(Week 2) Ships Dimensions and Form

Ship
Construction
Ship Dimensions and Form
Hull Structure
Bow and Stern
Fittings
Rudder and Propellers
Load Lines and Draught Marks
Ship Stresses
VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A. TERNIDA MMET/ AUG. 5, 2019 8/19/2019 1

Ship Dimensions and Form
(http://thenauticalsite.com/NauticalNotes/Const/MyConst-Lesson01-ShipForm.htm)
VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

8/19/2019 2
TERNIDA MMET/ AUG. 5, 2019
General Cargo Vessel
These types of ships in general are built with
longitudinal framing at the decks and in the
double bottoms. Transverse framing is at the
sides.
Profile
VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A. TERNIDA MMET/ AUG. 5, 2019 8/19/2019 3

• The transverse strength is given by
fitting transverses at the deck and plate
floors are fitted in the double bottoms.
• Longitudinal framing is not usual in general

cargo vessels due to the high broken
stowage involved. Also deep transverses
then have to be fitted about 3.7 metres to give
the ship transverse strength.

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• Bilge wells are fitted with a cubic capacity
of 0.17 cbm. Nowadays ceiling on top of tank
tops are generally not fitted as such the plating
is increased by 2mm. However where ceiling is
fitted they should be removable in sections.
The ceiling where fitted should have a clear
space for drainage at least of 12.5mm.
• Cargo battens are fitted to the sides and to

the turn of the bilges – size of 50mm thick and
spacing between rows of 230mm.
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Midship
Midship

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Tankers
These ships may have two or more
longitudinal bulkheads – today with
double hull concept at least 3 but
normally 4.
Profile

8/19/2019 7
• The length of a tank is not to exceed
0.2L. As the size of the tanker grows
transverse wash bulkhead are fitted at about
mid length of the tank. These are for size of
tanks over 0.1L or 15m whichever is more.

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• Cofferdams are provided both forward of
the oil carrying space as well as in from of the
ER bulkhead. Generally the pumproom is
located within the cofferdam aft. Some ships
have a forward pump room located in the forward
cofferdam.
• The cofferdams are to be at least 760mm in

length.
• Cargo tanks are tested by a head of water

in the cargo tank – 2.45m above the highest
point of the tank.*
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Plan

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Midship

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Bulk Carriers
These ships are characterized by their ability to carry
cargo in bulk.
If carrying grain and other lighter cargo all

the holds are filled. However if heavy cargo
such as iron ore is carried then alternate holds
are filled and to the designed loads only.
Profile

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• The vessel may be constructed on the combined
system, longitudinal framing together with
transverse framing which are fitted at the sides. The
longitudinal framing is fitted in the double bottoms, the
deck and the bottoms of the wing tanks.
• The wing tanks may be utilized to carry cargo as

well as remain empty. They carry ballast water
during the ballast passage.
• Transverse webs are fitted at in the wing

tanks at intervals as laid out in the Rules. And side
stringers are fitted at about 1/3rd and 2/3rd the depth
ofVALIDATED
the tanks.
BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.
8/19/2019 13
Plan

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Midship

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Combination Carriers
These ships are capable of carrying ore as well
as oil in bulk.
Transverse bulkheads are usually of the

cofferdam type with all the stiffening on the inside.
There is a rise of floor of the inner bottom

which facilitates drainage to the drain well
arranged on the centre line. The pipelines run
through a duct keel. The duct keep entrance in
the pumproom has an oil and gas tight door.
8/19/2019 16
Profile
On the top the hatch covers are mainly the side

rolling Macgregor type.
The hatch breadth is usually about 50% of the
breadth of the beam. The main disadvantage of this
type of ship is the stability – since they are not built
with a longitudinal partition in the centre the free
surface effect is enormous and this necessitates
overall loading
VALIDATED complexities.
BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.
8/19/2019 17
Plan
Together with this is the sloshing effect which

tend to damage the fitting inside.
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Midship

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Container
Longitudinal framing is used throughout
the main body length of the ship. Transverse
framing is used on the fore part and the after
part.
Profile

8/19/2019 20
• The ships are built having a cellular
construction at the sides. Strong
longitudinal box girders are formed port and
starboard by the upper deck – the second deck
– top of the shell plating and top of the
longitudinal bulkhead.
• These girders also provide stiffness against

racking stresses and used as water ballast
tank spaces.

8/19/2019 21
Profile

8/19/2019 22
• A form of bulkhead is fitted at intervals,
centre to centre with water tight bulkheads being
fitted as required by the Rules. The bulkhead
gives support to the double bottom structure.

8/19/2019 23
Ro – Ro
Roll on Roll off ships have generally two
ramps at either end of the ship to facilitate the
loading of vehicles.
The main characteristic of these types of ships is the

clear decks uninterrupted by transverse
bulkheads. Deck heights are sufficient to
accommodate the various types of vehicles
carried.

8/19/2019 24
Profile
• The lower decks may be used for carriage

of cars while the upper may be used for the
carriage of bigger vehicles.
8/19/2019 25
• Transverse strength is maintained by
fitting deep closely spaced web frames in
conjunction with deep beams. These are usually
fitted every 4th frame and about 3 m apart.
• The lower decks which are divided by watertight

bulkheads have hydraulically operated sliding
bulkhead doors which are opened while
working cargo in port.
• The deck thickness is increased to take the

concentrated loads; a reduction in the spacing of
the longitudinals with an increase in size. A centre
line row of pillars is fitted.
8/19/2019 26
• Ramps are fitted at the bow and at the stern
to facilitate the loading and discharging of
vehicles. The separate decks are reached by
fixed and sometimes hydraulically operated
foldable operated ramps.
• A service car is provided within the ship to

transfer the lashing gear to the different
decks.

