Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• In (place) • In (place)
• During (time)
• During (time)
Case Finding
• Surveillance
• All laboratories in the affected area
• Major laboratories in neighbouring districts
• National reference laboratory
• Food borne outbreak notifications
• Interview of cases
– History
– Exposure
Descriptive Epidemiology
Animal Time
Place
Evaluate information
C
• Propagated source
a • Spread from person to person
s • Can last longer than point source
e
s
• Multiple waves of infection
• Can have several peaks with an
incubation period apart.
Weeks
Place: Distribution of Cholera Cases in London 1854
Person
• Distribution of cases by:
– Age
– Sex
Develop hypotheses
Hypothesis about :
cause sources, mode of transmission and
exposure period
By using
• Clues from clinical signs
• Clues from case interview
• Clues from descriptive epidemiology
Testing Hypothesis
• Cohort
- attack rate exposed group
- attack rate unexposed group
• Case control
- % of cases exposed
- % of controls exposed
Implement control measures