SHIP

CONSTRUCTION
{ SHIP DIMENSIONS
 Definitions and Ship’s
Dimensions
 Hull:
- The structural body of a ship including shell plating, framing,
deck and bulkheads.

 Afterbody:
- That portion of a ship’s hull abaft midships.

 Forebody:
- That portion of a ship’s hull forward midships.

 Bow:
- The forward of the ship.

 Stern:
- The after end of the ship.
 After Perpendicular (A.P.):
- A perpendicular drawn to the waterline at the point
where the aft side of the rudder post meets the summer
load line. Where no rudder post is fitted, it is take as the
center line of the rudder stock.

 Forward Perpendicular (F.P.):

- A perpendicular drawn to the waterline at the point
where the foreside of the stem meets the summer load line.

 Length Between Perpendicular (L.B.P.):

- The length between the forward and the aft
perpendiculars measure along the summer load line.
 Amidships:
- A point midway between the after and forward
perpendiculars.

 Length Overall (L.O.A.):

- Length of the vessel taken over all extremities.

 Base Line:
- A horizontal line drawn at the top of the keel plate. All
vertical moulded dimensions are measure relative to this
line.

 Moulded Beam:
- Measure at the midship section is the maximum moulded
breadth of the ship.
 Moulded Draft/Draught:
- The distance from the bottom of the keel to the waterline.
The load draft is the maximum draft to which a vessel may
be loaded.

 Moulded Depth:
- Measured from the base line to the heel of the upper deck
beam at the ship’s side amidships.

 Sheer:
- Curvature of decks in the longitudinal direction. Measure
as the height of deck at side at any point above the height
of deck at sided amidships.
 Camber / Round of Beam:
- Curvature of decks in the transverse direction. Measure as
the height of deck above the height of deck at side.

 Rise of floor / Deadrise:

- The rise of the bottom plating line above the base line.
This rise is measured at the line of moulded beam.

 Half sliding of Keel:

- The horizontal flat portion of the bottom shell measure to
port or starboard of the ship’s longitudinal center line. This
is useful dimension to know when dry-docking.
 Tumble home:
- The inward curvature of the side shell above the summer
load line.

 Freeboard:
- The vertical distance measured from the waterline to the
top of the deck plating at the side of the deck amidships.
Normally exposed to weather and sea.

 Flare:
- The outward curvature of the side shell above the
waterline. It promotes dryness and is therefore associated
with the fore end of ship.
 Extreme Beam:
- The maximum beam taken over all extremities.

 Extreme Draft/Draught:
- Taken from the lowest point of keel to the summer load
line. Draft marks represent extreme drafts.

 Extreme Depth:
- Depth of vessel at ship’s side from upper deck to lowest
point of keel.

 Half Breadth:
- Since a ship’s hull is symmetrical about the longitudinal
center line, often only the half beam or half breadth at any
section is given.
 Center of Floatation:
- It is the center of the waterplane area and is the axis about
which a ship changes trim.

 Center of Buoyancy:
- It is the center of the underwater volume of the ship
where the force of buoyancy acts.

 Center of Gravity:
- It is the point at which the whole weight of the object may
be regarded as acting. If the object is suspended from this
point, it will remain balanced and not tilt.
 Tonnage Measurement
 This is often referred to when the size of the vessel is
discussed, and the gross tonnage is quoted from Lloyd’s
Register.

 Tonnage is a measure of the enclosed internal volume of

the vessel. 100 cubic feet representing one ton.

 It is normally divided into categories as follow:

 1. Displacement Tonnage
 A ship’s displacement is the sum of the ship’s actual weight
(lightweight) and it’s contents (deadweight).

 The metric unit of measurement is 1 tonne = 1000 kg.

 The displacement represents the amount of the water

displaced by the ship expressed in tonnes.

 The weight of water displaced therefore equals the weight

of the ship.
 Tonne per Centimeter (TPC):
- It is the mass required to increase the mean draught by 1
centimeter.

 Load Displacement:
- The weight of the ship and its contents, measured in
tonne. The value will vary according to the ship’s draught.

