jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

 jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

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jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ o; klqsfdf 5flkPsf n]v/rgf n]vssf lghL ljrf/ x'g\ . o;df ;Dkfbg ;ldlt lhDd]jf/ x'g]5}g .
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tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f z'ef/De sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6g
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g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] cw{jflif{s klqsf …ljB'tÚ jif{ #) cÍ @ kf7s;dIf k|:t't ug{ kfpFbf v'zL nfu]sf] 5 .
k|flws/0fn] kl5Nnf jif{b]lv lgoldt ljB't cfk"lt{, ljB't r'xfj6, afFsL–aS‍of}tf c;'nL, vr{ Joj:yfkg cflbdf pNn]Vo
;kmntf xfl;n ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
k|flws/0fåf/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf rd]lnof hnljB't\ cfof]hgf -#) d]ufjf6_, dflyNnf] lqz'nL #P hnljB't\ cfof]hgf
-^) d]ufjf6_, s'n]vfgL t];|f] hnljB't cfof]hgf -!$ d]ufjf6_ ;D‍kG‍g eO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;~‍rfngdf cfO;s]sf 5g\ .
k|flws/0fsf ljleG‍g ;xfos sDkgLdfkm{t\ lgdf{0f eO/x]sf sl/a @&) d]ufjf6 a/fa/sf cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] clGtd
r/0fdf 5g\ . /fli‍6«o uf}/asf] dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL hnljB't\ cfof]hgf -$%^ d]ufjf6_ oyfzL3| ;DkG‍g ug]{ u/L lgdf{0f
eO/x]sf] 5 eg] cGo ljleG‍g hnljB't\ tyf k|;f/0f nfOg cfof]hgf ;d]t tbf?stf;fy lgdf{0f eO/x]sf 5g\ .
cfufdL lbgdf :jb]zL pTkfbgaf6} d'n'sdf pknAw x'g] pmhf{sf] kl/df0fnfO{ b[il‍6ut u/L tbg'?k cfGtl/s vkt a9fpg
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lgwf{/0f cfof]u;dIf k|:tfj ul/;lsPsf] 5 eg] ef/tLo Exchange Market dfkm{t\ ljB't vl/blaqmL ug]{ k|lqmof;d]t
cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 .
d'n'ssf] lb3{sfnLg ljB't dfu / k|;f/0f ;~‍hfnsf] cfjZostfnfO{ b[li‍6ut ub}{ k|flws/0fn] g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf bft[
/fi‍6« Pjd\ lgsfosf] ;xof]udf Peaking Run of River k|s[ltsf] !,)^) d]ufjf6sf] ck/ c?0f / ^#% d]ufjf6sf]
hnfzoo'Qm b"wsf]zL hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf ;fy} k"j{–klZ‍rd, pQ/–blIf0f tyf cGtb]{zLo $)) tyf @@) s]=eL= k|;f/0f
;~‍hfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf;fy cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 .
cfufdL tLg jif{leq k|flws/0f d'n'se/sf hgtfnfO{ lgoldt, e/kbf]{ / u'0f:t/Lo ljB't ;]jf pknAw u/fpg lqmofzLn 5 .
;x/sf] ;f}Gbo{;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] ljB't ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ e"ldut u/L ;'b[9Ls/0f;lxt :jrflnt
ug]{ p2]Zon] klxnf] r/0fdf sf7df8f}Fsf] /T‍gkfs{ / dxf/fhu~‍h ljt/0f s]G›cGtu{tsf If]qdf ul/g] sfo{sf] z'ef/De
eO;s]sf] 5 eg] cfufdL lbgdf cGo ;x/df ;d]t o; k|sf/sf sfo{nfO{ qmlds ¿kdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
k|flws/0fn] k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f nfOg Pjd ;j:6]zgsf] lj:tf/ ub}{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{, dxfgu/ tyf pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf]
ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f Pjd\ e"ldut ug]{, lu|8 ;a:6]zg c6f]d]zg ug]{, Battery Storage System h8fg
ug]{ sfo{sf cltl/Qm ERP & Smart Meter/Grid System nfu" ug]{, Online Payment System lj:tf/ ug]{ /
Online E-Application System dfkm{t v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf] cfj]bg ;ª\sng ug]{nufotsf sfo{ eO/x]sf 5g\ .
