Android Based Health Care Management System

1. Introduction
Physical activity is characterized as any skeletal muscle-generated body movement that
results in energy expenditure. A way to control and inspire oneself to participate in physical
exercise is the monitoring and recording of one's own physical activity. The method of
monitoring exercise and other health related concerns has been digitalized by today's
wearable tracking technologies. Wearable monitoring devices are becoming more common,
such as smartwatches and other wristband sensors that monitor physical activity, as well as
apps on smartphones or tablets. Given the increasing distribution of systems that are
commercially available, individuals are encouraged to track their physical activity
continually. In the so-called quantified self-movement, the growing consciousness of these
topics is also present. The quantified self is a network that brings together wearable
technology providers and users with the objective of integrating data acquisition into
everyday life and better informing people about their routines and health. (Seifert, 2017)

The expected positive effect on health and well-being is one of the most prominent and
frequently cited reasons for mobile physical activity tracking. Changes in behavioral routines
are expected due to the continuous and regular feedback that is provided by tracking
technology. It has been empirically shown that through mobile physical activity tracking, the
level of physical activity can actually increase. However, the findings on the efficacy of self-
tracking are still unclear in other health-related areas. The scientific debate on the potential
effects and disadvantages of mobile health tracking is still in its infancy, despite the growing
number of studies in this field. The long-term effects of using this technology have only been
investigated in a few studies to date. (Seifert, 2017)

New digital media devices have already started to be used by an increasing number of
older individuals. Nevertheless, in relation to usage rates, use intensity, and the range of
commonly used functions of new media, there is still a gap between younger and older
individuals. Therefore, when discussing the use of new technology, older adults still need to
be considered a special target group. In addition, it has been shown that when handling
mobile apps, older adults have specific requirements and that lack of familiarity is a
significant reason for non-use. For the use of mobile physical activity tracking technologies,
comparable patterns can be assumed.

There has been a good discussion about the potential use of technology to deal with
everyday life and health. However, amongst older adults, only a few studies have focused on
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wearable technologies. These studies mainly examined the general acceptance of smartphone
technology by older adults, the usability and usefulness of wearable tracking systems, or that
older people are ready to use consumer health technologies. Previous research has shown that
older people who are using new technology are different from those who are not. Research
has found, in particular, that older people using mobile devices are more likely to be younger,
better educated, male, and more interested in new technology. A German exploratory study
found that the desire to monitor physical activity on an ongoing basis, the incentive to be
more active, and the positive effects on personal well-being were important reasons for
monitoring physical activity among older adults aged 67 to 78 years with an activity tracker.
A second finding of this study was that users focused primarily on counting steps, while
many other features were not used, leading in the long-term to a rather passive daily use of
the devices. (Scholoman, 2017).

The use of apps in recreational running is high and growing, and several apps have been
developed to help people with their running. Recreational running or participation in a
running mass event has previously been shown to be a potential health and physical activity
promoting activity. There are some people who have medications that needs to be monitored
daily but at some point, there are people wherein they are busy and forget about their
medicines and their health. That is why in this study the proponents want to develop an
application where it helps the user from monitoring their health.

The proponents target respondents are those who are taking their medicines, vitamins and
etc. The target respondents are the most suitable respondents in this study because the target
of the proponents is to help them monitor their health.

1.1 Objectives of the study

1.1.1 General Objectives

The main objective of the project is to ensure that our target user will have the help
and guide they need in monitoring their health. Because health is really important
especially for the senior citizen, that’s why this study focuses on how will the user monitor
their health and help them on their everyday living.

1.1.2 Specific objectives

 To design, develop and implement a health monitoring app that will help
the elderly in their health.
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 To design, develop and implement a user interface that will be user

friendly for the target users.
 To design, develop and implement a push notification features that will
remind the user for their needs.
 To design, develop and implement a tracker where the user can track the
needed water, food and supplements intake for the day.
1.2 Significance of the study

This study is significant to the following:

Specifically, the study is deemed beneficial of the following:

Health is defined as "full physical, mental and social development, and not merely the

absence of disease or infirmity" and is one of the elderly's most important and most cherished

values. A lifestyle, which is the set of attitudes and specific behaviors of individuals and entire

communities, depending on environmental, social and cultural factors, as well as personal beliefs

or an axiological system, is the most important factor in determining the health of an individual,

according to the concept of the former Canadian Minister of Health, Mark Lalonde. (Cybulski,

2016)

Doctors will benefit this application to help their patients on monitoring their health

because the patients will be more aware in their health and that is why the doctor will have no

problem guessing and checking the patients because there is an app that monitors their health

Patients will benefit in this application especially those who have a medical

maintenance because most of the people who takes medicine are having a hard time when it

comes to monitoring and taking their medicine that is why the application will help the patients

on monitoring and reminding them on their health.

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For the future researchers you can use this research to have a based knowledge about the

health monitoring app and also you can use this for the future research especially in some related

studies.

1.3 Scope and Limitations

1.3.1 Scope

The main purpose of the system is where the proponents want to develop and implement
an application wherein it monitors all the target user health and set a reminder. The proponents
also want to implement a pulse rate monitor wherein the android phone flashlight will be used in
by the pulse rate monitor. The application can also add a reminder wherein the user can input
important details for the health.

1.3.2 Limitation

The application will be limited to android based, but still it will be applicable to be in IOS
in the near future.

