2006 International Conference on Power System Technology
Research into Harmonic State Estimation
in Power System Based on
Shiying Hou, Zhixiang Xu, Houyu Lv, Zejia Jiang and Lingyi, Wang
Abstract- the traditional least squares estimation and
advanced methods usually make asynchronous measurement
to the harmonic signals, then to solve a giant over-determined
linear equations with real variables. But these methods have
some defects of the low estimated accuracy, tremendous
calculation quantity and expensive measure cost. The paper
develops a harmonic state estimation method based on PMU
(phasor measurement unit), and solves ill-conditioned system
of linear equations with complex variables in a way of
complex singular value decomposition (CSVD).The
formulation shows that the proposed approach results in well
solution of the problem due to the traditional harmonic state
estimation.
Index Terms-Harmonic least squares estimation (LSE),
phasor measurement unit (PMU), singular value
decomposition (SVD).
I .INTRODUCTION
With the popularity of electronic technology applying
into the power system, the problems of harmonic pollution
become more and more serious and increasingly deteriorate
the security and economic running of the power system.
For settling the relative harmonic problems including
confirming and elimination, the harmonic distribution or
state should be under surveillance in real time. These
requirements above bring into harmonic state estimation in
the power system. That means according to the limited
measurement in the power system, the harmonic state of
the grid can be obtained [1].
In the latel980's, Heydt put forward the problem of
harmonic state estimation [2] and applied the method
which is used in power system state estimation to the
harmonic state estimation. During the following decades,
the harmonic state estimation had been rapidly developed.
The basic pattern of 1the traditional power system state
All authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Chonqing University, (e-mail: houshiyinggcqu.edu.cn).
1-4244-0111-9/06/$20.00c2006 IEEE.
PMU and SVD
estimation can be described as follows [3]:
* Single phase model
* Single frequency model
* Non-simultaneousness of measurement
* P,Q,V,I measurement set
The above basic structure of the power system state
estimation implies the following assumptions [3]:
* all current and voltage waveforms are pure
sinusoids with constant frequency and
magnitude
* the system operates under balanced three phase
conditions
* the power system is a symmetric three phase
system which is fully described by its positive
sequence network
Since the definition of harmonic power hasn't be
uniformed, the real and reactive power of harmonic cannot
be used as measurement set to estimate the harmonic state
[4, 5]. Furthermore, most power systems, in fact, operate
under partially symmetric three-phase condition and
balanced three-phase conditions. If harmonic state
estimation is taken under these conditions, the
measurement for each phase must be accuracy and
synchronous. The PMU measurement technology based on
GPS can simultaneously record the three-phase harmonic
voltage and remote disturbance of current with the
tolerance of synchronous time less than 1 ,u . As a result,
it can ultimately develop the single phase model, single
frequency model and non-simultaneousness of
measurement.
II. HARMONIC STATE ESTIMATION
The traditional least squares harmonic estimation can
be formulated as follows:
Z(h) = H(h)X(h) + E(h) (1)
where Z(h) is a measurement vector, H(h) is a
 this occasion, only average matrixes are need for solving
measurement matrix, X(h) is a state vector to be
the harmonic state estimation. Yet, missed measurement
caused by the change of system topology or some other
estimated, E(h) is the measurement noise at h th
reasons will lead to observation unavailable, that means
harmonic order.
formulation ( 1 ) is ill-conditioned or A TA is a singular
The measurement matrix can be considered as the
matrix of which elements relate the measurement vector to matrix, then there are some other methods for harmonic
the state variable. If the state variable to be estimated is the state estimation.
nodal voltage, then [7] A. Normal solving method
If the number of measurement varieties is larger than
---for nodal current injection measurement (IN)I the
that of state varieties in the system, then the observation of
system is completely available. Under this condition,
relation to the nodal voltage (VN) and node-node
AT A is not a singular matrix. The normal solving
method can be used.
admittance matrix (YNN ) iS
For the formulation
Z=AX (5)
IN(h) = YNN(h)VN(h) (2)
the result
---for nodal voltage measurement, the relation to the
nodal voltage is
X = TA) ATZ (6)
can be obtained by least squares estimation. But
VN(h) = I* VN(h) (3) redundancy measurement will lead to more operation for
where I is identity matrix; matrix computing and higher expense for measurement [1,
8].
---for line current measurement (IL ) , the relation to the
B. Householder transformation
nodal voltage and line-node admittance matrix (YLN ) iS Householder transformation uses the matrix Q to

obtain the minimum value of the objective formulation.