k|flws/0fsf ;du| sfdsf/afxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg g]kfn ;/sf/, bft[ lgsfo, pkef]Qmf, 6«]8 o'lgog, ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lnufot
;Da4 ;a}af6 cfjZos ;xof]u / ;dy{g k|fK‍t eO/xg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . cfufdL lbgdf pTs[i‍6 n]v/rgf;lxt ljB't
klqsf k|sfzg x'g ;sf];\ eG‍g] z'e]R5fsf;fy k|sfzgdf ;+nUg ;a}df xflb{s wGojfb JoQm ub{5' .

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;+:yfut ePsf ;fj{hlgs :f+:yfgsf] e"ldsf kl5Nnf lbgdf ;fy{s
xF'b} cfPsf] cj:yf 5 . æJoj;fodf ;/sf/Æ eGg] dfGotfaf6 ;+:yfg
;+:yfut x'Fb} ljsf;sf] ;+jfxs, /fHosf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg] cf}hf/ Pj+ nf]ssNof0fsf/L lgsfosf ¿kdf ;d]t ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfgnfO{ lng yflnPsf] 5 .
;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf;lxtsf] pBdzLntf, Joj;flostf, lg0f{odf
nrstf Pjd\ :jfoQtf h:tf dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;f ub}{ cfPsf]] g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0fn] Oltxf;sf ptf/ r9fj Joj:yfkg ub{} Pp6f ;]jf
k|bfos, e/f];fof]Uo ;kmn ;fa{hlgs ;+:yfgsf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g]
x/;Dej k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 .
sfo{s'zntf, u'0f:t/Lotf, ultzLntf, lbuf]kgaf6 ;'vL / ;d[4 eljZo
agfpg] nIosf ;fy pHofnf] g]kfn cleofgdf cufl8 al9/x]sf] g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0fsf] cw{jflif{s æljB't klqsfÆ jif{ #) cª\s – @
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g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf ultljlw kf7sju{sf nflu cToGt pkof]uL
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k|fKt x'g]5 eGg]df ljZj:t 5f}+ .
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jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

 /rgfqmd

n kfl/>lds s/ ;+lIfKt ljj]rgf

– z/bk|;fb sf]O/fnf !
n ljt/0f s]Gb|df EPR sf] k|efjsfl/tf
– /~hg/fh u'?ª &
n l;FrfO{ gx/dfly ;f}o{ Kofgn
– lji0f'k|;fb b]jsf]6f !)
n hnljB't cfof]hgfdf ljb]zL nufgL
– k'is//fh e§/fO{ !$
n Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) ;+u7g ;'wf/sf] Ps dfWod
– slkn rGb| a:tfsf]6L !*
n g]kfndf hnljB't ljsf;sf nflu x]lhª kmG8
– /ldnf sf]O/fnf @(
n g]kfndf ljB't ;kgf
– /lj lg/f}nf #@
n ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fdf ljB't k|flws/0f
– dg's'df/L k'nfdL du/ #^
n ;jf/L ;'/Iff a9\bf] r'gf}tL
– ;/:jtL a:g]t #(
n Construction Of Surge Shaft in upper Tamakoshi HEP
– Raj Bhai silpakar $!
n Battery Energy Storage System
– Pramod Rijal %$
n Dam Safety Monitoring and Instrumentation in Upper Trishuli 3A Hydroelectric Project
– Satyaram Jyakhwa %&
n Loss Reduction in NEA Opportunities & Challenges
– Sagar Gnawali ^$
n An Overview of Dynamic Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles
– HariOm Dhungana ^&
n General Overview of Excitation system used in UT3A
– Indra Bahadur Bishwokarma &!
n General Idea on Phasor Measurement Unit Based SCADA and its Scope in INPS
– Deepa Subedi/ Deeksha Sharma &^
n Gearing up for Electricity Consumption in Nepal
– Suresh Kumar Timalsina *!