2.0 Review of the Related Literature and Studies

2.1 Technical Background

Recent years have seen an increased adoption of smart-phones by healthcare

professionals as well as the general public. The smartphone is a new technology that combines
mobile communication and computation in handheld-sized device, facilitating mobile computing
at the point of care. The main objective of this study is to classify the smartphone-based
healthcare technologies in the literature according to their functionalities and summarize them in
each category. We present a systematic literature review in this regard. To the best of our
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knowledge, this study is the first study for classifying and summarizing healthcare applications
for smart-phones in a systematic literature review format. The healthcare system is highly mobile
in nature, involving multiple clinical locations such as clinics, inpatient wards, outpatient
services, emergency departments, operating theaters, intensive care units (ICUs), laboratories,
etc. As such, working in the healthcare system requires extensive mobility of healthcare
professional’s as well as communication and collaboration among different individuals, including
their colleagues and patients. Healthcare professionals mainly used pagers for mobile.
Communication until the wide availability of cell phones in1990s. The advent of mobile Personal
Digital Assistants (PDAs) during 1990s enabled healthcare professionals to organize their
contacts and calendars electronically, adding another device in their pockets. The combined
functionality of a pager, a cell phone and a PDA are now replaced by a single device called a
“smartphone” which is becoming very popular among healthcare professionals as well as the
general public. Further details on smartphones and their operating-system platforms are discussed
in Appendix I. Table 1 in Appendix I illustrates an overview of OS features of smartphone
platforms and Table 2 in Appendix I illustrates the support of common features by smartphone
OS platforms with the availability of hardware in the device. A systematic review summarizing
23 surveys on PDA usage by healthcare professionals (conducted in the U.S.(16 surveys), Canada
(4 surveys), Australia (1 survey),both the U.S. and Puerto Rico (1 survey), and both the U.S. and
Canada (1 survey) between 2000 and 2005)demonstrated that overall adoption rate varied
between45% and 85% in 2004–2005 [1]. The patterns of PDA usage reported by this study [1]
were: (1) younger physicians (94%) were more likely than older physicians(84.5%) to use a PDA,
and students and medical resi-dents tended to be younger and were more likely to use a PDA; (2)
no significant gender difference in PDA users was reported among physicians, internists or
residents;(3) the biggest adopters of PDAs were family and general practitioners; (4) large-
practice and hospital-based physicians were higher adopters of PDAs than office-based
physicians; and (5) PDA use was more likely among urban physicians than rural physicians.
According to re-search conducted by Manhattan Research in 2009 onthe professional use of
smartphones by physicians, about64% of the physicians in the U.S. used smartphones in2009
compared to only 30% in 2001. This report found noticeable increase in smartphone adoption and
predicted that 81% of physicians would use smartphone in the U.S. by 2012.

2.2 Related Literature

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Patient Health Record Systems Scope and Functionalities (J Med Internet Res)

The idea of patient health records (PHRs) emerged in the early 1970s with the goal of
increasing patient engagement and empowerment, which in turn was intended to enable
continuity of care, error reduction, treatment choice, and patient-provider partnership building.

An extension of traditional electronic health records (EHRs), PHRs created a patient-centric

platform supporting the new vision of health services that enables patient-provider information
sharing and collaboration, with the goal of improving health outcomes and reducing costs. In
recent decades, great strides have been made toward achieving these far-reaching goals in
research and practice. Through the implementation in the United States of the Health Information
Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act passed in 2009, the use of PHR
data is becoming more commonplace. As defined by the program, the initial stage of meaningful
use encourages providers to integrate technology into medical practice, making vast amounts of
patient data available electronically. Later stages of the program focus on empowering patients by
providing them with online access to their heath data.

The use of PHRs has grown since the rise of mobile computing and advancement of patients’
technical aptitude. As an extension of EHRs, PHRs have been developed to enable patients to
manage their own health care. These records include (1) EHR-transmitted data such as laboratory
results and summary of care, and (2) patient-generated data such as symptoms. The amount of
overlap in terms of data and functionalities between the EHR and PHR depends on the type of
implementation: tethered, interconnected, or stand-alone. Functionalities available through the
PHR are intended to be used by patients, rather than by providers, and include appointment
scheduling, prescription refill, and secure messaging. The newly developed PHRs created a
complementary source of clinical data such as patient-reported outcomes, physician ratings,
medication adherence, and social support, and they allow for new data analytics techniques to
detect, measure, and predict health-related outcomes. The United States has been a leader in the
field of PHR data analytics. One reason for the growth of health care analytics in the United
States is the incentivization of such research through federal initiatives to deliver patient-centered
care and quality-driven payment models. The Partnership for the Future of Medicare states that
innovative methods, such as email consultations and self-monitoring, must be used to achieve
individualized, effective care. Additionally, Medicare strives to make health care data more
readily available and accessible, including quality and performance metrics. Taken together, these
initiatives support health care data collection and utilization in the United States, making PHR
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analytics more feasible. However, the full potential of PHR cannot be realized until we have a
better understanding of PHR data content, formats, and sources.

Tremendous amounts of patient data are now available through PHR systems. With patients’
permission, these data, along with the application of advanced data mining and machine learning,
can provide significant new opportunities in research. For instance, models in areas such as
disease prediction, patient risk assessment, and early symptom detection can now be improved,
leading to major advances in health outcomes and cost optimization. However, along with new
opportunities provided by PHR systems comes with data and user-related challenges. Data-
related issues such as quality, privacy, and security pertain to collection, safe storage, and
processing of large quantities of patient data from distributed information systems. Also, patients
previously excluded from access to such systems may lack the expertise to understand the data.

Hospital Real-Time Location System (Aliasghar SAFAEI)

The importance of people and objects' location in the healthcare centers is expanding
quickly in recent years. On the other hand, one of the main problems at the time of crisis is an
increase in the number of injured patients requiring emergency care. In such conditions, the
hospitals might face various constraints such as shortage of resources, hospital beds, and health
care personnel. Moreover, the lack of sufficient supervisory tools, which can instantly monitor
the location of patients, physicians, medical staff, and medical assets and provide them for the
hospital managers, has resulted in the loss of numerous opportunities. Today, development of the
newly emerging intelligence systems considerably influences different aspects of life, one of the
fields of health. The position of health in future perspective of the countries necessitates the
hospitals to exploit advanced information technologies to automate the process. The most
important issue in a hospital is the real-time tracking of physical position of the entities;
therefore, it is essential to design and implement an appropriate Hospital Real-time Location
Systems (HRTLS) for healthcare centers.

