FACULTY OF MEDICINE

MICROBIOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT

MODULE: RENAL & URINARY SYSTEM (MD2404)

STUDENT NAME : OTOH RAYA BIN OMAR

MATRIC NO. : MBBS 0919237

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 26 JANUARY 2021

LECTURER’S NAME: DR. THU ZAR HAN

Answer the following questions.

1. How would you collect the clean catch urine sample? (3 marks)

Around 10 ml of morning specimen freshly voided, clean-catch midstream

urine should be collected in a clean, dry container.

2. Why does urine sample need to be examined within 2 hours of collection? (3

marks)

Because during this time the urine still concentrated and clean also lack of
contamination.

3. Write a report on macroscopic and microscopic examinations of NORMAL

urine. (4 marks)

Macroscopic Examination of NORMAL Urine

Colour Pale yellow

Odour Ammoniacal odour
Clarity Clean and transparent

Microscopic Examination of NORMAL Urine

RBCs None
Pus cells 0-2 WBC/HPF
Epithelial cells 0.2 HPF
Crystals 0.2 HPF
Bacteria Normal flora/none
Others findings None

3. Complete the following table. (20 marks)

Microscopic exam Appearance Differential diagnosis/

of urine clinical application
RBCs Intact, crenated, swollen or 1.Glomerular damage
(Hematuria) dysmorphic 2.Urinary Tract Stone
3.Acute tubular necrosis
Pus cells/WBC Appear as granulocytes 1.urinary tract infection
(Pyuria) 2.bladder tumor
Epithelial cells
1 Squamous - Long, flat and irregular 1.Acute tubular necrosis
epithelial cell shape with abundant
cytoplasm and small central
nuclei
2. Transitional - Large, have regular cell 2. Acute
epithelial cell borders, larger nuclei and glomerulonephritis
smaller overall size than
squamous epithelial cell.
3. Renal tubular - Larger than granulocytes 3.Urinary tract infection.
epithelial cells and contain a large around
or oval nucleus.
Crystals
(Crystaluria)
1. Calcium - Colourless and enveloped 1. Diabetes
oxalate shaped Mellitus.
or octahedral shape
2. Triple
phosphate - Colourless prisms or “coffin 2. Chronic cystitis
lids”
Bacteria Seen as rods or cocci. 1. Urinary Tract
(Bacteriuria) Infection.
2. Normal flora.

3. List SIX (6) common organisms causing community acquired UTI. (3 marks)
- Escherichia coli
- Klebsiella pneumoniae.
- Enterococcus faecalis
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- Streptococcus sp.

4. Name TWO (2) culture media that are used in laboratory for diagnosis of UTI.
(2 marks)
- Blood agar
- McConkey plates.

5. What is “significant bacteriuria”? State its diagnostic significance. (5 marks)

- Greater than 100 000 CFU per mili
- Two organisms are predominate.
- Example : Escherichia coli – confirmed using glucuronidase biochemical test
Enterococcus sp.- confirmed by esculent bio test.