The dictionary meaning of behaviorism is a school of psychology that confines itself to the study

of observable and quantifiable aspects of behavior and excludes subjective phenomena, such
as emotions or motives, etc. In education, behaviorism is thought of as a form of classroom
management. Behaviorism continue to be relevant in today's world of online education,
implications for online learning need to be determined so that successful practical applications
can be identified and implemented to positively affect learning."Behaviorism was, and is, a
moment primarily in American psychology that rejected consciousness as psychology's subject
matter and replaced it with behavior". As stated by Parkay and Hass , behaviorism is primarily
concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behavior. In assuming that
human behavior is learned, behaviorists also hold that all behaviors can also be unlearned, and
replaced by new behaviors; that is, when a behavior becomes unacceptable, it can be replaced
by an acceptable one. A key element to this theory of learning is the rewarded response. The
behaviorism of Watson and Skinner is based on a positivistic approach to science, that is, a
reductionist view in which all that can be addressed is the relation between sensory stimuli and
the unique corresponding response. According to Morrison, Ross, and Kemp , the behaviorist
learning theory placed an emphasis on the effects of external conditions such as rewards and
punishments in determining future behaviors of students. It is usually used to change negative
behaviors and habits such as those that occur in education and behavioral health. In the Rise of
Behaviorism, Watson asserted that neither was effective as a science and that the time had
come for psychology to take its place as a legitimate natural science.
Basic Assumptions of Behaviorism These assumptions focus on the following: the role of the
teacher, the nature of learning, and the generality of the learning processes and instructional
procedures. The Role of the Teacher Disrespect for rules and procedures, wandering around
the room, talking out of turn, passive engagement in the classroom, disruption of classmates'
work and moving the furniture in the classroom, are just some of a wide range of behaviors
referred by teachers as classroom misbehavior (Briesch, Briesch, & Chafouleas, 2015). In sum,
teachers seem to be part of a chain of events, in which their behavior management is linked to
classroom behaviors of children. The Nature of Learning Learning is frequently defined as a
change in behavior due to experience. It is a function of building associations between the
occasion upon which the behavior occurs , the behavior itself and the result. These preceding
events must occur closely in time so that a bond is formed, which is called the principle of
contiguity. It is the construction of functional relationships, based on the contingencies of
reinforcement, under which the learning takes place. It is this functionality that is the essence of
selection. The Generality of Learning Principles. All learning is a result of the experienced
consequences of the organism's behavior, in selectionist behaviorism.
Three major types of behavior, respondent learning, operant learning, and observational
learning. Each of these models relies on the building associations the simplest unit that is
learned under the conditions of contiguity and repetition. Behavioral learning theories view
learning as change in rate or frequency of occurrence, or form of behavior or response which
occurs primarily as a function of environmental factors. For example, students generate
classroom behavior rules based on past encounters and expectations in classroom settings, the
individual endeavors to apply what is as of now known to environment. According to Driscoll ,
one major contribution of behaviourism to education is the use of the wouldrill and practice
methodology' during the instructional process. The central principle in this teaching
methodology is that the teacher presents the stimulus to the learners and what is expected from
the learners is to respond to it through constant practic Operant Conditioning (Selectionist or
Radical Behaviorism). The rate of such behavior was thought to be important as a measure of
response strength. Operant conditioning is based on a single, simple principle: There is a
functional and interconnected relationship between the stimuli that preceded a response , the
stimuli that follow a response , and the response itself. By using the basic concepts and
principles of operant learning, and the basic definition that learning is a change of behavior
brought by experience, we learn by watching others and then imitating or modeling, what they
do or say. According to Lefrancois , there are several ways that observational learning can
occur: you learn a new response.