The application of RTLS in the field of healthcare is that, in case of occurrence of

medical emergency for patients, the health care staff can be located quickly. This system can be
also used to track the patients’ movement and ensure their safety, especially patients with
Alzheimer and dementia. Nowadays, hospital real-time location systems propose many
opportunities in healthcare systems for managing hospital services. Some of the most important
applicable objectives the HRTLS model include real-time location of patient & physician
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workflow, increased patient/provider safety, monitoring the valuable hospital equipment such as
medical asset temperature monitoring, bed capacity management, equipment maintenance, patient
elopement and other beneficial applications. In general, these systems are divided into two intra-
organizational and extra-organizational groups. The extra-organizational systems require broader
coverage and are realized via various technologies such as satellite location. Global Positioning
System (GPS) in extra-organizational space was used as real-time patient tracking software, but it
could not achieve any significant success in the intra-organizational space.

The present study aimed to recognize the current status and investigate performance of
hospital real-time location systems in order to determine the functional and non-functional
requirements and propose a novel technology to get access to maximum advantages.

Wearable Activity Trackers, Accuracy, Adoption, Acceptance and Health Impact (Shin,
Lu)

Wearable activity trackers (WAT) are electronic tracking devices that enable users to
track and monitor health-related physical fitness indicators such as steps taken, activity level,
walking distance, heart rate, and sleep patterns. Despite the widespread use of these instruments
in a variety of settings and growing research interest, there is a lack of knowledge about the
overall research landscape. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the vast amount of
existing WAT research and provide a concise overview focused on popular themes and
approaches. This article includes research published in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of
Science, ACM Digital Library, and Google Scholar between 2013 and 2017. For this study, a
total of 463 papers were examined. The following six main themes (topics) of WAT research
were identified using topic modeling methods: 1) Technology Focus, 2) Patient Treatment and
Medical Settings, 3) Behavior Change, 4) Acceptance and Adoption (Abandonment), 5) Self-
monitoring Data Centered, and 6) Privacy. We suggest some new research questions based on an
interdisciplinary approach to wearable activity trackers. The most significant research difference
we see is attempting to comprehend the rich human-information interaction that WAT adoption
enables.

These WAT are usually worn on the body, mostly on the wrist, to aid in the enhancement
or supplementation of human health management capabilities. They make it simpler for users to
collect health-related data and monitor their everyday activities, such as step count, calories
burned, heart rate, and sleep patterns. WAT also tracks user activity and wellbeing, and
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automatically uploads the information to mobile apps and websites. Furthermore, WAT data has
shown to be useful in clinical settings for patient care and self-health management (Bellicha et al.,
2017; Thomas et al., 2017; Mercer et al., 2016), especially for patients with lifestyle diseases
including obesity and diabetes.

Health Sector Readiness for Patient Tracking in Disaster (Keyvanara, Safdari and
Tavakoli)

Continuous patient trace from disaster site to treatment center, including victims'
identification, data register at the scene, records of the initial medical evaluation, real-time
warnings about patients' condition, and update location of them, is one of the key concerns for
patient safety in disasters. This is known as patient monitoring, and it ensures their protection
while also reducing the number of victims and secondary complications caused by disasters. The
aim of this research was to look over the literature and data on patient monitoring in disasters.
Materials and Procedures: In the case of a contract with the Ministry of Health, this was a
research analysis that was conducted using databases, journals, and other available electronic
tools. Resources on the principles, factors, and elements of patient tracking and related trends for
tracking patients injured in disasters were included in the inclusion criteria.

The information was gathered by taking notes, evaluated using content analysis, and
presented in two categories. Effects: The analysis and assessment of the obtained results is
divided into two categories: According to the results of the study, 40% of references were related
to patient monitoring principles, factors, and materials, while the remainder were related to the
application of the tracking system and trends in exercises and only occasionally in disasters. Final
Thoughts: Identification and monitoring of natural disaster victims is critical in gathering crucial
information and facilitating prompt contact, which aids in meeting patients' medical needs and
reducing duplication of activities for them. It is also a national imperative to classify and
distribute this information among health officials and institutions. This critical problem makes it
easier to create disaster preparedness plans and reduce community losses. This critical problem
makes emergency preparedness plans easier to put together and reduces community losses.

Patient Health Record Systems Scope and Functionalities (G Eysenbach)

Patient health records (PHRs) were first proposed in the early 1970s with the aim of
increasing patient participation and empowerment, which would then allow quality of care, error
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reduction treatment choice, and the development of patient-provider partnerships.PHRs are a

patient-centric platform that facilitates patient-provider knowledge exchange and collaboration,
with the aim of improving clinical quality and lowering costs. They are an extension of
conventional electronic health records (EHRs). In recent decades, significant progress has been
made in science and practice toward achieving these far-reaching targets. The use of PHR data is
becoming more popular in the United States, thanks to the introduction of the Health Information
Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, which was passed in 2009. The
first stage of practical usage, as described by the program, enables physicians to incorporate
technology into their medical practices by making large quantities of patient data accessible
electronically. The program's later stages concentrate on empowering patients by giving them
online access to their health information.With the advent of mobile computing and the
progression of patients' technological aptitude, the use of PHRs has increased. PHRs were created
as an extension of EHRs to allow patients to access their own health care. These documents
include (1) EHR-transmitted data like test results and a description of treatment, as well as (2)
patient-generated data like symptoms. The amount of data and functional overlap between the
EHR and PHR is determined by the implementation method: tethered, interconnected, or stand-
alone. Appointment scheduling, prescription refill, and safe messaging are only a few of the
features available via the PHR, which are intended for patients rather than providers. PHRs have
provided a new source of clinical data, such as patient-reported outcomes , physician reviews ,
medication adherence [11], and social support , as well as new data analytics tools for detecting,
measuring, and predicting health-related outcomes. In the field of PHR data analytics, the United
States has been a pioneer. The incentivization of such research by federal programs to provide
patient-centered treatment and quality-driven payment models is one reason for the growth of
health care analytics in the United States. Innovative approaches, such as email consultations and
self-monitoring, must be used to achieve individualized, effective treatment, according to the
Partnership for the Future of Medicare. Furthermore, Medicare aims to make health-care data,
such as quality and performance metrics, more readily available and usable. Both programs, when
taken together, promote the collection and use of health care data in the United States, making
PHR analytics more feasible. However, we won't be able to fully exploit PHR's potential unless
we have a better understanding of the data's content, formats, and sources.

