2.1 & 2.2 Types of Containers & Container Handling Gear

Sem 2, Block 1 Unit 2
CONTAINERIZED CARGOES
By Capt. S S Shivanagi
MARITIME ACADEMY
Containers Introduction and construction
Types of containers
Container Markings
Container Seals and sealing
AEMA © JANUARY 2019 2
This Changed the Shipping World !

From Here in the 50s & 60s

1st Generation up to 1,000 TEU
To 2nd Generation up to 2,000 TEU
3rd Generation up to 3,000 TEU
4th Generation more than 3,000 TEU

Here Today….

Development of Container Ships
The development of
container ships dates back
to the 20th century. It was at
this time that a US-based
businessman by the name
of Malcolm McLean created
cargo containers in an
attempt to simplify the
process of shipping cargo
across the ocean.

This man circumvented the
issue by modifying an oil Aerial picture of the Ideal X
fully loaded with containers
tanker vessel from World
War II, the Ideal X.
The contraption proved
incredibly successful and
from that moment onward,
changed the way people
ship cargo, bulk or
otherwise.
Clifford J. Rogers

1st Generation up to 1,000 TEU
2nd Generation up to 2,000 TEU
3rd Generation up to 3,000 TEU

Salient Features of Containerization
•Transiting costs for the cargo to be shipped were reduced

drastically on account of the elimination of the unwanted
processes
•Large amount of cargo could be transported which meant
that transporters benefited from the economies of scale
•Development of harbour facilities also took place
simultaneously once the qualitative worth of container
shipping began to spread far and wide

ISO Standards for Containers
➢ Containers are manufactured according to specifications
from the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) and are suitable for multiple transportation
methods such as truck, rail, or ship.
➢ These regulations define a shipping container that meets
size, strength, and durability requirements.
➢ The basis of these regulations is to guarantee that the
container can withstand extreme environments endured
during transport as well as possess the structural
integrity needed to be lifted by cranes or other heavy
equipment.
2.1 CONTAINER CONSTRUCTION
➢ Containers come in 2 sizes 20 feet

and 40 feet length.
➢ Frame - The load-carrying element

of all box containers is a steel
framework, consisting of four corner
posts and two bottom side rails, two
top side rails, two bottom cross
members, a front top end rail and a
door header.
➢ BOTTOM CROSS MEMBERS -

Additional bottom cross members
are fitted between the bottom side
rails, to serve as supports for the
Gooseneck trailer (3 mins)
floor covering. https://youtu.be/DbCSD0QCjAc

SIDE END AND ROOF WALL
- The side and end walls and
the roof are the components of
a standard box container which
are capable of bearing the
least load.

TYPES OF CONTAINERS
1. Dry storage container (Dry - Van

box container)
The most commonly used shipping

containers; they come in various
dimensions standardized by ISO. They
are used for shipping of dry materials and
come in size of 20 ft, 40 ft
A twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) is a

shipping container whose dimensions
measure about 20 feet long, 8 feet wide,
and 8.5 feet tall.

2. Flat rack container
With collapsible sides, these are

like simple storage shipping
containers where the sides can be
folded so as to make a flat rack for
shipping of wide variety of goods.
3. Open top container
With a convertible top that can be

completely removed to make an
open top so that materials of any
height can be shipped easily.

4. Open side storage container
These storage units are provided

with doors that can change into
completely open sides providing a
much wider room for loading of
materials.
5. Double doors container
They are kind of storage units that

are provided with double doors,
making a wider room for loading and
unloading of materials. Construction
materials include steel, iron etc in
standardized sizes of 20ft and 40ft.

6. High Cube Container
High Cube Container 40' height 9’6”
for over-height and voluminous

cargo, High-cube containers are
similar in structure to standard
containers, but taller. In contrast to
standard containers, which have a
maximum height of 2591 mm (8'6"),
high-cube containers are 2896 mm,
or 9'6", tall. High-cube containers are
for the most part 40' long, but are
sometimes made as 45' containers.