As the evolution of the educational sector, managing behavior is desired to meet in an effective
way. Educational factor of organizing and maintaining the management of the learners' behavior
that equates to positivity. Managing behavior in a classroom is to create systems that have
positive behavior in a classroom. Classroom behavior management assist the establishment of
self-control of the learner to a positive achievement and behavior. The aims in the classroom
behavior management is to boost the morale and social state of the students. According to
Ashraf, withitness of the teachers are prior in a classroom behavior management. Sun and Shek
stated that the misbehaviors of students are needed to be identified in a classroom for teachers
to create interventions. Thus, Classroom Behavior Management are used to create positive and
functional learning environments. Managing behaviors get in the way of teaching in many ways
teachers are opt to implement positive behavior management. Morever, behavior management
are extended to the homes of every student.
Environmental Influence of Behavior Management Learning are influence by social interaction it
connotes the idea of social structure that either promotes or limits it student's behavior. Cantero,
Mira, and L pez-Chao describes learning space influences behavior of the students this can
foster the creativity and connection with peers for having this environmental influence.
Therefore, environmental influences the physical, human, social and cultural circumstances this
generate the full meaning of its learning experience. In contrast, to distance learning there are
no physical environment of a classroom setting and no social interactions being withheld by the
students. Virtual Learning or distance learning has its limited access of physical and social
interaction which are concerned by both of the teachers and parents (Cavanaugh, Gillan,
Kromrey, Hess, & Blomeyer, 2004). Equal delivery and progress are meditated in the
progressing that the effect of the environment can build the students social status as physically
and academically. Moreover, environmental influence should be observing both in physical and
virtual for student to develop its psychological development. Moreover, Warfield describes that
physical environment can encourage the learners' willingness to learn. This environment has
psychological impact if the environment is positive and negative. That the positivity can equate
to students' eagerness and motivation to learn.

As a matter of fact, the fear of contracting COVID-19 seems not to be as high as concerns
about the psychological and social impact of the pandemic, as reported in a United Kingdom
survey. For quality indicators of a higher education enterprise, there should be a set of values
and principles that accounts for the expressed needs of its stakeholders, particularly the
students (Ludeman, Osfield, Hidalgo, Oste, & Wang, 2009). Schools need to strengthen its
medical services and student support services so that constant monitoring and implementation
of health practices are followed within the vicinity and beyond the academe. Due to global
trends of the pandemic, higher education needs to prioritize the academic, career counselling,
and even the medical services and programs that should be accessible to the students in the
university and even through online means. The online care services would expedite the
assessments and provide adequate services for better outcomes of the students to seek
treatment and engagement. The Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia
estimates that 34. This is reinforced by research that found that public health emergencies can
have many psychological effects on students, which can be expressed in the form of anxiety,
fear, and anxiety. Based on Mulawarman University policy on March 18, 2020, which calls for all
lecture activities to be carried out online, research is needed on the impact of online learning
and solutive efforts in overcoming effects as part of research recommendations. So far, there
has been no detailed research on the psychological impact of students in implementing online
learning during a pandemic outbreak. There is a stronger need for academic organizations to
improve their curriculum and the usage of new instructional methods and strategies should be of
utmost significance.
In a study, over 50% of UK teachers polled reported discontentment and concern about the
amount of disruptive behaviour in their classroom, yet they lacked the knowledge of classroom
behaviour management theories and strategies to address and improve behaviour. Challenging
behaviour in schools is a major reason for stress among teachers, and the ability to manage
pupils in a classroom is a critical factor in any educational setting. Teaching and learning time is
lost to all pupils if teachers cannot adequately deal with behaviour in the classroom. Due to this
issue, teachers as the role model have to learn the skills in managing the learning environment
so that it will become conducive to the targeted students. This then ensures that all the students
are able to grasp what he is trying to present and in this case, the ground rules of the class.
Moreover, his introduction of the ground rules to the class is also a way of managing the
students' behaviour in order for the learning environment be further compatible with the students
in it. This issue has a lot of causes one of which is simply because the students are too tired to
gain focus and the other includes the lack of interest in the overall lesson presented by the
teacher. It is not only the student teachers who believe that they are inadequately trained in this
area. The most substantial way that student teachers are trained in behaviour management is
through experience, vis- -vis their school practicum or placement. These experiences tend to be
grounded in the belief that teachers learn about teaching "by teaching and from teaching".