PHR applications now have access to massive volumes of patient data. With patients'
permission, these data, combined with advanced data mining and machine learning, will open up
a slew of new research possibilities. Models in areas like disease prediction, patient risk
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assessment, and early symptom identification, for example, can now be improved, resulting in
significant improvements in health quality and cost optimization. PHR systems, on the other
hand, bring with them new data and user-related problems, as well as new opportunities. The
collection, secure storage, and processing of large amounts of patient data from distributed
information systems raises data-related concerns such as accuracy, privacy, and protection.
Furthermore, patients who have previously been denied access to such systems may lack the
necessary expertise to comprehend the data.The aim of this study was to determine the scope of
data and functionalities in PHR systems and how they impact research on health information
systems. In terms of functionalities, priorities, privacy concerns, and legal structures, today's
networks lack a global norm. As a result, we explored the opportunities and challenges associated
with this new platform by looking at the evolution of PHR data elements through a literature
review of US studies. Although our analysis and implications are focused on the United States,
many of the wider research ideas have come from international applications.
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2.3 Related Studies

Patient History Tracker System (Rutuja D. Rathod)

Smart phones are now ubiquitous. The most popular operating system these days is
Android. It’s easy to use and affordable to all classes. We can find a lot of applications coming up
for android based phones. Games, Security, etc App are available for these phones these days.
PATIENT HISTORY TRACKER is an android application. This application will store all the
emergency call numbers like Hospital, personal doctor’s number etc. Patient does not need to
carry the files of previously held checkup. This application provides a log-in for doctor and
patient as well. Doctor can access the medical diagnose information of the patient. Patient is
registered with a unique ID. So, the database of history of a patient is available with all the
doctors registered with the application. Patient can view their medical diagnose by logging onto
their accounts. When travelling or getting treatment from a new doctor then doctor can easily get
the patient’s medical history through this application. Patient can save appointments with
Doctor’s and medicine reminders. As per pre-diagnosed diseases, a list of Do’s and Don’ts will
be attached to the patient’s profile. These will ease the tedious work of handling all the papers
and files of hospitals. It will analyze for common disease being found in most patient and number
of people affected. It will provide Medical reports will be digitized and it will be easy to be
handled by one.

Smart real-time healthcare monitoring and tracking system using GSM/GPS technologies
(Kahtan Aziz)
Health monitoring systems have rapidly evolved recently, and smart systems have been
proposed to monitor patient current health conditions, in our proposed and implemented system,
we focus on monitoring the patient's blood pressure, and his body temperature. Based on last
decade statistics of medical records, death rates due to hypertensive heart disease, shows that the
blood pressure is a crucial risk factor for atherosclerosis and ischemic heart diseases; thus,
preventive measures should be taken against high blood pressure which provide the ability to
track, trace and save patient's life at appropriate time is an essential need for mankind. Nowadays,
Globalization demands Smart cities, which involves many attributes and services, such as
government services, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), energy, health care, water and
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waste. This paper proposes system architecture for smart healthcare based on GSM and GPS
technologies.

The objective of this work is providing an effective application for Real Time Health Monitoring
and Tracking. The system will track, trace, monitor patients and facilitate taking care of their
health; so efficient medical services could be provided at appropriate time. By using specific
sensors, the data will be captured and compared with a configurable threshold via microcontroller
which is defined by a specialized doctor who follows the patient; in any case of emergency a
short message service (SMS) will be sent to the Doctor's mobile number along with the measured
values through GSM module. Furthermore, the GPS provides the position information of the
monitored person who is under surveillance all the time. Moreover, the paper demonstrates the
feasibility of realizing a complete end-to-end smart health system responding to the real health
system design requirements by taking in consideration wider vital human health parameters such
as respiration rate, nerves signs etc. The system will be able to bridge the gap between patients -
in dramatic health change occasions- and health entities who response and take actions in real
time fashion.

Self-tracking behavior in physical activity (DaoyanJin)

In recent years, keeping track of day-to-day activities has become surprisingly simple

(Jarrahi, Gafinowitz, and Shin 2018). People can now control and track almost every aspect of

their lives thanks to technological advancements (such as smartphones and wearables) (Ajana

2018). People today have more knowledge about themselves than ever before, from everyday

activities like walking, eating, and sleeping to mood and health (Etkin 2016). Self-tracking (or

self-quantification) is a concept in which people use digital technology to automatically monitor

and collect personal information in numbers (Ajana 2018), and it is now a popular occurrence in

many people's lives (Epstein et al. 2016).Individuals' the desire to collect personal data was first

noticed in 2007, and the trend of self-tracking has continued to rise steadily since then (Sjöklint,

Constantiou, and Trier 2013). Self-tracking has been used in a variety of fields, including

exercise, healthcare, and medical care, since it helps people to gather data about themselves

automatically (or with less effort). There has been a growing interest in the use of self-tracking
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technology in physical activity (e.g. sports), specifically fitness tracking, with an increasing

amount of research devoted to the topic (e.g. Attig and Franke 2019; Canhoto and Arp 2017;

Stiglbauer, Weber, and Batinic 2019). For example, some studies have looked at the motivational

and behavioral effects of fitness tracking technology (e.g.Butryn et al. 2016; Pettinico and Milne

2017), while others have looked at the drivers (e.g. individual differences, product quality) of

fitness tracking technology use (e.g. Jarrahi, Gafinowitz, and Shin 2018; Schall Jr, Sesek, and

Cavuoto 2018). Fitness monitoring has a variety of drivers and effects, according to this report.

