Selçuk University

Faculty of Letters Department of Archaeology

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

Proceedings of the International Symposium

“Trade and Production Through the Ages”
Konya, 25-28 November 2008

Editors:
Ertekin Doksanalt
Erdo an Aslan
Proceedings of the International Symposium
Trade and Production Through the Ages
Konya, 25-28 November 2008

Editors:
Ertekin Doksanalt
Erdo an Aslan

© Selçuk University Faculty of Letters Department of Archaeology Konya/ Türkiye TR01

Advisory Board
Prof Dr. Ahmet Adil Trpan
(Selçuk University Faculty of Letters Department of Archaeology)
Prof.Dr. Maria Novotna
(Trnava University Philosophical Faculty Department of Classical Archaeology)
Prof.Dr. Werner Jobst
(Trnava University Philosophical Faculty Department of Classical Archaeology)
Prof.Dr. Mustafa Sahin
(Uluda University Faculty of Letters Department of Archaeology)
Doç.Dr. Maria Dufkova
(Trnava University Philosophical Faculty Department of Classical Archaeology)
Doç.Dr. Klara Kuzmova
(Trnava University Philosophical Faculty Department of Classical Archaeology)
Doç. Dr. Asuman Baldran
(Selçuk University Faculty of Letters Department of Archaeology)

Contact address:
Selçuk University Faculty of Letters Department of Archaeology Konya/ Türkiye TR01
+903322231373
erdoganaslan@gmail.com

The authors are responsible for their contributions.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form - electronic or mechanical, including
photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, including web pages, without the prior
written permission from the copyright owner.

ISBN: 978-605-4366-08-8
PUBLISHING:

SELÇUK ÜN VERS TES

EDEB YAT FAKÜLTES
D J TAL BASKI MERKEZ

KONYA, SEPTEMBER, 2010

 Proceedings of the International Symposium

“Trade and Production Through the Ages”

Selçuk University Faculty of Letters Department of Archaeology

Trnava University Philosophical Faculty Department of Classical Archaeology
The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

Konya, 25-28 November 2008

CONTENTS

Preface

ASLAN, Erdo an - ÖZKAN, Güzin:

A Group Of Commercial Amphorae At Konya Archeological Museum 7-18

C RT L, Saim:
Mu la-Yata an Tepecik Kazsnda Bulunan Fatih Sultan Mehmed Sikkeleri 19-32

DO AN, Banu:
Trade And Exchange In Prehistory. A Theoretical Evaluation 33-50

DUFKOVÁ, Marie:
Greek Terracottas Of The Archaic And Classical Periods In The Northern 51-66
And Western Black Sea

EREK, Cevdet Merih:

The Findings and Production Technologies in Direkli Cave (Kahramanmara ) 67-84

EROL, Ay e F.:
Slave Trade Of Black Sea Region From Archaic To Hellenistic Period 85-96

FINDIK, Ebru Fatma:

Late Roman-Early Byzantine Pottery From The Excavations Of 97-114
St. Nikolaos Church In Myra

NANAN, Filiz:
Anaia - Kadikalesi: A New Zeuxippus Ware Production Centre 115-128

KARAU UZ, Güngör:

Thoughts On Road Network Of The Inside Areas In The Light Of 129-142
Ancient Fortresses In Zonguldak Area

KUZMOVÁ, Klára:
Terra Sigillata in Barbaricum North of the Pannonian Frontier: 143-154
Evidence of Long-Distance and Local Trade

NOVAKOVA, Lucia:
Drug trade in the classical antiquity in the eastern Mediterranean area 155-166

ÖZEL, Prl :
Used Trade Roads in Anatolia and mportance of skenderun Bay 167-174

TIRPAN, Ahmet Adil- GIDER, Zeliha – BÜYÜKÖZER, Aytekin

Wine Production And Trade In Belentepe In Byzatine Period 175-188

UZUNEL, Ömer – TA KIRAN, Murat:

