show on Bree Tomasel On Anxiety And

Happiness In Radio – The Daily Talk Show On Youtube Channel ”?

2.In what context each speech acts type employed by the participant ?

1.4 Limitation of the Problem

In this research, the researcher focused to analyze the classification of speech acts

in Bree Tomasel On Anxiety And Happiness In Radio – The Daily Talk Show On Youtube

Channel.

1.5 Significance of the Research

This study is expected to give some contribution to theoretical benefit and

practical benefit.

1. For students

This research is mainly useful for students to enrich and to extend

knowledge of speech acts.

 2. For other Researchers

This research can be referenced for other researchers to conduct research

about Pragmatics in speech acts.

1.6 Definition of the key terms

In this study, the scopes of the research are :

1. Speech Acts : speech act is a compound word between speech and act. It is

used by people to express their action via speech or utterances.

2. Representatives are those kinds of speech act that the utterances commit the

speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition (paradigm cases: asserting,

concluding, etc.).

3. Directives are those kinds of speech act that speakers use to get someone else

to do something (paradigm cases: requesting, questioning, command, orders,

suggesting, etc.)

4. Commissives are those kinds of speech act thattheutterances commit the

speaker to some future course of action. (paradigm cases: promising,

threatening, offering, refusal, pledges, etc)

5. Expressives are those kindsof speech act that the utterances express a

phychological state (paradigm cases: thanking, apologizing, welcoming,

congratulating)

6. Declarations are those kindsof speech act that the utteranceseffect immediate

changes in the institutional state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate
 exta-linguistic institutions (paradigm cases: excommunicating, declaring war,

christening, firing from employment).

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Speech Acts

Pragmatics has several approaches one of them is speech act. In simple words, a

speech act is a compound word between speech and act. It is used by people to

express their action via speech or utterances. An action that performs through

language is called as speech act. Austin defines speech act as the actions performed in

saying something. Speech acts are the study of intended meaning the utterances

spoken and written.

Moreover, the most significant things in speech act are the message of the speaker

intention, so the hearer understand a message from the speaker. In normal

circumstances, listeners record beliefs, provide help, record promises, acknowledge

congratulations, and provide information. In the process of comprehension, listeners

figure out what a sentence is meant to express. They also register how the sentence is

meant to carry forward the purpose of the speaker through utterances. The utterances
produced by speaker do not only show the relationship between them, but its function

is also to explain the speaker’s mind toward the listener through utterances.

Levinson says that a speech acts is a quite essentially pragmatics because it is

created when the speaker makes an utterance to the heaer in context and must be

interpreted as an aspect of social interaction. All of issues in the general theory of

language usage, speech act theory has probably roused the widest interest.

Grundy states that speech acts might be seen as a prototypically pragmatics

phenomenon in the sense that they challenge the notion that there is a one to one

correspondence between a form and its function.Studyingspeech actis not a non

sense.

According to Searle the reason for concentrating on the study of speech actis simply

this: all linguistics communication involves linguistics acts. Therefore studying

speech actis very important because we concern with linguistics communication

everyday.Searle has proposed two fundamental aspects of speech acts theory. They

are meaning intentionality. Further, he also suggests intentionality as a characteristic

to group some speech act verbs. Although speech act verbs categorized as

performatives but they may not reach the performance attribute if intentionality by

the speaker is missing.

Whereas meaning relates to the situation in which utterance isissued and based on the

hearer’s interpretation.Language is important rule for human in communicationeach

other. Human usesit to give an order, to make request, to give warning, to apologize,
to give advice and so on. Therefore, language has close relation with human in

society and it has a specific term that is called speech act. It is concerned on how the

speaker produces language.

Speech act means actions performed via utterances .Thus, people do things with

words in much the same way as they perform physical actions. The action is

performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related acts. They are

locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.

It is acknowledged as the creator of Speech Act Theory. Based on comparison

between constative utterances and performative utterances, Austin refers to

"constative utterances" to those utterances which are used to describe or constate

something, and those which thus are true or false, and "performative utterances" to

those utterances not only perform a speech act beyond the assertion but also at the

same time describe the speech act. Austin divided three parts of Speech Act that are

Locutionary Act, Illocutionary Act, and Perlocutionary Act.