Kalantari (2017), for example, published a study of the literature on wearable technology

adoption. Although such research indicates several important factors (e.g., technology

characteristics, individual characteristics) that can influence wearable technology usage, the

drivers of self-tracking technology (in this case, fitness tracking technology) usage may not be the

same, as there are several variations between the two. First, wearable technologies (e.g.,

smartwatches, smart glasses) are electronic devices that can be easily worn or connected to the

body of individuals (Dehghani 2018), while fitness monitoring technologies (e.g., Fitbit or

Runkeeper) are devices (or apps) that can monitor individuals' physical functions (e.g., steps,

heart rate) (Chuah et al. 2016). As a result, fitness tracking devices are one form of wearable, but

fitness tracking functionality is not available on all wearables. Wearables such as head-mounted

displays and smart glasses, for example, are not often equipped with health monitoring

capabilities.Second, certain wearables are capable of more than just monitoring your health. A

smartwatch, for example, can allow simple fitness tracking (e.g. step count), but fitness tracking

is just one of several features available (e.g. calling, texting, gaming, and web browsing).

Smartwatches are therefore multi-purpose products that go beyond exercise monitoring (Chuah et

al. 2016; Dehghani and Dangelico 2018). This means that wearables can be used for a variety of

purposes other than exercise monitoring. As a result, while wearables are an important concept in
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the study of fitness tracking behavior, caution should be exercised when applying wearable

technology findings to the domain of fitness tracking technology. Notably, instead of the widely

used word "activity tracker," the authors use the terms "fitness tracker" or "fitness monitoring

system" in this article. This is because not all behaviors can be considered physical activity (e.g.

eating, reading, or sleeping).Other studies, such as those by Cheatham et al. (2018) and Almalki,

Gray, and Martin-Sanchez (2016), have reviewed the literature on the impact of self-tracking

technologies in the medical sector (for example, the impact on patients' health). However, the

impact of self-tracking, particularly exercise tracking, on other user outcomes (e.g. motivation,

experience), particularly among the general population, has received little attention (e.g. regular

users).There has been no systematic study of the literature on fitness monitoring behavior to the

authors' knowledge. As a result, a synthesised review of previous studies can be beneficial to both

researchers and clinicians, as it can aid in identifying the possible drivers and outcomes of fitness

monitoring behavior. The aim of this paper is to provide a thorough overview of a wide range of

recent literature that contributes to our understanding of the drivers and outcomes of fitness

tracking behavior.

Health Monitoring System (Jiuping Xu and Lei Xu)

System health monitoring is a collection of tasks performed to keep a system in working

order. It can be as simple as observing current system states and then performing maintenance

and repairs in response to these observations. The integrated system health management (ISHM)

system needs a large number of sensors to provide real-time structural integrity assessments

onboard. This chapter reviews system health monitoring sensor technologies, develops an energy-

efficient decentralized detection scheme based on the sensor selective paradigm, and creates a

sensor optimization selection model to select the minimum most informative, cost-effective

sensor subset. The tool used to calculate the observation data is the health monitoring system. As
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modal parameters such as natural frequencies are used as observations, experimental modal

analysis is one of the most powerful health monitoring methods.

The natural frequencies were measured as measurements in this study using experimental modal

analysis. The experimental modal analysis method consists of vibration-based measurements of

transfer functions and modal parameter detection. Figure 3 depicts the flow on a sequence of

experimental modal analyses. The vibration tests in the health monitoring system were conducted

using the sweep harmonic excitation process. The excitation forces are measured with a ring gage

as input data. The response data is calculated as the accelerations on each unit.

Utilization and Impacts of GPS Tracking in Healthcare: A Research Study for Elderly Care

(Munir, Perala and Makela)

The number of elderly people is rapidly growing around the world. This issue has the

potential to raise the demand for healthcare services as well as their financial budget. According

to a Center for American Progress report, there were 34 million elderly Americans in 2007, with

that figure expected to rise to 80 million by 2050. In Europe, it is estimated that by 2050, people

aged 65 and up will account for one-third of the population. 130,000 people in Finland suffer

from dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Many patients under the age of 60 suffer from dementia

and Alzheimer's disease and need the same care as the elderly. This massive problem requires

immediate attention; otherwise, normal healthcare and hospitals would be overwhelmed if

required to treat such a large number of elderly patients. The conventional healthcare system must

implement cutting-edge information and communication technologies (ICTs) that can

continuously track several patients and warn a caregiver or nurse in the event of an emergency.

Biomedical Engineering (BME) emerged as a result of the integration of ICTs in healthcare.

Telemedicine, a sub-branch of BME that merged with telecommunication, offers homecare

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solutions that can make the elderly more independent and easier to perform everyday life

routines. Various types of home-based healthcare studies are being conducted around the world.

The tracking devices for an elderly monitoring system were the subject of this study. In the

production of homecare monitoring systems, information and communication technologies

(ICTs) play a critical role. The following are the technologies that are used in tracking device

manufacturing: RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), GPS (Global Positioning System), GSM

(Global System for Mobile Communications), and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). The

Telemedicine Laboratory of Tampere University of Technology and the South Ostrobothnia

Health Care District (EPTEK) located in the MediWest Technology Center in Seinäjoki, Finland,

initiated and carried out this work.

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2.4 Definition of Terms

Activity - the quality or state of being active: behavior or actions of a particular kind physical
activity criminal activity economic activity

Medicine - is the field of health and healing. It includes nurses, doctors, and various specialists. It
covers diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, medical research, and many other aspects
of health.