7. Refrigerated ISO containers
These are temperature regulated shipping

containers that always have a carefully
controlled low temperature. They are
exclusively used for shipment of perishable
substances like fruits and vegetables over
long distances.

8. Insulated or thermal containers
These type of container is often referred to

not as a refrigerated container but as an
insulated container, as it has no integral
refrigeration unit. The lack of a refrigeration
unit allows such containers to have a larger
internal volume and payload than integral
units. On board, the inside of the container
is supplied with cold air via the ship's central
cooling plant. The air flows through the
container in the same way as in integral
units. Cold air is blown in at the bottom and
the "warm" air is removed at the top.

9. Tank Container
Container storage units used mostly for

transportation of liquid materials, they are
used by a huge proportion of entire shipping
industry. They are mostly made of strong steel
or other anti- corrosive materials providing
them with long life and protection to the
materials.
For transportation of liquid chemicals and

food stuffs. Tank containers must be at least
80% full, to prevent dangerous surging of the
liquids in transit. On the other hand, they must
not as a rule be over 95% full, or there will not
be sufficient ullage space for thermal
expansion
10. Cargo storage roll container
A foldable container, this is one of the

specialized container units made for
purpose of transporting sets or stacks
of materials. They are made of thick
and strong wire mesh along with
rollers that allows their easy
movement. Availability in a range of
coloured wire meshes make these
shipping container units a little more
cheerful.

11. Half height containers
Another kind of shipping containers

includes half height containers. Made
mostly of steel, these containers are half
the height of full sized containers. Used
especially for good like coal, stones etc
which need easy loading and unloading.
12. Car carrying containers
Car carriers are container storage units

made especially for ship-ment of cars
over long distances. They come with
collapsible sides that help a car fit snugly
inside the containers without the risk of
being damaged or moving from the spot.
13. Intermediate bulk shift containers
These are specialized storage shipping

containers made solely for the purpose of
intermediate shipping of goods. They are
designed to handle large amounts of
materials and made for purpose of
shipping materials to a destination where
they can be further packed and sent off to
final spot.

14. Drums
As the name suggests, circular

shipping containers, made from
a choice of materials like steel,
light weight metals, fiber, hard
plastic etc. they are most
suitable for bulk transport of
liquid materials. They are
smaller in size but due to their
shape, may need extra space.

15. Special purpose containers.
Not the ordinary containers, these

are the container units, custom
made for specialized purposes.
Mostly, they are used for high profile
services like shipment of weapons
and arson. As such, their
construction and material
composition depends on the special
purpose they need to cater to. But in
most cases, security remains the top
priority.

16. Swap bodies
They are a special kind of containers used mostly in Europe. Not made
according to the ISO standards, they are not standardized shipping
container units but extremely useful all the same. They are provided with a
strong bottom and a convertible top making them suitable for shipping of
many types of products.

Different types of containers (2.5 mins)
https://youtu.be/Rpp8I2wjwa8

CONTAINER MARKINGS

Safety Approval Plate (CSC plate)
Under the International Convention for ➢ Under the Convention and these
Safe Containers (CSC), it is the regulations, each freight
responsibility of the container owner to container is required to display a
ensure that containers are properly Safety Approval Plate (CSC
maintained and subject to periodic plate), detailing relevant safety
examination in accordance with information including
procedures approved by the ➢ country of approval, date of
government of the relevant contracting manufacture and maximum
state to the Convention.
operating gross weight.
➢ The plate may also display the
date of the next periodic
examination, unless the
container is under an Approved
Continuous Examination
Programme (ACEP)

Owner- code, consisting of three capital letters
Product group code, consisting of one of capital letters U, J or Z
Six-digit registration number
Check digit.
The owner code must be unique and registered with the International
Container Bureau
The product group code consists of one of the following three capital
letters
U - for all freight containers
J - for detachable freight container-related equipment
Z - for trailers and chassis

Container identification including country, size and type codes

➢ Appropriate abbreviations are used for the various countries, here US for
United States of America, GB for Great Britain etc.
➢ The first digit of the size code indicates the length of the container, with the
number 4 standing for a 40' container.
➢ The second digit indicates height and whether or not a gooseneck tunnel is
present. In our example, the number 3 stands for a height of 8 foot 6 inches
(8'6") with gooseneck tunnel.
➢ The first digit of the type code indicates container type. Here, 1 means that
the container is a closed container with ventilation openings.
➢ The second digit of the type code relates to special features. The 0 used
here means opening at the end.