A Workshop from Caria Chersonesos 189-202
ÜNAL, Ceren;
The Reflection of Byzantine Coin Iconography to the Coins of Artuqids: 203-216
The Figure of Virgin Mary Crowning the Emperor

Appendix

BALDIRAN, Asuman – KARAU UZ, Güngör – SÖ ÜT, Bilal:

Centre Unissant Les Cultes Hittites Et Romains : Fasillar 219-256

BALDIRAN, Asuman- SÖ ÜT, Bilal:

Kybele Monument In Lykaonia Region Bey ehir And Seydi ehir Counties 257-278

DOKSANALTI, Ertekin- KARAU UZ, Güngör:

The Hellenistic and Roman Ceramics from Field Surveys at 279-298
Devrek and Its Environs

SUHAL, Sa lan:
A Group Of West Slope Pottery Dscovered In Kelenderis 299-312

TIRPAN, Ahmet Adil- EK C , Makbule:

Börükçü Olive Oil Workshops 313-327
 Preface

Bilateral relations between Selcuk University and Trnava University continue in the form of
scientific meetings. In this framework, the symposiums that Trnava University had already
begun continued in a symposium held in our university in 2008. Entitled “Trade and
Production Through the Ages”, this international symposium aimed at discussing the
archaeological reflections of production and trade conducted in ancient ages and sharing new
information and findings in this regard. Trade and production , which began with exchange of
goods and assumed a new dimension with the invention of money, have triggered cultural
development across the ages and ensured cultural exchange among civilisations. It is known
that as a result of the interaction in question, cultural changes have taken place as well as
historical ages. The symposium dealt with change brought about by means of production and
trade and cultural change that ensued.
The international symposium entitled “Trade and Production Through the Ages”, which was
hosted by Selcuk Univeristy Faculty of Letters Department of Archaeology and sponsored by
TUBITAK on November 25-28 2008 was jointly organised by Selcuk University Department
of Archaeology, Trnava University Department of Archaeology, Slovak Archaeological
Society and Uludag University Archaeology Department. 49 speakers from seven countries,
namely Austria, Slovakia, Germany, The Czech Republic, Italy, Uzbekistan and Turkey
participated in the symposium. A trip was organised to Catalhoyuk and Eflatunpnar
Monument at the end of the symposium and it ended with a closing cocktail.
The papers submitted to this symposium and the papers submitted to the additional section
entitled Anatolian Archaeological Studies were published in English and French together with
20 papers.

Editors
Konya, July 2010
 Proceedings of the International Symposium “Trade and Production Through the Ages”, 175-188.

WINE PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN BELENTEPE IN BYZATINE PERIOD

Ahmet A. Trpan - Zeliha Gider - Aytekin Büyüközer

Keywords: Wine production, wine workshop, Belentepe, Byzantine, Ceramos, dolia.

Abstract: Six wine workshops were built in the last quarter of the 10th century A.D in Beletepe located in
the hinterland of Ceramos antique city. Social and economic developments and changes under rein of
Basileios II were effective in this. Archeological excavations revealed main room where wine was produced
and storage areas where wine was kept for fermentation. When the great number of wine workshops and the
capacity of the storage containers are considered, it is understood that the production was for trade rather
than consumption. Belentepe’s being in the territory of Ceramos, a harbour city important for sea trade,
made it possible for it to play a prominent role in trade activities. In all of these wine workshops there were
relics which can be dated back as early as 1080 A.D. This indicates -besides social and economic collapse in
Byzantine Empire- that life conditions change as a result of increasing raids by Turks with Malazgirt Victory
in 1071 A.D. and thus the region was abandoned.