n Different Technical Problems Faced in Loss Reduction in System
– Beni Nepali *$

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
 kfl/>lds s/
;+lIfKt ljj]rgf
z/bk|;fb sf]O/fnf
clwjQmf
ljifo k|j]z
JolQm -k|fs[lts jf sfg'gL jf sfg'gL k|aGw_ n]
cfkm\gf] cfoaf6 /fHonfO{ ug'{kg]{ of]ubfgnfO{ cfos/
elgG5 . s/of]Uo cfoaf6 ;fj{hlgs sf]ifdf bflvnf
ug'{kg]{ c+znfO{ g} cfos/ a'lemG5 . s/sf] ;DaGwdf
s/of]Uo cfosf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . s/of]Uo
cfo eGgfn] sfg'gn] cfo dflgg] ;a} cfosf] of]ukmn jf
Psd'i6 /fzLnfO{ s/of]Uo cfo elgG5 . s/of]Uo cfosf]
;DaGwdf jf:tljs jf k|ToIf cfo / sfg'gadf]lhd
cfo dflgg] k|aGwaf6 sfod x'g] /fzL ;d]t u0fgfof]Uo
x'G5 . cfosf] ;DaGwdf s]xL cfo JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf]
x'G5 eg] s]xL cfo sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] sf/0fn] sfod
ePsf] x'G5 . s'g} k|aGw jf sf/f]af/nfO{ cfos/ sfg'gn]
cfosf] ¿kdf lrq0f -Characterization_ u/L
;f]nfO{ /sddf kl/df0fLs/0f -Quantification_ u/]sf]
cj:yfdf o;/L kl/df0fLs/0f x'g] /sd ;d]t s/of]Uo
cfo sfod x'G5 .
ljwdfg cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] cfosf zLif{snfO{
lgDgfg';f/ $ zLif{sdf juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 .
l Joj;fo -Business_
l /f]huf/L -Employeement_
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
l nufgL -Investment_
l cfsl:ds nfe -windfall gain_
cfosf zLif{snfO{ cfocfh{gsf] ;|f]tnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . Joj;fodf k'FhL / >dsf] nufgLaf6
cfo x'G5 . /f]huf/Ldf >dsf] cfwf/df cfo x'G5 eg]
nufgLdf k'FhLsf] cfwf/df cfo ePsf] x'G5 . cfsl:ds
nfedf ljgf cfo k|fKt ePsf] x'G5 . cfsl:ds
nfenfO{ nufgL ljgfsf] Pj+ ;f+of]lus k|s[ltsf] cfo
-Contingent nature of income_ dflgG5 . t;y{,
;fgf] nufgL eP klg o;sf] cfo lglZrt lsl;dsf]
gePdf cfsl:ds nfesf] ¿kdf s/ sfg'gn] Jojxf/
ug]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
cfosf pk/f]Qm $ k|sf/sf zLif{sdWo] /f]huf/L k|fs[lts
JolQm -Natural person_ cyf{t\ dflg;;Fu ;DjlGwt
5 eg] cfosf cGo # j6f zLif{ssf] cfo k|fs[lts
JolQm / sfg'gL lgsfo -Legal entity_ b'j};Fu ;DjlGwt
5g . kfl/>lds /f]huf/L ug]{ dflg;sf] xsdf cfslif{t
x'G5 . dflg;n] /f]huf/L u/]sf] sf/0fn] k|fKt ug]{ k|ltkmn
g} /f]huf/Lsf] cfo xf] .
/f]huf/L
/f]huf/L s] xf] cyf{t\ s] s:tf] sfo{nfO{ /f]huf/ dflgG5
!