Size code table

Type Code table

Container markings (5 mins)
https://youtu.be/x_tYRf1twbc

CONTAINER SEALS / SEALING
The objective in using seals is to minimize the risk of unauthorized access into
the container thereby reducing the risk of cargo pilferage and the introduction of
contraband. This is in the interest of the shipper, carrier, and recipient of the
container.
Security must start with the shipper. Immediately after a container is stuffed, a
high security seal must be applied and the seal number documented.

There are 2 types
Solid pin & Flexible pin type Bolt Seal.
They have a Unique number and cant be

reused once broken
The Flexible High Security Container seal

with anti-spin feature. The patented flexible
design provides a high degree
of flexibility to fit on any container, truck or
trailer door.
The patented anti-spin feature ensures that

the pin with
its 4 “fins” as part of the locking mechanism
prevents friction attacks. This seal is ideal for
sealing containers

CABLE SEAL
The ideal high security cable seal to

apply on all awkward sealing points.
Key applications are tank-truck
valves, truck trailers, rail wagons,
gates etc.
The cable
Flexible galvanised steel cable with
high tensile strength. The Ø5 mm
cable is non-preformed and
unravels if cut. Ink-jet marking for
proof of tampering and easy
identification. The cable is available
in various lengths.

Different types of cont ships (10 mins)
https://youtu.be/-dGUwNu55po

Gooseneck trailer (3 mins)
https://youtu.be/DbCSD0QCjAc

CONTAINER HANDLING GEAR

SHIP-TO-SHORE GANTRY CRANES

RUBBER TIRED GANTRY CRANE

STRADDLE CRANE

REACH STACKER

SPREADER CONFIGURATIONS
Single lift spreaders

Twin lift spreader

Triple lift spreaders

VERTICAL TANDEM LIFTING

Container port operations animation
video (5 mins)
https://youtu.be/DQM-4yZVe0c

2.1 &amp; 2.2 Types of Containers &amp; Container Handling Gear

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Sem 2, Block 1 Unit 2

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 3

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 4

To 2nd Generation up to 2,000 TEU

3rd Generation up to 3,000 TEU

4th Generation more than 3,000 TEU

5th Generation more than 6,000 TEU

6th Generation more than 8,000 TEU

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 5

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 6

across the ocean.

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 7

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 9

2nd Generation up to 2,000 TEU

3rd Generation up to 3,000 TEU

4th Generation more than 3,000 TEU

5th Generation more than 6,000 TEU

6th Generation more than 8,000 TEU

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 10

•Transiting costs for the cargo to be shipped were reduced

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 11

➢ Containers come in 2 sizes 20 feet

➢ Frame - The load-carrying element

➢ BOTTOM CROSS MEMBERS -

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 13

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 14

1. Dry storage container (Dry - Van

The most commonly used shipping

A twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) is a

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 16

With collapsible sides, these are

3. Open top container

With a convertible top that can be

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 17

These storage units are provided

They are kind of storage units that

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 18

for over-height and voluminous

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 19

These are temperature regulated shipping

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 20

These type of container is often referred to

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 21

Container storage units used mostly for

For transportation of liquid chemicals and

A foldable container, this is one of the

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 23

Another kind of shipping containers

12. Car carrying containers

Car carriers are container storage units

These are specialized storage shipping

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 25

As the name suggests, circular

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 26

Not the ordinary containers, these

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 27

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 28

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 29

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 30

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 31

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 32

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 33

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 34

AEMA © JANUARY 2019 35

2.1 & 2.2 Types of Containers & Container Handling Gear

2.1 & 2.2 Types of Containers & Container Handling Gear