Belentepe, located to the northwest of Caria Region, is situated on the top of a hill
500 m south of Çakralan village of Milas, a county of Mu la province.1 It is almost 8 km
air-distance from Ceramos ancient city (Fig. 1). The hill to the north was completely
excavated in the study carried out in 2007 and 2008, and it was found out that the first
settlement in the area was in the Early Bronze Age.2 It was also revealed that settlement
was cut till Late Geometric Period. To the north side of Belentepe many buildings to
Archaic, Classical and Hellenistics Period were unearthed.3 Among these buildings the
ones which were related with the cult and olive oil workshops made it possible for us to
gather important data.4
Only an area of 700 m2 to the north side of Belentepe was excavated and ruins of
buildings from the Byzantine Period were found there5 (Fig. 2). The Byzantine buildings
on the northern foots of eastern side are built on the necropole area of the Hellenistic
Period. The buildings on the plain area to the north were built in one layer or one phase.
While Byzantine buildings were all built on the same area, only one of them is 50 m to the
south on the east side of the hill (Fig. 3).
In the archeological study carried out in the area where the ruins of the buildings
dating back to Byzantine Period, six wine workshops were unearthed. Carbonized grape
seeds were found in the pythos earthed under the production room of the workshop 4 -
numerated in the order of exploration in excavation- and the treading basin (Fig. 4). This
has helped us to define the function of the other buildings unearthed at Belentepe, which
have the same mechanism. All of the workshops which have similar features in terms of
planning and functionality were protected at the groundwork level. Mud mortar was used
for amalgamating local rocks to build walls. The floors of the rooms are squeezed soil

1
Here is one of the jigsaw areas affiliated to Yeniköy branch of Southern Aegean Lignite Enterprises.
2
Five pythos grave stones beloging to Early Bronze Age were found at Belentepe. See Trpan - Sö üt 2010,
516-517, Res. 5.
3
Trpan - Sö üt 2009, 254-256, Fig. 10-12.
4
For the two olive oil workshops on the hill to the north, see Sö üt - Gider 2010, 241-257.
5
Trpan - Sö üt 2010, 517-518, Res. 7.

175
 Ahmet A. Trpan - Zeliha Gider - Aytekin Büyüközer

layers. Large amounts of tile pieces found in the excavations indicate that all of the
buildings had tile covers.
The workshops are generally composed of a room where wine is produced and
storage rooms where wine is kept for fermentation (Fig. 5). While workshops 1 and 6 had
one production room and two storage rooms, only workshop 3 had two production rooms.
The procession of these spaces is the same for all workshops. In the production space,
generally there is one treading basin and a collection vat or a collection pool. The room is
designed as such so as to create a large space in the room and to fix the wooden posts
where belts used to take on while crushing grapes, which are slippery (Fig. 6). To decrease
grape juice loss to minimum by increasing leaktightness level, the inner sides of the
treading basin were double mortared with a layer of limestone and sand mixture and a
layer of brickdust mortar. As the side walls of the treading basins were all destroyed, we
could not determine the depth of the basins but they are estimated to be shallow.6
The collection vats in front of crushing basins are different in some workshops. A
dolia and the second pool built in front of the number 1 crushing workshop were used as a
collection pool (Fig. 7). The dolia must have been used for storage and fermentation of the
first grape juice that seep with the help of only grapes weight itself.7 The dolia in front of
the treading basin in workshop 2 was also used as a collection vat (Fig. 8). In the
workshops number 3, 4 and 6, pythos were placed in front of crushing basins and they
were supported with stones from outer sides (Fig. 9). No collection vat was determined in
workshop 5. However, the traces on both sides of crushing basin indicate that rectangle
wood collection vats were used.
The grape juice obtained from the grapes pressured in treading basins was collected
in collection vats. As soon as grape juice is obtained from grapes, the first fermentation
begins thanks to the natural yeast on grape peels.8 If the grape juice is kept in the collection
vat for more than 6 hours, the wine becomes very strong as fermentation happens with a
very fast reaction.9 For a wine of high quality, the grape juice accumulated in the collection
vats are to be transferred to storage basins like dolia and pythos. In the first fermentation,
the grape juice’s being transferred to a large basins as soon as possible leads to a more
level and perfect fermentation. The dolias and pythos -buried in the floor- found in the
workshops at Belentepe are the storage basins where the wine accumulated in collection
vats are transferred for the first fermentation.
In the wine workshops at Belentepe, storage basins like dolia and pythos are in the
production rooms. In ancient times, the production period of wine was reported to be 3
years.10 As grape was harvested every year, these collection vats were also used every
year. Therefore, after the fermentation process, the grape juice was transferred from
storage basins to carriage basins like pythos, amphora or leather bags. A prominent part of
the second fermentation is realized during this transfer.11 The second fermentation is a long
and slow paced process. During this phase, wine is to be kept in a cool place.12 The second