Aitchison (2003: 106) defines speech act as a number of utterance behave somewhat

like actions. He also states that when a person utters a sequence of words the speaker

is often trying to achieve some effects with those words, an effect which might in

some cases has been accomplished by an alternative action.

Based on Yule, he states that speech act is an action performed by utterances. He also

gives specific labels in English for it such as apology, complaint, compliment,

invitation, promise or request. Speech act is a concern with the speaker's

communicative intention in producing an utterance, and it is defined by the purpose

for which the speakers use the language, for example, to make a request, to apologize,

and to report stated Yule. It means that the speech act is always used in daily life

when speakers say something and hearer know the purpose of speakers' says in the

communication so it will make the best result in the communication. While using the

language people do not produce only an isolated series of sentences, but also perform

an action. In other words, by using the language, they either do something or make

others do something such as thanking, requesting, promising, and so on.

2.2 Categories of Speech Acts

2.2.1. Locutionary acts

Locutionary act prepositional meaning is the basic act of utteranceor producing a

meaningful linguistic expression (Yule). Moreover, locutionary act is the act simply

uttering a sentence from a language.It refers to factual meaning of the sentence, that

is, the literal meaning of actual word. Locutionary actis the basic act of utterance

there is no intention of speaker.

Locutionary act is the form of the words uttered or the basic act of utterance. Austin

states that locutionary act is roughly equivalent to uttering a certain sentence with

certain sense and reference, which again is roughly equivalent to meaning in the

traditional sense.

Forexample:

 It‟s cold in here.

 2.There is food in the stove.

Based on the examples above, in (1) the sentence refersto the temperature; (2) the

sentence refersto the location of the food.

2.2.2 Illocutionary acts

The illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance, such

as promising, apologizing, offering (Yule). This act is also called the act of doing

something in saying something.The most significant level of action in a speech act is

the illocutionary act because the force, which has been desired by the speakers,

determines this act. Illocutionary act can be the real description of interaction

condition.

For example:

 1.It’s cold in here.

 2.There is food in the stove.

Based on the examples above, (1) the sentence showsa requestto close the door; (2)

the sentence showsan offer of something to eat.

2.2.3 Perlocutionary acts

According to Hufford and Heasley perlocutionary act is the act that is carried out by a

speaker when making an utterance causes in certain effect on the hearer and others.

Perlocutionary act is also the act offering someone. Perlocutionary act refers to the

effect the utterance has on the thoughts or actions of the other person. A

perlocutionary act is specific to the circumtances of issuance, and is therefore not

conventionally achieved just by uttering that particular utterance, and includes all
those effects, intended or unintended, often indeterminate, that some particular

utterance in a particular situation cause.

Perlocutionary act is the effect of the word for the hearer.Perlocutionary act is the

effect of an utterance. It is what people bring about or achieve by saying something

such as convincing, persuading, deterringand even say, surprising, misleading.

For example:

 1.It’s cold in here. (such as someone actually close the door)

 2.There is food in the stove.(helping themselves to the food).

2.3 Classification of speech acts

There are five basic kinds of speech actof utterance that one can perform in speaking

which are promoted by Searle in Levinson (1983: 240), they are representatives,

directives, commissives, expressive, and declarations.

2.3.1.Representatives

Representatives are those kinds of speech act that the utterancescommitthe speaker to

the truth of the expressed proposition (paradigm cases: asserting, concluding, etc.). It

also states what the speaker believes to be case or not. Statements of fact, assertions,

conclusions, and descriptions are all examples of the speaker representing the world

as he or she believes it is.

Example:“ The earth is flat.” The statement representsthe speaker’sassertions about

the earth. The speaker has opinion that the earth is flat.

Representative speech act uses language to tell people how things are, as in

concluding, telling, asserting, hypothesizing, etc. For instance: “Skeeter is preety

girl“. The sentence is a form statement. The speaker can state the sentence based on

the fact or just give his or her own opinion about physical condition of a person. It

can be his or her subjective opinion. Representatives speech act can be noted by some

speech acts verb, such as: remind, tell, assert, deny, correct, state, guess, predict,

report, describe, inform, insist, assure, agree, claim, beliefs, conclude.