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g} /f]huf/LnfO{ kl/eflift ug{ / ;j{;Ddt cjwf/0ff sfod
ug{ b'?x ePsf] xf] . sfg'g ;DjGwdf b'O{6f JolQmn] u/]sf]
Pp6} sfo{ Pp6fsf] lglDt /f]huf/L / csf{sf] lglDt Joj;fo
x'g ;S5 . Pp6} sfo{ ug]{ OlGhlgo/sf] xsdf, n]vf
ljz]if1sf] xsdf s]xLsf] lglDt /f]huf/L / s]xLsf] lglDt
Joj;fo x'g ;S5 . o; ;DaGwdf s]xL låljwf / k/:k/
km/s cjwf/0ff eP tfklg lgDgfg';f/sf] tŒj ePdf To:tf]
sfo{nfO{ /f]huf/L dflgG5 .
l nufgL gePsf] .
l sfd ug]{ lglZrt ;do ePsf] .
l lgoGq0ffTds Joj:yf ePsf] .
l sfd u/]afkt kfl/>lds kfpg] lglZrt ljlw / /sd
/x]sf] .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* df /f]huf/LnfO{ zflAbs ¿kdf kl/efiff
ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . s:tf] k|s[ltsf] cfocfh{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{
/f]huf/L ¿kdf a'em\g] egL P]gdf lbOPsf] kl/efiffn] ;3fp
k'¥ofpg] b]lvFb}g . P]gdf lbOPsf] kl/efiffn] h'g;'s} ;dosf]
/f]huf/Lafktsf] cfonfO{ s/of]Uo agfpg] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 .
P]gdf /f]huf/L eGgfn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ljut, jt{dfg
jf eflj /f]huf/LnfO{ /f]huf/L ;Demg'kb{5 elgPsf] 5 .
o;n] /f]huf/L s] xf] eGg] hfgsf/L lbg] jf k|:6 ug]{ eGbf
olt h'g;'s} cjlwsf] /f]huf/LnfO{ /f]huf/ dfg]sf] 5 . o;
Joj:yfn] h'g;'s} cjlwsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo s/of]Uo x'g]
kl/0ffd pTkGg ub{5 .
;fdfGotof Contract of service n] /f]huf/L a'emfpF5
eg] Contract for service n] k/fdz{bftftkm{ O+lut
ub{5 . ;]jfsf] ;Demf}tf jf ;xdltsf] /f]huf/bftf /
/f]huf/ ug]{sf] ;DaGw sfod ul/G5 . o;df Joj:yfksLo
lgoGq0f x'G5 . /f]huf/L zAbn] sfd ug]{ -Employee_
tyf sfddf nufpg] -Employer_ aLrsf] ;DaGw v'Ng]
u/L s'g} JolQm jf lgsfodf Joj:yfksLo, ;'k/Lj]If0f,
k|zf;sLo, k|fljlws jf o:t} cGo s'g} sfd u/L ;f] JolQm
jf lgsfosf] lnlvt jf clnlvt sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ tyf
;'ljwf jf o:t} cGo zt{ tyf ;'ljwf;DaGwL k|fjwfg nfu"
x'g] u/L ;f] lgosfaf6 sfd ug]{ JolQmn] tna jf Hofnf jf
o:t} cGo e'QmfgL kfpg;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 .
s;}sf] lgoGq0fdf lglZrt cjlw;Dd sfd ug]{ / ;f] afkt
lglZrt k|ltkmn k|fKt ug]{ k|aGwnfO{ /f]huf/ eGg ;lsG5 .
pQm tŒjsf] cnfjf o:tf] k|jGw sfg'g;Ddt x'g'kg]{ x'G5 .
@ jif{ #)
/f]huf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] /sd
cfos/ sfg'gn] /f]huf/LnfO{ cfosf] Ps ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . /f]huf/Lsf] cfosf] /sddf sfg'gdf
tf]lsPsf] b/df s/ nfU5 . /f]huf/L cfosf] ;DaGwdf
;d]t /f]huf/ ug]{n] k|fKt u/]sf] k|ToIf k|ltkmn -Direct
Return_ Pj+ cfos/ sfg'gn] /f]huf/Lsf] cfo dflgg] s'g}
k|fjwfgcg';f/ sfod ePsf] /sd ;d]t /f]huf/Lsf] cfo
dflgG5 . sfg'gdf ePsf] k|fjwfgsf] cfwf/df /f]huf/Lsf]
cfodf lgDgfg';f/ /sd /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf u0fgf x'G5 .