6
The side walls of the treading basin depicted on a mosaic found in Saint Romain en Gal, France dating back
to the 3th century A.D. are not very high. See Estreicher 2006, 30, Fig. 21.
7
Kennedy 1903, 5313-5314.
8
Lucas 1934, 14.
9
Lucas 1934, 16; Seltman 1957, 70-71. If you want to produce strong wine, grape juice is to be kept in the
collection vat for a longer time.
10
Forbes 1965, 285; Robinson 2006, 267-269.
11
At this stage wine was filtered through a linen cloth and ready-made sweeteners and flavor were added to
accelerate fermentation. See Henderson 1824, 47.
12
Frankel 1999, 43.

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 Wine Production And Trade In Belentepe In Byzatine Period

and third spaces found in wine workshops are the storage areas where the wine waiting for
transportation is kept13 (Fig. 5). These storage areas excavated revealed pythos and
amphora pieces rather than dolia or buried pythoses. In a picture depicting wine production
in Byzantine Period, it is seen that pythoses were used for the transportation of wine.14
Besides, grape bunch lithograph found on one of the amphora handles is significant in that
it shows that amphoras are related to wine (Fig. 10).
The coins found in excavations in wine workshops help us determine the usage
period of the buildings. Three coins found in workshop 2 are Anomin Follis, and two of
them date back to 976-1030/1035 A.D.15 The other coin dates back to 1042-1050 A.D.16.
One of the 12 Byzantine coins found in 3rd, 4th and 5th workshops date back to 1030/35-
1042 A.D.17 Another coin belongs to 1059-1067 A.D.18 The other 9 coins date back to
1075-1080 A.D.19 One coin found in wine workshop 6 belongs to 1065-1070 A.D.20 When
all these data is considered, it is understood that the wine workshops at Belentepe were
used for more than a century between 976-1080 A.D. (Fig. 11).
In the excavations carried out at Belentepe so far no Roman Period layer was
found. It is understood that after Hellenistic Period, the site was settled again in 6th century
A.D. Although data about 8th and 9th centuries A.D. is insufficient, it was found out that
settlement intensified in the last quarter of 10th century A.D. In this period, it is seen that
workshops were built besides housing. The fact that most of the ruins were built in the last
quarter of 10th century A.D. is in parallel with political history of Byzantine Empire.21
Byzantine Empire Macedonia Dynasty had great military success, especially under the rule
of Basileios II (976-1025 A.D.), thus it became the most powerful state of the East
Mediterranean again.22 Besides successes in military area, new regulations were made in
social and economic life.23 With the empire getting stronger, the rich wanted to have more
lands; even the church which was the most powerful institution of the Byzantine joined this
race of having more lands.24 This situation beginning in the second half of the 9th century
A.D. led to the birth of a group of nobles in the 10th century. These nobles had very large
lands with the right of inheritance.25 This also led to the deterioration of agricultural
organizations all over the empire.26 These aristocrat families who also had military power
in a way gained exemption from taxes,27 financial power of the country suffered great
losses. In the first years the reign of Basileios II, the rebellion of this aristocratic class
could hardly be quashed28 as a result of this event; a new series of laws were passed to