2.3.2.Directives

Directives are those kinds of speech act that speakers use to get someone else to do

something (paradigm cases: requesting, questioning, command, orders, suggesting,

etc.)

Example: “ Could you lend me a pencil, please?”The utterances above representsthe

speakerrequestthe hearer to lend him a pencil. The speaker requeststhe hearer to do

something in this state.

2.3.3.Commissives

Commissives are those kinds of speech act thattheutterances commit the speaker to

some future course of action. (paradigm cases: promising, threatening, offering,

refusal, pledges, etc)

Example: “ I’ll be back.”The statement which is used by the speaker intendsas a

promising that the speaker will be back.

2.3.4.Expressives

Expressivesare those kindsof speech act that the utterances express a phychological

state (paradigm cases: thanking, apologizing, welcoming, congratulating)

Example: “ oh my god, girl, you looks so beautiful today.”The utterance representsthe

speaker’sexpressionthat he likesthe girl’slooks today.

2.3.5.Declarations

Declarations are those kindsof speech act that the utteranceseffect immediate changes

in the institutional state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate exta-linguistic

institutions (paradigm cases: excommunicating, declaring war, christening, firing

from employment).

Example: Priest:“ I now pronounce you husband and wife.”

The utterances shows thatthe Priestdeclaresthe couplebecame husband and wife.

Sentence Structure and Sentence FunctionAccording to Yule (1996: 54) there are

three structural forms in English, namely declarative, interogative, imperative.And

the three general communications functions are statement, question, command or

request. Sentences can be classified based on the structures into:

1.Declarative sentence It

is a sentence in which the subject precedes the finite(Gerot and Wignel,

1994:38).Example: The bag is expensive.The sentence is declarative, it is showed by

the subject “the bag” that precedesthe finite “is”.

2.Interogative sentenceIt

is a sentence in which the finite precedes the subject(Gerot and Wignel, ).Example:

Areyou take out the garbage?The sentence is interrogative, it is showed by thefinite

“are” that precedesthe subject “you”.

3.Imperative sentence It
is a sentence beginning with finite. According to Gerot and Wignel (1994:41), in

imperatives the moodelement may consist of subjectprecedesfinite, subject only,

finite only, or they may have no mood element. There will always be a predicator.

Example: close the door!The sentence is imperative, it is showed by the finite “close”

which beginsthe sentence.

Sentences can be classified based on the functions into:

1.Statement It

is a sentence primarily used to convey information.The sentence function is

statement.For example: The bag is expensive.The sentence function givesinformation

that the bag is expensive.

2.Question It

is a sentence primarily used to elicit information.For example: Areyou take out the

garbage?The sentence function is asking information. Thespeaker asks the

hearerweather he or she take out the garbage.

3.Command It

is a sentence primarily used to tell someone to do something.For example:close the

door! The sentence function is commandingsomeone. The speaker gives command

the hearer to close the door.

2.4 Talk Show or Podcast

A program featuring informal conversation, often on a particular topic or

range of topics, between a host and, variously, guest celebrities and experts, members
of a studio audience, or listeners or viewers telephoning from their homes. Talk

shows are a place for people to come talk. Celebrities come on to talk about

themselves, or their projects. Regular people come on to share their stories. Talk

shows are also a place to talk about things that are happening. Late-night hosts tell

jokes about topical things. They bring on guests that are making news or that have

gone viral for some bizarre quality. Finally, talk shows are a place to create things

that people will talk about. These are the segments that go viral for some bizarre

quality (see Jimmy Fallon). These are guests who are coming to share something

they've never talked about before.