Laboratory - a room or building equipped for scientific experiments, research, or teaching, or for
the manufacture of drugs or chemicals.

Health Care - is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis,
treatment, recovery, or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments
in people

GPS - The Global Positioning System, originally Navistar GPS, is a satellite-based

radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United
States Space Force.

Health - refers to a state of complete emotional and physical well-being. Healthcare exists to help
people maintain this optimal state of health.

Smartphone - is a mobile device that combines cellular and mobile computing functions into one
unit

Tracker - an electronicdevice or piece of software that recordsinformation about

yourphysicalactivity:

Elderly - refers to ages nearing or surpassing the life expectancy of human beings, and is thus the
end of the human life cycle.

Mobile Application - also referred to as a mobile app or simply an app, is a computer program or
software application designed to run on a mobile device such as a phone, tablet, or watch.

Health Monitoring - is the continued oversight of the progression of a clinical trial. This is to
ensure that it is conducted according to protocol as well as good clinical practice, regulatory
requirements and standard operating procedures.
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Health Monitoring System - is a sophisticated technology and an alternative to the traditional

management of patients and their health. It consists of a wearable wireless device like a bracelet
with sensors that are paired with an application for a doctor to access the medical information.

SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) - It is a process for planning, creating, testing, and
deploying an information system. The systems development life cycle concept applies to a range
of hardware and software configurations, as a system can be composed of hardware only,
software only, or a combination of both. There are usually six stages in this cycle: requirement
analysis, design, development and testing, implementation, documentation, and evaluation.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Knowledge Requirements Software Development

 Basic needs of our  Requirements

health  Design
 Knowledge about 3.0 Design and  Implementation
Related Applications Methodology  Verification
 Knowledgeable in  Maintenance
3.1 Conceptual
Android Studio
Framework
Software Requirements Health Tracker for Senior
Hardware Development Citizen App
 Android version 6.0
 2gb RAM  Waterfall Method

Hardware Requirements

 Mobile Phone Integration of Software and

Hardware
 System Unit
 Testing
 Maintenance
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Figure 3.1: Conceptual Framework

of the proposed
Evaluation
study

The inputs necessary for the development of the Health Tracker for Senior Citizen App
are divided into three categories: Knowledge requirements, Software requirements and Hardware
requirements. In order to complete the proposed project, knowledge of the 3 requirements is
needed in the study.

The process is for the project to be developed that consists of procedures such as
Requirements, Design, Implementation, Verification, and Maintenance.

The output referred in this research is the proposed Health Tracker for Senior Citizen
App.

3.2 Software Design

3.3.1 System Architecture
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Figure 1.1 Waterfall Model

The fact that it is a stable and reliable model is one reason for choosing Waterfall
Methodology. As it has long been widely used in many industries, its reliability has been proven
and tested. The proponents are also familiar with this method, due to the limited time in the
software development process, using a familiar and stable model reduced misunderstanding and
problems in the proposed project.

Requirement Phase
In this phase, the proponents had a sharing of ideas on what study to be conducted. The
proponents have studied what are the basic needs of a senior citizen when it comes to health. And
also, the objective that has been made are the ideas from the Requirement Phase.

Design Phase
In this phase, the result of the survey and interview, information and concept gathered
were studied and planned according to their body. The proponents came up with a project that
will be more accurate and effective. For the design phase, the project was made more appealing
by selecting appropriate theme that will be used in designing, coding or working of the system.
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The proponents defined the important requirements, features and processes that will fulfill the
practical prerequisites of the proposed project which will be set up.

Implementation Phase
After analyzing the design and the requirements the proponents implemented the
proposed project using the specific hardware and software requirements. Additionally, this part
implies the beginning of creation. The implementation organize was likewise represented by
installation and changes.

Verification Phase
The verification phase is the final phase of the software development life cycle (SDLC)
and puts the project into production. After the proponents test the system and the system passes
each testing phase, the project is ready to deploy.

Maintenance Phase

This maintenance phase includes service and general mandatory refresh. This progression
is the point at which the end client can change the framework. On the possibility that they wish,
to help implementation, include new features or meet additional necessities.

3.3.1 System Architecture

Figure 1.2 System Architecture of the Study

A system architecture is a conceptual model that describes a system's structure, behavior,

and other aspects. A formal description and representation of a system organized in a way that
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supports reasoning about the system's structures and behaviors is known as an architecture
description.

3.3.2Data Flow Diagram

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Figure 1.3 Data Flow Diagram of the study

The functions, or processes, that capture, manipulate, store, and distribute data between a
system and its environment, as well as between system components, are graphically represented
by the DFD. It's a good communication tool between the user and the system designer because of
the visual representation. DFD's structure allows you to start with a broad overview and work
your way down to a hierarchy of detailed diagrams.

3.3.2.1 Context Diagram

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Figure 1.4 Context Diagram of the System

The Context Diagram depicts the system in question as a single high-level process,
followed by the system's relationship with other external entities.

3.3.2.2 Diagram 0

Figure 1.5 Diagram 0 of the study

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Context Diagram is another name for DFD Level 0. It's a high-level overview of the
entire system or process that's being studied or modeled. It's meant to be a quick glance at the
system, showing it as a single high-level process with relationships to external entities.
Stakeholders, business analysts, data analysts, and developers should all be able to understand it
easily.

3.3.4 Use Case Diagram

Figure 1.5=6Use Case Diagram

Use Case Diagramcaptures the system's functionality and requirements by using actors
and use cases. Use Cases model the services, tasks, function that a system needs to perform.
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3.3.5 Activity Diagram

Figure 1.6Activity Diagram of the Study

Activity Diagrams are used to depict the control flow in a system and to refer to the steps
involved in executing a use case. Using activity diagrams, we model sequential and concurrent
activities.
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3.3.6 Flow Chart

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Figure 1.7Flow Chart of the Study

A flowchart is a graphic representation of a procedure, system, or computer algorithm.
They're widely used in a variety of fields to document, study, plan, improve, and communicate
often complex processes in clear, simple diagrams. Flowcharts, also known as flow charts, are
diagrams that use rectangles, ovals, diamonds, and possibly other shapes to indicate the type of
step, as well as connecting arrows to indicate flow and sequence.