l /f]huf/Lafkt k|fKt e'QmfgL -Payment_
l /f]huf/Lafkt e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg] /sd
-Deemed payment_
pNn]lvt e'QmfgLdWo] klxnf] k|s[ltdf sd{rf/L jf
sfdbf/n] k|ToIf e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 eg] bf]>f]df
sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/n] e'QmfgL
k|fKt u/]sf] dflgG5 .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* df /f]huf/Lsf] cfodf lgDgfg';f/
zLif{saf6 k|fKt /sd jf ;'ljwf jf kl/df0fLs/0f x'g]
/sdnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cfo dflgg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
l Hofnf, tna, ljbfafktsf] /sd, cltl/Qm ;do sfd
u/]afktsf] /sd, z'Ns, sldzg, k'/:sf/, pkxf/, af]g;
/ cGo ;'ljwfafktsf] e'QmfgL,
l dx+uL eQf, hLjglgjf{x vr{, ef8f, dgf]/~hg jf
oftfoft eQfafktsf] /sdnufot s'g} klg JolQmut
eQfsf e'QmfgL,
l lgh jf lgh;Da4 JolQmn] JolQmut k|of]hgsf nflu
u/]sf] vr{sf] km5\of}6 jf ;f]wegf{afkt k|fKt ul/Psf]
e'QmfgL,
l /f]huf/Lsf] s'g} zt{df ;xdtL hgfPafkt ul/Psf
e'QmfgL,
l /f]huf/Lsf] cGTo, gf]S;fgL jf clgjfo{ cjsfzafkt
ul/Psf e'QmfgL,
l cjsfz e'QmfgL / /f]huf/bftfn] ;f] sd{rf/Lsf nflu
cjsfz sf]ifdf hDdf u/]sf] /sd ;d]tsf] cjsfz
of]ubfg,
l /f]huf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf ul/Psf cGo e'QmfgL /
l cfos/ sfg'gadf]lhd s/ n]vf+sg / ;do tyf /sdsf]
l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
 kl/df0fLs/0f, jf8kmfF8 / rl/qLs/0f ubf{ ;dfj]z x'g]
/sd .
/f]huf/L cfo u0fgf ubf{ dfly pNn]lvt ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /sd
lx;fa ul/G5 . sfg'gdf ePsf] Joj:yfg';f/ /f]huf/Lafkt
k|fKt x'g] /sd dfq geO{ /f]huf/Lsf] qmddf k|fKt x'g]
;'ljwf, /f]huf/Lsf] cGt -gf]S;fgL_ afkt k|fKt x'g] /sd
Pj+ sfg'gadf]lhd rl/qLs/0f ubf{ sfod x'g] /fzL ;d]t
kl/>lds cfo x'G5 .
/f]huf/Lsf] cfo k|fKt x'g] ;do
cfos/ P]g, @)%* df JolQmn] k|fKt ug]{ cfo Pj+ vr{ u0fgf
ug]{ cjlw -;do_ lgwf{/0f ug]{÷tf]Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
o; P]gsf] s/ n]vf+sg / ;docGtu{t s/ nfUg] JolQmsf]
k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df cfo n]vf+sg ug]{ k|0ffnL tf]lsPsf] 5 .
o;cGtu{t ePsf] Joj:yfg';f/ lgDgfg';f/ s/ n]vfª\sg
ug]{ k|0ffnL /x]sf] 5 .
l gub cfwf/df n]vf+sg
-Cash basis accounting_
l sf/f]af/÷Pqm'on cfwf/df n]vf+sg
-Accrual basis of accounting_
/f]huf/Lsf] s/ n]vf+sg ;DaGwdf gub cfwf/df n]vf+sg
ug'{kg]{ k|:6 / olsg Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . gub cfwf/df
n]vf+sg ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] /f]huf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf e'QmfgL
k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq} cfo k|fKt u/]sf] dflgG5 .