2.5 Previous Study

First A Speech Act Analysis Of Teacher Talk Inanefl Classroom by Sri Meiweni

Basra, Luthfiyatun Thoyyibah (2017), International Journal of Education. The purposes

of the research are to find out speech act classification mostly used by an EFL teacher while teaching,

the reason of why certain classification was preferred and the implication of the selected speech act

classification toward the teaching and learning process. This research is a case study research

involving an English teacher teaching anEFL class. The study uses Searle’s taxonomy of speech act

classification as the instrument. The study concludes that the choice of speech acts classification

determine the teaching approach and vice versa. It is recommended for English teachers wishing to

help students to achieve communicative competence to use more directive speech acts.

In addition An Analysis of Speech Act Used in London Has Fallen Movie, Zulfa

Tutuarima (2018). The aims of the research are (i) to find out the kinds of speech act

used in London Has Fallen Movie (ii) to find out the way of speech act and the

classifications of illocutionary act used in London Has Fallen Movie. This research
uses descriptive qualitative research. This research figures out the kinds of speech act

and the classifications of the illocutionary act used in London Has Fallen Movie.

Furthermore there is from Putri, An Analysis Of Speech Act Used In Harry Potter

And The Goblet Of Fire Movie (2019) English Education Department, Ganesha

University of Education. This research aimed at analyzing the speech act used in

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire movie. This research was conducted in

descriptive qualitative. The primary sources of data were utterances in Harry Potter

and the Goblet of Fire movie. This research also used its movie script as a secondary

source. The data were collected through observation and documentation techniques

and analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data display, verification, and

conclusion. This research aimed at analyzing the speech act used in Harry Potter and

the Goblet of Fire movie. This research was conducted in descriptive qualitative. The

primary sources of data were utterances in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire movie.

This research also used its movie script as a secondary source. The data were

collected through observation and documentation techniques and analyzed through

the stages of data reduction, data display, verification, and conclusion.

So from these previous research, the researcher is useful to help the writer to analyze

this research. The writer found similarities and differences from the previous study.

The similarity is the topic of the phenomenon of speech acts and the documentation is

from movie. But in the other hand, the differences from the previous study and this

study is in choosing classification of speech acts. Thus, the next researcher will find

the speech acts of video YouTube channel.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Design of the research

The research design of this study was quantitative research.

3.2 Instrument of the research

Instrument of this research is checklist based on theory by John R. Searle.

Searle (1999) categorizedfive different types of illocutionary acts; assertive force,

directive force, commissive force, expressive force,and declarative force.

3.3 Data Collection

The method of collecting data was some ways which could be used to collect the

data. In collecting the data, the researcher took the following step:
 1. Collecting the categories of speech acts

2. Identification theory of speech acts

3. Prepared the transcription

4. Giving some codes

3.4 Data Analysis

The researcher chose a content analysis to analyze the data. The material may be

public records, textbooks, letters, films, diaries, themes, reports, or another document.

The steps in analyzing the data were:

1. Identifying the speech act and categories of speech act that found the youtube.

2. Analyzing the data into more specific speech act and categories of speech act.

3. Interpreting the results of the speech act and classifications of Speech act which are

used in bree tomasel on anxiety and happiness in radio – the daily talk show on

youtube channel

4. Concluding the results of the speech act and the classifications which

used in bree tomasel on anxiety and happiness in radio – the daily talk show on

youtube channel

3.5 Procedures

The procedure are :

1. Watching bree tomasel on anxiety and happiness in radio – the daily talk show

on youtube channel
 2. Downloading the video from youtube

3. Searching the English subtitle from internet copied

4. Making the transcription based on the subtitle.

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Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. London: Cambridge University.

Cruse. D. Alan. A Glossary of Semantic and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh

University Press, 2006

Austin JL. How To Do Things With Words. 1955, Oxford University Press: London.

Sumarsono. 2017. Sosiolinguistik. SABDA (Lembaga Studi Agama, Budaya dan

Perdamaia: Yogyakarta.

Searle, J. R. et al. 1980. Speech Act Theory and Pragmatics. D. Reidel Publishing

Company: Holland.

Creswell, Jhon W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods

Approaches 4th ed. 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc: California.

Rumaria, Choerunnisa. 2015. An Analysis of Speech Acts in The Dead Poets Society.

Skripsi.Yogyakarta: UniversitasNegeri Yogyakarta.