3.3.7Sequence Diagram
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Figure 1.8 Sequence Diagram of the System

Sequence diagrams called sequence diagrams show how operations are carried out. They
capture the interaction between objects in a collaborative setting. Sequence Diagrams are time-
focused and visually depict the order of an interaction by using the vertical axis of the diagram to
represent time and the messages sent and received.

3.4 Testing and Evaluation

3.4.1 Data Gathering Procedures
The proponent used an online survey wherein it was implemented in the google forms.
This idea was conducted because of the pandemic and lockdown this is the most suitable
approach to conduct a survey for the system. The target respondents answered the surveys in
their own idea about the system

3.4.2 Testing Procedure

The proponents gain the idea of testing the application by sending the apk to the target
respondent or the who answered the questions. The proponents used this idea to avoid the
pandemic.

3.4.3 Research Ethics

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The respondents' safety was a concern for the proponents. The outline's name is optional,
and a note at the bottom of each investigation informs the respondents that the coordinated
audits are only for investigative purposes, and that their security and characterization are
guaranteed. Our Lady of Fatima University's Institutional Ethics and Review Committee will
also review and accept the documentation.

3.4.4 Evaluation Procedure

The proponents used the model ISO/IEC 25010(Software Product Quality) assessment
procedure to assess the proposed platform's consistency, and the research used the same
assessment procedure because it represented the eight software quality characteristics.

Portability – The degree to which a framework, item, or part can be moved from one
equipment, programming, or other operational or utilization environment to another.

Usability – The degree to which a product or framework can be used by specific clients to
achieve specific goals with viability, productivity, and fulfillment in a predetermined setting
of use.

Performance Efficiency – A set of properties that affect the relationship between the
degree of product execution and the amount of assets used, under specified conditions.

Compatibility Performs - The degree to which an item, framework, or part can exchange
data with other items, frameworks, or segments, as well as perform its required functions, all
while using the same equipment or programming environment.

Security - The degree to which an item or framework ensures data and information so that
people or different items or frameworks have the appropriate level of information access for
their types and approval levels.

Functional Suitability - A set of characteristics that influence the presence of a group of

capabilities and their predetermined properties. Capabilities are those that meet expressed or
implied needs.

Maintainability - The level of adequacy and proficiency with which the intended
maintainers can alter an item or framework.

Reliability – A set of characteristics that affect programming's ability to maintain its level
of execution under specified conditions for a specified timeframe.
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3.11 Statistical Procedure

The collected information from this investigation is treated as numbers. It was analyzed
using principles of mathematics.

4.0 Result and Discussion

The concept of strategy implementation can seem simple at first glance: the strategy is

formulated and then implemented. However, putting tactics into effect is a much more

complicated and challenging process, as shown by a study of the literature on strategy execution.

This is backed up by the findings of this survey, which revealed that respondents were much less

pleased with the behavior associated with policy execution than they were with strategic

planning. Findings about the target participant data and information will be discuss in the

remaining chapters in the documentation.

4.1 Project Description

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A health tracker is an electronic program that is used to monitor and control healthy

living statistics and development, but what exactly does that imply? A health tracker integrates all

of your data to create a meaningful image of your overall lifestyle, whether it's safe or not. It also

makes these numbers actionable, rather than just a set of numbers, so that they have actual value

in our lives. We monitor our behavior and meals much too much, but we don't use the knowledge

to make healthy lifestyle decisions that matter. Keeping track of your daily food intake will reveal

a lot about your eating habits. You can discover that you are deficient in a specific food group,

such as whole grains, or a macronutrient, such as protein, if you record this information precisely

and accurately in your health tracker. Choose nutrient-dense foods from all food classes, since

each macronutrient, including carbohydrates, fats, or proteins, provides our bodies with essential

nutrients for maintaining optimal health.

The main aim of our project is to provide an application wherein the user will be guided

by the application for their medication, track of their medicine intake, and to monitor of the

medicine per day. It also aims to make all the user to use the system at ease in order for them to

enjoy more time in their life while having some application check all their medicine intake

without any failure.

4.1.1 System Description

Android Base Health Care Management System is the project proposed by the proponents

wherein the application will track all the records of the user, especially the elderly on their

medicine intake, medical needs and etc. This application will help the user to track all their daily

activities on partaking medicine in an organized way which helps them to take medicine, monitor

their medicine intake, summarize all the medicine they take every week, how many medicines per

day, and etc. Above all, this application will help not only on medicine tracking, but also to make

them more ease on having a hard time reminding themselves on taking medicine which one of the

elderly main problem.

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4.1.1 Software Specification

Application Minimum Recommended

Requirements Requirements

Internal Memory (RAM) 2 GB 4 GB above

Android Version Jelly Bean Lolipop
Storage 50GB 100 GB above
Public bandwidth from 5Mbps from 1Gbps

4.2 Project Structure

The process of defining the structural design modules, components, interface, and data

for the system are known as the project structure. Proposed system should be reliable, accurate

and preform its function and usage in order to give accurate result, solve the problem and a good

feedback.

A healthcare tracker is a kind of system that will handling the patient's medical status,

medicine intake per day, and monitoring of medical components. Report and the information

need by the user of the proposed system will provided.

This system design includes both logical and physical designs. The proponents were able

to identify all the requirement to build up the proposed system, which will be defined and

understand the system and the design.

4.3 Project Evaluation

The proponents conducted a survey or an evaluation test for the application wherein it

was conducted online thru survey and questionnaire and by sending APK of the application to the

respondents.