IL(h) = YLN(h)VN(h) (4) The objective formulation can be described as follows:
The magnitude of harmonic voltage decays as its order
increasing, and the speed is much faster than that of
J(x) = (Z - Ax)T QTQ(Z -Ax)
harmonic current [2]. Furthermore, the measurement test
also adjust that the credibility of measurement which is
= IIQZ - QAXI2
10-50km far away from a harmonic source is not any more
acceptable for the harmonic of which order is higher than
= IIY1 - Px l2 + IIY2 12 (7)
13th [8]. So in most occasions, choosing the injection
harmonic current of node as a variety of estimation is more Where QZ=[Y QA=[] P is upper
suitable for the harmonic state estimation [2].
The harmonic state estimation of a certain order in a triangular matrix.
certain moment can be obtained calculated according
Q = I - 2UUT, where u is a m rank phasor
formulation (1). Since the measurement noise in
formulation (1) does not affect the solvability of harmonic with random length.
state estimation, they may be ignored [9].
where Y1 = Px, the minimum value of formulation
III.SOLVING THE HAREMIC STATE ESTIMATION (7) can be obtained. x also can be got by solving
The necessary qualification of that the power system
can be attributed is its observation. Generally speaking, Yi = Px.
when a system can be observed, it can be estimated. On C. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
 Using SVD for harmonic state estimation, there is no
x = V1 E U( Z (1 1)
need to analyze neither the observation of system available
or not. In the same time, ill-conditioned matrix can be
2. Where m < n, if Rank (A) = Rank (A Z) = r,
solved [10].
SVD can be described as follows [ 1 ]: the solution is infinite as formulation (10).
-E O-v If Rank(A) . Rank(A|Z), there is no solution.
A=UU V (8)
O O But the solution of least squares based on SVD can be
obtained as formulation (1 1).
Where A E 9 mxn UeE9mxm andV e 9Jnxn , U
3. Whereim > n, Z = Ax is an over determined
and V are orthogonal matrix. equation. The solution of least squares based on SVD
Z,= diag (a1OC2,".., or) can be obtained as x = E U(Z.