13
Plinius advices that one side or at least some windows of wine cellars are to face Northeast or East (N.H.
XIV, 133). Storage spaces were built in line with what ancient writers wrote.
14
Lefort 2002, Fig. 4.
15
Tekin 1999, Pl. XVII/204 (Anonim Follis A2 Grubu, variation 3).
16
Tekin 1999, Pl. XX/235 (Anonim Follis C Group).
17
Tekin 1999, Pl. XIX/228 (Anonim Follis B Group).
18
Tekin 1999, Pl. XXIV/278-281 (Follis).
19
Tekin 1999, Pl. XXII/263 (Anonim Follis I Group).
20
Tekin 1999, Pl. XXII/258 (Anonim Follis G Group).
21
For the settelements in Caria region in Byzantine period see Ruggieri 2005.
22
Vasiliev 1980, 310-320; Demirkent 2005, 98; Ostrogorsky 2006, 276-292.
23
For social, economic and political overview of Byzantine Empire in the 11th centruy A.D. see Hussey
1950, 71-85; Charanis 1958, 177-220; Vryonis 1959, 157-175; Laiou - Morrison 2007, 90-164.
24
Ostrogorsky 2006, 283-285.
25
For the change in the 9th-10th centuries A.D. see Kazhdan - Epstein 1985, 11-23.
26
Demirkent 2005, 12.
27
Ostrogorsky 2006, 298-299.
28
Diehl 1939, 106-107.

177
 Ahmet A. Trpan - Zeliha Gider - Aytekin Büyüközer

limit the power of these aristocratic families which were seen to be a great threat.29 As a
result of this, the people who were made to work as slaves or waged workers started to buy
small lands.30 This indicates a significant process of change in Byzantine.31
Up to the 11th century A.D., besides large lands, there were also scattered small
villages and settlements formed by immigrants.32 In these villages, there were small farms
run by the villagers.33 The agricultural activities were carried out by family members in
small villages.34 The wine workshops built at Belentepe in the last quarter of the 10th
century indicate that small farms started to appear as the land was to be cultivated. In
grapevine agriculture, man-power is necessary rather than capital; grapevine production
was very popular in many regions of Byzantine Empire, especially in small village
settlements.35 In this period, it is known that vineyards were 1 moidoi or a little larger land
and they were mostly used by small farmers.36 Belentepe settlement site was surrounded by
small hills. These hills are quite suitable for growing grapevines.37 When it is considered
that wine presses were built in vineyards or close places, it can be concluded that vineyard
farms were not far away from settlement sites. As a matter of fact, carrying fragile grapes
to long distances would mean loss of grape juice.
6 wine workshops that appeared only in an area of 700 square meters at Belentepe
is a sign of a possible increase in the number of wine workshops as a result of the
prospective excavations. That the number of workshops is so high makes one think that the
production was for trade.38 In the Byzantine Period, in order to meet the need for wine of
the family members, it was necessary to produce grapes at least in an area of 2 modioi.39
The wine gathered out of this area is 1500-2000 liters.40 Only one dolia at Belentepe
contained 1500 liters of wine. There are four dolias in the workshops numbered 1 and 2
each, and 2 dolias in the workshops numbered 3 and 6 each. Thinking that the wine is put
into only dolias, at least 3000 liters and at most 6000 liters of wine were produced in a
workshop. When the pythoses released in the wine workshops are estimated, it is seen that
production was more than needed. This makes one think that in order to meet their needs,
the residents who lived at Belentepe played an active role in trade though this role was