4.3.1 Presentation of Data

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Table 1

Frequency and Percent Distribution of the Demographic Profile

According to Respondents Age

Age Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

21-30 11 36.67
31-40 1 3.33
41-50 2 6.67
51-60 5 16.67
61-70 4 13.33
71-80 7 23.33
Total 30 100%

The table above shows the distribution of the respondents by age. The majority of the

respondents are from the ages of 21 - 30 with a percentage of 36.67%. While the minority of the

respondents are at the ages of 31 - 40 with a percentage of 3.33%.

Table 2

Frequency and Percent Distribution of the Demographic Profile

According to Respondents Gender

Gender Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Male 8 26.67
Female 22 73.33
Total 30 100%

The table shows the distribution of the respondents by gender. It shows that most of the

respondents are male with a frequency value of 22 or 73.33%.

Table 3
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Frequency and Percent Distribution of the Questions

According to “Do you have prescriptions letter from the doctor?”

Answers Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Yes 24 80
No 6 20
Total 30 100%

The table shows the distribution of the respondents by the question “Do you have

prescriptions letter from the doctor?”. It shows that most of the respondents answered yes with a

frequency value of 24 or 80.5%.

Table 4

Frequency and Percent Distribution of the Questions

According to “How often do you need to take your medications?”

Answers Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

2 times a day 2 6.67
3 times a day 3 10
Everyday 25 83.33
Total 30 100%

The table shows the distribution of the respondents by the question “How often do you

need to take your medications?”. It shows that most of the respondents answered Every day with

a frequency value of 25 or 83.33%.

Table 5

Frequency and Percent Distribution of the Questions

According to “Do you forget to take your medications?”

Answers Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Yes 19 63.33
No 8 26.67
Sometimes 4 13.33
Total 30 100%
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The table shows the distribution of the respondents by the question “Do you forget to

take your medications?”. It shows that most of the respondents answered yes and no with a

frequency value of 19 or 63.33%.

Table 6

Frequency and Percent Distribution of the Questions

According to “How many medicines do you take daily?”

Answers Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

2 Medicine a 17 56.67

day
3 Medicine a 8 26.67

day
4 Medicine a 5 16.67

day
Total 30 100%

The table shows the distribution of the respondents by the question “How many

medicines do you take daily?”. It shows that most of the respondents answered 2 Medicine a day

with a frequency value of 17 or 56.67%.

Table 7

Frequency and Percent Distribution of the Questions

According to “How often do you go to your doctor?”

Answers Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Once a month 8 26.67
Twice a month 4 13.33
Once a year 5 16.67
Twice a year 3 10
Once in every 3 10 33.33

months
Total 30 100%
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The table shows the distribution of the respondents by the question “How often do you go

to your doctor?”. It shows that most of the respondents answered Once a month and Once in

every 3 months with a frequency value of 10 or 33.33%.

Table 8

Frequency and Percent Distribution of the Questions

According to “Do you think a reminder will help you on your medications?”

Answers Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Yes 28 93.33
No 0 0
Maybe 2 6.67
Total 30 100%

The table shows the distribution of the respondents by the question “Do you think a

reminder will help you on your medications?”. It shows that most of the respondents answered

Yes with a frequency value of 28 or 93.33%.

Table 9

Frequency and Percent Distribution of the Questions

According to “Do you think a mobile application will help you for on your medications?”

Answers Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Yes 27 90
No 0 0
Maybe 3 10
Total 30 100%

The table shows the distribution of the respondents by the question “Do you think a

mobile application will help you for on your medications?”. It shows that most of the respondents

answered Yes with a frequency value of 527or 90%.

4.3.2 Interpretation of Data

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In the study, the proponents use an online survey questionnaire where in it helps them on

the development phase of the system. The majority of the respondents are aging 21 – 30 who are

mostly males, and the proponents proved that most of the one who takes medicines are the senior

citizen who mostly have a prescription from the doctor. And the respondents answered that they

were drinking almost every day they were taking 2 medicines a day, but they also answered that

they forget to take their medicines. And the majority of the respondents who go to their doctor is

once a month, and once in every 3 months. Also, the respondents agreed that a reminder and

mobile application will help them in their medications so that is why the developer use this data

to improve and develop a mobile application that will help them in their health.

5.0 Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Summary of Findings
In this study the proponents are trying to find a solution on how an application help a

certain user on monitoring and taking care of their health that is why the proponents of the study

use an online survey questionnaire to aid them in the system's development phase. The majority

of the respondents are females between the ages of 61 and 70, and the proponents demonstrated

that the majority of those who take medicines are senior citizens who usually have a doctor's

prescription.

The proponents developed an application wherein the user will be monitored by the app,

also it has pulse rate monitor that is working using the camera and flashlight of the phone. The

application also has a feature wherein it computes the users BMI, also the application has a

feature wherein you can set a reminder when drinking medicine, have an appointment to a doctor.

The application proves that it can be a big help for a user who is taking multiple medicine

and for those users who are so busy and needs a reminder for their medicines or any important

task with their health.

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5.2 Conclusions

Based on the results and discussions presented, this claimed the following:

1. The proposed is both useful and easy to use specially for the part of target participant to

make sure all the features will be use on their daily basis.

2. There are problems in conducting some data and information from the target participant

due to the pandemic lockdown and social distancing in many establishments.

3. The proposed system for the Covid 19 tracker provides easy and accessible way of

assisting particularly on acknowledgement of medicine and the possible schedule time for

medical intake. This could be of great help to many senior citizens for their daily medical

needs.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the conclusion of the study, the proponents recommend the following to the:

1. The administration may endorse the utilization of the system for senior citizens.

2. Senior citizens and people who take maintenance medicine may use the system for a

more systematic and better distribution of medicine. And for more reliable and efficient

processes of schedule intake.

3. As end-users, the target participant may use it for fast checking of items to them.

4. Future researchers may improve the system as they provide innovations for its features in

the future.

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