Full detailed report about the Naval Architecture

Course

By: Fady morkus khozam

Registration number: 17101920
Submitted to: Dr. Ahmed Khalifa Mehanna

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 Ship construction

1-Ship dimensions

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 The hull form of a ship may be defined by a number of
dimensions and terms which are often referred to during
and after building the vessel. An explanation of the principal
terms is given below:

After Perpendicular (AP): A perpendicular drawn to the waterline at

the point where the aft side of the rudder post meets the summer load
line. Where no rudder post is fitted it is taken as the center line of the
rudder stock.
Forward Perpendicular (FP): A perpendicular drawn to the waterline
at the point where the foreside of the stem meets the summer load line.
Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP): The length between the
forward and aft perpendiculars measured along the summer load line.
Amidships: A point midway between the after and forward
perpendiculars.
Length Overall (LOA): Length of vessel taken over all extremities.

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 Moulded dimensions are often referred to; these are
taken to the inside of plating on a steel ship:
Base Line: A horizontal line drawn at the top of the keel plate. All
vertical moulded dimensions are measured relative to this line.
Moulded Beam: Measured at the midship section is the maximum
moulded breadth of the ship.
Moulded Draft: Measured from the base line to the summer load line at
the midship section.
Moulded Depth: Measured from the base line to the heel of the upper
deck beam at the ship’s side amidships.
Extreme Beam: The maximum beam taken over all extremities.
Extreme Draft: Taken from the lowest point of keel to the summer load
line.
Extreme Depth: Depth of vessel at ship’s side from upper deck to
lowest point of keel.
Half Breadth: Since a ship’s hull is symmetrical about the longitudinal
centre line, often only the half beam or half breadth at any section is
given.
Freeboard: The vertical distance measured at the ship’s side between
the summer load line (or service draft) and the freeboard deck.
Sheer: Curvature of decks in the longitudinal direction. Measured as the
height of deck at side at any point above the height of deck at side
amidships.
Camber (or Round of Beam): Curvature of decks in the transverse
direction. Measured as the height of deck at center above the height of
deck at side.

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Rise of Floor (or Deadrise): The rise of the bottom shell plating line
above the base line. This rise is measured at the line of moulded beam.
Half Siding of Keel: The horizontal flat portion of the bottom shell
measured to port or starboard of the ship’s longitudinal center line. This
is a useful dimension to know when dry-docking.
Tumblehome: The inward curvature of the side shell above the summer
load line.
Flare: The outward curvature of the side shell above the waterline. It
promotes dryness and is therefore associated with the fore end of ship.
Stem Rake: Inclination of the stem line from the vertical. Keel Rake:
Inclination of the keel line from the horizontal.
Parallel Middle Body: The length over which the midship section
remains constant in area and shape.
Entrance: The immersed body of the vessel forward of the parallel
middle body.
Run: The immersed body of the vessel aft of the parallel middle body.

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 2-Ship types

3-Ship stresses

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 4-Framing systems
1-Transverse framing System

Web Frame Ordinary Frame

2-Longitudinal framing System

3-Combined framing System

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 5-Bulkheads
Vertical partitions in a ship arranged transversely or fore and aft are referred to as ‘bulkheads.
Those bulkheads which are of greatest importance are the main hull transverse and longitudinal
bulkheads dividing the ship into a number of watertight compartments. Other lighter bulkheads,
named ‘minor bulkheads’, which act as screens further subdividing compartments into small
units of accommodation or stores, are of little structural importance.
The main hull bulkheads of sufficient strength are made watertight in order that they may contain
any flooding in the event of a compartment on one side of the bulkhead being bilged. Further
they serve as a hull strength member not only carrying some of the ship’s vertical loading but
also resisting any tendency for transverse deformation of the ship.

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 6-Fore End Structure

On certain ships the use of a bulb at the bow can decrease the wave making resistance, where the
bulb generates its own wave system ,which is designed to interface negatively with the ships
wave system. The two wave systems then neutralize each other.

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 7-Aft End Structure

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 8-Shell Plating

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 Naval Architecture
1-Relative density of a substance ( rd )

r = Density of the substance / Density of fresh water = mass of

d

the substance / mass of the fresh water

2-Buoyant Force and Archimedes’ Principle

Archimedes’ principle describes the magnitude of a buoyant force.
Archimedes’ principle: Any object completely or partially submerged in
a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal in magnitude to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

magnitude of buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced

Mass of the body in water = Mass of the body in the air - mass of water
displaces

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3-Displacement
It is the mass of the volume of water displaced by the ship Ship displacement = ship
volume x water density

    L,B,d

4-Buoyancy
-It is present the upthurst force which result by the water on the ship, effect
from down to up.

-This force act at the center of buoyancy, which present the center of gravity
of the underwater volume of the ship.

- If a ship floats freely, the buoyancy is equal to the weight of the ship.

-The center of buoyancy determined by two directions.

LCB: Longitudinal center of buoyancy, present the distance measured from

center of buoyancy to the mid – ship.

VCB: Vertical center of buoyancy, present the distance measured from center
of buoyancy to keel.

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 Coefficients of form
Coefficient of form have been devised to show the
relation between the form of the ship and the dimensions
of the ship , there are four ship hull form coefficients:
Cb , Cw ,Cm andCp

1-The block coefficient of displacement ( Cb)

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2-The water plan area coefficient ( Cw)

3-The mid-ship coefficient ( Cm)

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4- coefficient ( Cp )

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