29
Ostrogorsky 2006, 281-285.
30
Lemerle 1979,166-187; Lefort 2002, 238. In mid eleventh century, Eustathios Boilas who had very large
lands in Eastern Anatolia divided all his lands into pieces and let most of them out. Some of these small lands
were rented by the freed slaves of Boilos. see Lemerle 1977, 59-60.
31
For this era which is called Economic Renaissance see Teall 1971, 35-59; Toubert 2002, 377-391; Laiou
2002, 736-759.
32
Lefort 1993, 101-113; Toubert 2002, 389-390.
33
Oikonomides 2002, 995-999.
34
Laiou - Morrison 2007, 109. This was also valid for legal slaves who gained freedom. See Lefort 2002,
243-244.
35
Laiou - Morrison 2007, 109.
36
Lefort 2002, 254.
37
Today grapevine is stil being grown in this reigon. Besides, for wine production in ancient times in
Anatolia see Gorny 2004, 133-174.
38
For wine production in the Byzantine Period, see Hendy 1985, 139–41; Teall 1959, 131; Harvey 1989,
148; Lefort 2002, 249-250. See Hendy 1985, 35, 49, 51–53, 57, 559 for Anatolian coasts.
39
Lefort 2002, 256.
40
We have very little information about the production capacity. It is reported that 25 hectolitres of wine
(2500 litres) per hectare was produced in Chalkidiki. However, in the document belonging to 1080 A.D.,
found at Irivon Monastry located on Mount Athos, situated at the same region, it is reported that 124
hectolires of wine was produced in area of 15 moidoi. It is difficult to identify the production capacity since
the data gathered are contradictory. A family annually consumed 50 hectolitres (5000 litres) of wine
according to the first explanation and 16 hectolitres (1600 litres) based on the second one. Thinking of a
family with five members, the second explanation seems to be more logical. See Lefort 2002, 256.

178
 Wine Production And Trade In Belentepe In Byzatine Period

minor. As a matter of fact, in the 11th century A.D., in a parallel fashion with the
developing commercial activities throughout the empire, small residential areas in the
suburbs also joined trade. As a result, there emerged a Period, during which a high
monetary circulation was the case throughout the empire.41 There is evidence regarding
suburban towns’ were having locally traded in their immediate environment and
sometimes in neighboring regions with the agricultural products that they produced.42 In
these commercial activities, the most important commercial products, after crops that
ranked the first, were olive oil and wine.43
The data gathered at Belentepe until today is not enough to identify the qualities
and scope of wine trade in the area. However, Belentepe’s geographical location’s being
closed to the inner regions and its being within the territories of Ceramos, a harbour town
that was important in Antique Period in maritime trade, enabled this town to be involved in
maritime trade. A number of Knidos, Kos and Rhodos amphora pieces found in
excavations at Belentepe44 make it clear that this residential area had been involved in
maritime trade since the Antique Era.
The wine produced at Belentepe must have been either taken to the antique city of
Ceramos to be sold there or exchanged for other goods at the ships coming to the harbour
by the wine producers.45 Another possibility is that the wine was bought by local tradesmen
coming to the production spots and it was sold to the tradesmen in the ships at the harbour
either in return for money or by swapping.46 As a result, the wine brought to the antique
city of Ceramos through land route must have been loaded onto ships and taken either to
overseas countries or to Constantinapolis,47 the trade center of the empire.
No relics that could be dated back to years after 1080 A.D. have been found in the
wine workshops at Belentepe. There were some fast changing and developing
breakthroughs in the social and economic areas in Byzantine Empire beginning in the mid
9th century and in the 11th century. Though these developments resulted in the corruption of
the agricultural structure throughout the empire,48 they facilitated the activities in
agriculture and trade for a short time in such suburban residential areas as Belentepe, and
as a result of this, the number of the buildings intended for production increased. However,
because of the inability of the emperors crowned after the death of Basileios II (1025
A.D.), the Byzantine Empire led to an incredibly fast collapse. The period of decline
beginning with Romanos IV Diogenes in 1067 A.D., and Malazgirt defeat in 1071 A.D.49
resulted in economic and social chaos throughout the empire.50 In the ten-year period

41
Morrison 1976, 24-30; Kazhdan - Epstein 1985, 25-26.
42
Laiou 2002, 739-759; Laiou - Morrison 2007, 133-134.
43
Kazhdan - Epstein 1985, 46-48; Laiou 2002, 741-744. Moreover, in the map prepared by Hendy and
showing the production in Anatolia and Balcans until the year 1300 AD, Belentepe is included in the area
that produced wine and olive oil. See Hendy 1985, 70, Map 13.
44
Sö üt - Gider 2010, 241-257.
45
See Laiou 2002, 759; Laiou - Morrison 2007, 136-137 for swapping in the 11th century A.D.
46
Laiou 2002, 749-754.
47
Since Constantinapolis was both political and commercial center of Byzantine Empire, most of the
products produced throughout the Empire were carried to there, being either used for the needs of the empire
or traded here. For detailed information see Teall 1959, 87-139; Magdalino 1995, 35-47; Mango 2000, 189-
207; Laiou - Morrison 2007, 138-140.
48
Demirkent 2005, 12.
49
Ostrogorsky 2006, 318-319.
50
Dagron 2002, 401-403.

