School of Electrical Information

Chapter 12
Frequency Response
 12.1 Transfer Function

The frequency response of a circuit is the variation in its behavior with

change in signal frequency

The frequency response of a circuit may also be considered as the

variation of the gain(magnitude) and phase with frequency.

The transfer function ! " (also called the network function) is a useful
analytical tool for finding the frequency response of a circuit.

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 12.1 Transfer Function
Transfer Function ! "

The transfer function ! " of a circuit is the frequency-dependent

Ratio of a phasor output # " (an element voltage or current) to a phasor
Input $ " (source voltage or current).

# "
! " = = ! " ∠'
$ "

()*+, - ./012)3 45-+6*67, ! " 9-: - 0-,+*65;) ! " -+; - 19-:) '

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 12.1 Transfer Function

Subscript ! and " denote input and output values.

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 !

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 12.2 Bode Plots
Since Bode Plots are based on logarithms, it is important that we keep
the following properties of logarithms in mind.

Why to introduce Bode Plots?

When obtaining the frequency response, the frequency range is often

so wide that it is inconvenient to use a linear scale for the frequency axis.

We want to find another way (semilogarithmic plots) to locate the important

features of the magnitude and phase plots of the transfer function.

The magnitude in decibels is plotted against the logarithm of the frequency.

The phase in degrees is plotted against the logarithm of the frequency.
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 12.2 Bode Plots
! " = ! " ∠% !&' = ()*+,-) ! "

.*+/0: ()&'/&034&0

.*+/0: −()&'/&034&0

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 12.2 Bode Plots
! " = ! " ∠% !&' = ()*+,-) ! "

Summary of Bode plots for every single factor

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 12.2 Bode Plots
! " = ! " ∠% !&' = ()*+,-) ! "

Steps to plot Bode plots of transfer function ! " :

Ø Dividing out the poles and zeros in ! " , represent ! " by
different factors:
a pole (/")1- +2 342+ /"
" "
A simple pole -/ - + / 7 or zero -/ - + / 3
- -

A constant K
Ø Rewrite ! " in terms of factors
Ø Record the corner frequencies based on each factors
Ø Sketch the factors one by one in ! "
Ø Combine additively the graphs of the factors

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 12.2 Bode Plots
Obtain the !"# and $ of ! % .

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 12.2 Bode Plots

!"#$%: −()° /,%-.,%

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 12.3 Series Resonance
Input impedance:

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 12.3 Series Resonance

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 12.3 Series Resonance
Ø The highest power occurs at resonance:

Ø When the power equals to half of the maximum value

!" #$% !& #'( )#**(% +,( ,#*- − /01(' -'(23($)4(5

Ø Bandwidth 67

67 = !& − !"

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 12.3 Series Resonance
Ø quality factor !

#$ #% &' $ )
!= = = =
# # ( &' %(

( &'
*+ = =
$ !

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 12.4 Parallel Resonance

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 12.4 Parallel Resonance

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 12.5 Passive Filters
A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with desired
frequencies and reject others.

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 12.5 Passive Filters
Lowpass Filter

! " =$ ! ∞ ="

! &'

&' ()*&* +, -./ .+01 − 3)&/4 14/56/*'7

8, '+00/9 '6-)11 14/56/*'7 ./4/.

The lowpass filter is designed to pass only

frequencies from dc up to the cutoff frequency &'

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 12.5 Passive Filters
Highpass Filter

! " =" ! ∞ =%

&' () *+, '-*.// /0,1-,2'3 .

The highpass filter is designed to pass all

frequencies above its cutoff frequency &'

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 12.5 Passive Filters
Bandpass Filter

! " =" ! ∞ ="

%" &' ()* +*,(*- .-*/0*,+1 .

The bandpass filter is designed to pass all

frequencies within a band of frequencies,
%3 < %" < %5

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 12.5 Passive Filters
Bandstop Filter

! " =$ ! ∞ =$

&" '( )*+ ,+-)+. /.+01+-,2 .

The bandstop filter is designed to stop or

eliminate all frequencies within a band of
frequencies, &$ < &" < &5

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