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Midship
The stern ramps are generally set at an angle

to the ships centre line to ensure that the ship can
work cargo in any berth.
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Passenger
Profile
The basic construction of these vessels follows

the dry cargo vessel in their detail, a large
number of decks being fitted.
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Passenger
Midship

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Passenger
Midship in way of ER

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Definitions
8/19/2019 32
• Camber
The purpose of rounding the beam is to
ensure a good drainage of the water and also to
strengthen the upper deck and the upper
flange of the ship girder against longitudinal
bending stresses- especially the compression
stresses.
• Rise Of Floor
This is the distance from the ‘line of floor’
to the horizontal, measured at the ship side.
Purpose basically is to allow drainage of the
double bottom water/ oil to the centre line suctions.
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• Tumblehome
This is the inward slope of the side
plating from the water line to the upper
deck – today ships generally do not have a
tumblehome.
• Flare
This is the curvature of the side
plating at the forward and gives additional
buoyancy and thus helps to prevent the bows
from diving too deeply into the water when
pitching.
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• Sheer
This is the rise of ships deck fore and aft.
This again adds buoyancy to the ends where it is
needed during pitching. For calculating the
freeboard a correction is applied for the sheer.
In modern ship the after sheer has been greatly
reduced.

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• Rake
This is the slope, which the forward end
has with between the bottom plating and the
upper deck. The length between perpendiculars
and the length overall difference is mostly due to
the rake forward. It helps to cut the water and thus
adds to the ships form.

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• Parallel Middle Body
This is the part of the main body of the ship
and it is a box like structure enabling maximum
cargo carrying capacity. It also helps in the pushing
when tugs are used to assist the vessel in berthing.
Cargo stowage is also greatly facilitated.
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• Entrance
This part is the fore end of the ship and
helps give the box like mid length a ship shaped
structure.

8/19/2019 40
• Run
The after part similarly to the fore part
entrance helps in giving the box like mid length
a ship shaped structure and thus the handling
of the vessel is enhanced.
8/19/2019 41
“Length” means 96 per cent of the total length on a
waterline at 85 per cent of the least moulded depth
measured from the top of the keel, or the length from the fore
side of the stem to the axis of the rudder stock on that
waterline, if that be greater. In ships designed with a rake of
keel the waterline on which this length is measured shall be
8/19/2019 42
parallel
TERNIDAto the
MMET/ designed
AUG. 5, 2019 waterline.
8/19/2019 43
• Moulded breadth: is the greatest
moulded breadth – measured inside plating.
• Breadth (B) is the greatest moulded

breadth of the ship at or below the deepest
subdivision load line.
• Draught (d) is the vertical distance from

the moulded baseline at midlength to the
waterline in question.

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• Forward perpendicular
This is represented by a line which is
perpendicular to the intersection of the designed
load water-line with the forward side of the stem.
• After perpendicular
A line represents this, which is perpendicular
to the intersection of the after edge of the
rudderpost with the designed load water line.
This is the case for both single and twin-screw
ships. For some ships having no rudderpost, the
after perpendicular is taken as the centre-line of the
rudderstock.
8/19/2019 45
• Length between perpendiculars
This is the horizontal distance between the
forward and after perpendiculars.
• Length on the designed load

waterline
This is the length, as measured on the
water-line of the ship when floating in still water in
the loaded, or designed, condition.
• Length overall
This is the length measured from the
extreme point forward
to the extreme point aft.
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• Base line
This represents the lowest extremity of the
moulded surface of the ship. At the point where
the moulded base line cuts the midship section a
horizontal line is drawn, and it is this line, which acts
as the datum, or base line, for all hydrostatic
calculations. This line may, or may not, be parallel to
the load water line depending on the type of ship.
• Moulded depth
This is the vertical distance between the
moulded base line and the top of the beams of
the uppermost continuous deck measured at the
side amidships.
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• Moulded beam
This is the maximum beam, or breadth, of
the ship measured inside the inner shell
strakes of plating, and usually occurs amidships.
• Moulded draught
This is the draught measured to any water-
line, either forward or aft, using the moulded base
line as a datum.

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• Extreme beam
This is the maximum breadth including all
side plating, permanent fenders etc.
• Extreme draught
This is obtained by adding to the draught
moulded the distance between the moulded
base line and a line touching the lowest point
of the underside of the keel. This line is
continued to the FP and AP, where it is used as the
datum for the sets of draught marks.

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Ship

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A. TERNIDA MMET/ AUG. 5, 2019 8/19/2019 1

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A. TERNIDA MMET/ AUG. 5, 2019 8/19/2019 3

• Longitudinal framing is not usual in general

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

• Cargo battens are fitted to the sides and to

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

• The cofferdams are to be at least 760mm in

• Cargo tanks are tested by a head of water

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

If carrying grain and other lighter cargo all

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

• The wing tanks may be utilized to carry cargo as

• Transverse webs are fitted at in the wing

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

Transverse bulkheads are usually of the

There is a rise of floor of the inner bottom

On the top the hatch covers are mainly the side

Together with this is the sloshing effect which

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

• These girders also provide stiffness against

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

The main characteristic of these types of ships is the

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

• The lower decks may be used for carriage

• The lower decks which are divided by watertight

• The deck thickness is increased to take the

• A service car is provided within the ship to

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

The stern ramps are generally set at an angle

The basic construction of these vessels follows

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

• Breadth (B) is the greatest moulded

• Draught (d) is the vertical distance from

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

• Length on the designed load

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

VALIDATED BY: CAPT. ARMANDO A.

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