179
 Ahmet A. Trpan - Zeliha Gider - Aytekin Büyüközer

following the Malazgirt War, Turks advanced until Aegean and Marmara coasts,51 and they
even got Iznik and made it the capital.52 Though the Emperor Alexisos I Komnenos, who
was crowned in 1081 A.D., struggled very hard to end the chaos and frailty that the empire
had experienced for the past twenty-five years, he could not prevent Turks from spreading
until the Aegean Sea coasts in the west of Anatolia.53 That no relics which could be dated
back to after 1080 A.D. were found at the wine workshops at Belentepe signals that this
residential area was abandoned since life conditions in the area had changed because of
raids of the Turks. In addition to this, it can be thought that the economic conditions
experienced could have played a role in the abandonment of the residential area. After mid
11th century A.D., large-scale land ownership was at a continuous increase, while small-
scale landownership gradually decreased.54 Moreover, large-scale landowners continuously
got privileges and tax exemptions. The most powerful landowners were held exempted
from all taxes, but semi-independent peasants (paroics) began to pay their taxes and did
other payments to these land owners. Thus, large-scale landowners placed semi-
independent peasants under their domination by taking them from the high authority of the
state.55 As the state gave some privileges to large-scale landowners, it increased the taxes
of small-scale landowners to get the money needed for the state treasury. This situation,
experienced in the last quarter of the 11th century A.D., put the people in a difficult
situation.56 Furthermore, the devaluation of the Byzantine coins is a factor that resulted in
the economic activities being interrupted. In line with the collapse of the economy,
production activities ended. That the production at the wine workshops at Belentepe was
ended at this time is an example that documents the economic collapse in the empire.

Ahmet A. Trpan Zeliha Gider Aytekin Büyüközer

Selçuk University
Faculty of Letters
Archeology Department
TR 42031, Konya
ahmettirpan1@yahoo.com
Selçuk University Selçuk University
Faculty of Letters Faculty of Letters
Archeology Department Archeology Department
TR42031,Konya TR42031,Konya
zgider@gmail.com aytekinbuyukozer@hotmail.com

51
Ostrogorsky 2006, 323. In the map prepared by Demirkent showing the advancement of Turks in the
Aegean and Marmara Region after Malazgirt War until 1081, it is seen that Turks reached Bodrum Peninsula.
See Demirkent 2005, Map 1.
52
Demirkent 2005, 99.
53
Demirkent 2005, 139-140.
54
Ostrogorsky 2006, 304, Footnote 2.
55
Ostrogorsky 2006, 305.
56
Oikonomides 2002, 995-999; Laiou - Morrison 2007, 107.

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 Wine Production And Trade In Belentepe In Byzatine Period

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FIGURES

Fig. 1: The Location of Belentepe

Fig. 2: Belentepe Excavation Area

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 Wine Production And Trade In Belentepe In Byzatine Period

Fig. 3: The Areas where Byzantine Buildings are Situated

Fig. 4: Carbonized Grape Seeds Found in Wine Workshop 4

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Fig. 5: Production and Storage Spaces in Wine Workshops

Fig. 6: Restitution Proposal for Treading basin

Fig. 7: Collection Pool and Doila Found in Wine Workshop 1

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 Wine Production And Trade In Belentepe In Byzatine Period

Fig. 8: Dolials Found in Workshop 2

Fig. 9: Accumulation Well Located in front of the Treading basin

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Fig. 10: Amphora Handle with Grape Bunch Lithograph

Fig. 11: Sample of Coins Found in Wine Workshops

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