If all elements in E is positive, the system is

Whereo1 >O,(j=1,2,...,r), ris the rank of
completely observable, and the result of harmonic state
matrix A. estimation is accurate. According to the theory analysis, the
computing demand of ill-conditioned equation based on
U= (Ul,U2) , where U1 is a matrix of mxr
SVD algorithm is less than that of householder
order in the first r ranks of U . transformation, and SVD algorithm is faster and more
effective [12].
V = (VI,V2), where VI is a matrix of nx r
order in the first r ranks of V . IV. SIMULATION AND APPLICATION OF SVD
The generalized inverse matrix of A can be Simultaneousness of measurement is adopted for
defined as: harmonic current of branch and harmonic voltage of node.
Two kinds of methods are employed for testifying the
A-= VIL'- UT (9)
validity of the harmonic state estimation. One is using the
So the solutions of the formulation (5) can be IEEE 14-bus test system. The other is using the algorithm
analyzed as follows: of least squares estimation based on SVD.
A. IEEE 14-Bus System Simulation
1. Where m = n, if Rank(A) = n, there is only
A schematic of the IEEE 14-bus system is shown in
one solution. Fig.1. The system is three-phase symmetric, including two
xx=AA V1 L ' U4TZ.
Z=VI
1Z 1 harmonic sources. One is a 12-pulse High Voltage DC
current (HVDC) terminal at busbar 3. The other is a Static
Var Compensator (SVC) at busbar 8. The equivalent Hl
IfRank(A)= Rank( Z) =
r(r < n), the solution is model is used to represent each transmission line. The
infinite. The solution can be expressed as follows: equivalent PV bus model is used to represent generators.
n Additionally, the equivalent short-circuit impedance model
x =x*+ E k1v1 (10) is used to represent transformers. According to the practical
j=r+l connection of winds, the affects that is the transformer to
the phase of harmonic current are taken into account, and
where vj EV2(j= r+1,r+2, ,n)
the saturation characteristic of transformer can be
simulated.
and oi =O(j= r+1,r+2,...,n).
There are 14 nodes, 19 node-line branches, 3 source
injection branches (3 generators of voltage adjustable), 9
If Rank(A) . Rank(A|Z), there is no solution.
load branches.
But the solution of least squares based on SVD can be
obtained as follows:
 (1) The measurement matrix is ill-conditioned
There are 9 load branches in the IEEE 14-bus test
system. But there are 69 measurement varieties for
traditional harmonic state estimation, such as 14 node
varieties of harmonic voltage measurement, 38 node-line
varieties of harmonic current measurement, 3 source
varieties of harmonic current measurement, 14 node
injection varieties of harmonic current measurement. The
detail measurement scheme is as table. 1.
TABLE 1
MEASUREMENT SCHEME 1
Fig. 1 IEEE 14-bus system Voltage 6, 8, 9, 10
Nonlinear loads are linked to node 3 and 8. The measurement
injection harmonic currents of the two nodes are node
respectively shown in Fig.2 and Fig.3. Current 1-2, 2-1, 3-4, 4-3, 5-6,
measurement 6-5, 7-8, 8-7, 9-14, 14-9,
branch 10-11, 11-10, 12-13,
13-12
In table. 1, current measurement branch 1-2 represents
the measurement current which belongs to branch 1-2 near
to node 1. At this time, the condition number of

Fig.2 Injection harmonic current of node 3 measurement matrix is 3.154 x 109 , so the matrix is serious

3131 I-
PRbk MfthitUd SpEDtF or ballId by SirnL,lik
1:::::::::
ill-conditioned. As the number of state varieties is less than
that of measurement varieties, the system is still
completely observable.
The results of harmonic state estimation based on
SVD are respectively shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6.
(3 * IG -.
.
. .

0 5_ A 10 isA T.---
_,=
20 25 30
OM& df HOMMir

Fig.3 Injection harmonic current of node 8

Harmonic voltage of each node in the system is
shown in Fig.4.
Fig.5 Node harmonic voltage estimation values based on SVD in
condition (1)

voltage~
~~~~~~~~~~~ 29

Fig.4 Harmonic voltage of each node

B. SVD algorithm Fig.6 the error of node harmonic voltage estimation based on SVD in
SVD algorithm not only can solve over-determined condition (1)
equations, but also has the ability to give an answer for (2)The measurement equation is over-determined
ill-conditioned matrixes. For testifying the validity of SVD The measurement scheme is as table.2.
algorithm which is used in harmonic state estimation, two
simulations are done in the following two conditions.
 TABLE 2 have justified the validity.
MEASUREMENT SCHEME 2
Voltage 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 VI.REFERENCES
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V .CONCLUSION
2003, Vol.67, pp: 99-107.
This paper has developed the traditional harmonic
state estimation. Simultaneousness of measurement can
effectively decrease the measurement error. The least
squares estimation based on SVD for harmonic state
estimation is effective in the condition that the system is
not completely observable. By this way, precise result can
be obtained, while the demand of redundancy measurement
and measurement cost decreases. Finally, the simulations
 Shiying Hou was born inl952. She received the BS degree and MS
degree in electrical engineering from Chongqing University, Chongqing,
China.

She is an associate professor with the Department of Electrical

Engineering, Chongqing University. Her research interests include power
electronics, control theory and programmable logic controller.