 Deadweight Scale:
- It is a scale diagram indicating the deadweight of the ship
at various draughts.

 Form Coefficient:
- It is devised to show the relationship between the form of
the ship and the dimension of the ship.
2. Lightweight Tonnage (LWT)
 The lightweight is the weight of the ship as built (hull,
machinery) including boiler water, lubricating oil and the
cooling system.

 Lightweight like displacement is expressed in units of

tonnes.

 It assumes importance in a commercial sense only when

considering the value of the vessel which is to be broken up
for scrape.
3. Deadweight Tonnage (DWT)

 Deadweight is the weight of the cargo which a ship carries

plus weights of fuel, stores, water ballast, fresh water, crew
and passengers and baggage.

 It is the difference between the loaded ship displacement

and the lightweight.
 4. Gross Tonnage (GT)

 Measurement of total internal volume of a vessel and

includes all under deck tonnage and all enclosed spaces
above tonnage deck.

 100 cubic feet of space being considered as 1 ton.

 5. Nett Tonnage (NT)

 Ship measurement derived from gross tonnage by

deducting spaces allowed for crew and propelling power.

 100 cubic feet of space being reckoned as 1 ton.

 Ship Side Markings
 Loadline:
- The marking on the ship side that relate to the loading
condition of the ship termed as the load line mark.
 Load Line Mark

 Consist of a ring 300 mm in outside diameter and 25 mm.

 Intersected by a horizontal line 450 mm in length and 25

mm thick, the upper edge of which passes through the
center of the ring. The center of the ring is placed
amidships and at a distance equal to the assigned summer
freeboard measured vertically below the upper edge of the
deck line
WORLD LOAD LINE AND INTERNATIONAL ZONES
Density
 Ships terminologies for
general direction
 In some respect, a ship is like a building. It has an outer
wall called HULL, floors called DECKS, inner walls called
BULKHEADS, corridors called PASSAGEWAYS, ceilings
called OVERHEAD, and stairs called LADDERS. When you
go up from the dock, you use the ACCOMODATION
LADDER or GANGWAY to go onboard.
 The forward part of the ship is called the BOW; to go in
that direction is to go FORWARD.

 The after part of the ship is called the STERN; to go in that

direction is to go AFT.

 The top, open deck of a ship is the MAIN DECK; anything

below is called BELOW DECKS.

 The forward part of the main deck is called the

FORECASTLE (pronounced as “foc’sle”)
 Direction and Locations
 Abaft: Behind or further aft, astern or toward astern.

 Abeam: At right angle to the centerline of and outside a

ship.

 Amidship: In the middle portion of the ship.

 Aft: In, near or toward the astern.

 Astern: Toward the stern. An object or vessel that is abaft

another vessel or object.

 Alongside: Beside a pier or berth.

 Bow: Forward part of the ship.

 Bridge: Raised platform in which a ship is steered or

navigated.

 Dead Ahead: Directly ahead of the ship’s bow.

 Dead Astern: Directly aft of the ships stern in line of the

centerline.

 Draft: Depth of the water from the surface waterline to the

ship’s keel.

 Freeboard: Height of ship’s side from the waterline to the

main deck.
 Leeward: Direction away from the wind.

 Windward: Direction toward the wind.

 Waterline: The line which meets the surface with the hull.
A. Off the port When onboard a ship, describe the
quarter position of an object from the ship (e.g. a
B. Off the Port beam lighthouse, or another ship).
or Abeam
C. Off the Port Bow
D. Astern
E. Ahead
F. Off the Starboard
Quarter
G. Off the Starboard
Beam or Abeam
H. Off the Starboard
Bow
I. Stern
J. Bow
 Verse of the Day

But if Christ is in you, then even

though your body is subject to death
because of sin, the Spirit gives life
because of righteousness. And if the
Spirit of him who raised Jesus from the
dead is living in you, he who raised
Christ from the dead will also give life
to your mortal bodies because of His
Spirit who lives in you.
 Romans 8 : 10 - 11
(NIV)