cfos/ sfg'gdf /f]huf/Lsf] kl/efiff ubf{ ljut, jt{dfg
/ eljiosf] /f]huf/LnfO{ /f]huf/L dflgg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . o;af6 /f]huf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf h'g;'s} ;dodf sfd
u/]sf] xf];\, e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] avt cfo ePsf] dflgG5 .
o; k|fjwfgn] /f]huf/L lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;Sg] x'G5 t/ s/
k|of]hgfy{ cfo e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] avt ePsf] dflgG5 .
l ljutsf] /f]huf/L,
l tTsfn ul//x]sf] /f]huf/L /
l eljiodf ug]{ /f]huf/L
ljutdf /f]huf/Lafkt ;]jf jf sfo{ ul/Psf] lyof] t/ tTsfn
;f]sf] e'QmfgL gePsf] eP tTsfnLg ;dodf cfo ePsf]
dflgFb}g . ljutsf] /f]huf/L jfkt h'g ;dodf e'QmfgL k|fKt
x'G5, ;f]xL ;dodf cfo u/]sf] dflgG5 . To;}u/L eljiodf
sfd -;]jf_ ug]{ u/L clu|d ¿kdf e'QmfgL k|fKt ePdf
e'QmfgL k|fKt ePs} avt cfo ePsf] dflgG5 .
/f]huf/bftfsf] gLlt, x6fOPsf] sd{rf/L s6f}tL jf ljefuLo
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
sf/afxL jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] /f]huf/Laf6 x6fOPsf] sd{rf/L
sfg'gL pkrf/ k|fKt u/L ;]jfdf k'g{axfnL ePsf] cj:yfdf
lghn] Ps jif{eGbf a9L cjlwsf] kfl/>ldsnufotsf
cGo ;'ljwf Ps}k6s e'QmfgL k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . o; l:yltdf
e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] Psd'i6 /sddf s/ nufpFbf sd{rf/Ln]
s/ nfUg] b/sf] pRr b/df s/ ltg'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L ;]jfaf6
x6fOPsf] sd{rf/L ;]jfdf k'gM:yfkgf x'Fbf x6fOPsf]
ldltb]lv k'g{axfnL x'Fbf;Dd k|fKt ug]{ /sdnfO{ k|To]s
cfly{s jif{cg';f/ 5'6\ofO{ s/ nfUg] x'G5 . o; Joj:yfn]
/f]huf/af6 cfo ug]{nfO{ a9L s/ gnfUg] / /fHon] ;d]t
sfg'gsf] k|fjwfg / efjgfg';f/sf] cfo s/ k|fKt ub{5 .
e'QmfgL
cfos/sf] ;DjGwdf e'QmfgL Ps dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . sf/f]af/
-k|f]befjL_ cfwf/df n]vfs+g ug]{ k|4lt -k|0ffnL_ nfu"
x'g] JolQm jf gub cfwf/df n]vf+sg ug]{ b'j}sf] ;DjGwdf
cfos/sf] bfloTj ;[hgf x'g e'QmfgLsf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .
n]vf+sg k|of]hgsf nflu e'QmfgL ljrf/0fLo x'G5 .
o;}u/L s/sf] bfloTj ;[hgf x'g ;d]t e'QmfgLsf] cj:yf
x'g'kb{5 . cfos/sf] ;DaGwdf e'QmfgL gub /sd, j:t',
;]jf jf ;'ljwf ;d]t x'g ;S5 . sfd ug]{ JolQmnfO{
/f]huf/bftfn] gubdf kfl/>lds, eQf, af]g; /sd lbg] sfo{
k|ToIf e'QmfgL xf] . /f]huf/bftfn] s'g} j:t', ;]jf, oftfoft
;'ljwf, 3/axfn, ;'ljwf pknAw u/fPsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{
ahf/ d"Nodf d"No sfod u/L kl/>ldsdf hf]8\g'kg]{ x'G5 .
pQm ;]jf jf ;'ljwfsf] /sddf kl/df0fLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf
ePsf]df sfg'gdf tf]sLPsf] b/df kl/df0fLs/0f u/L cfodf
u0fgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
cfos/ P]g, @)%*
nfu" x'g'eGbf cl3sf] kfl/>lds
cfos/ P]g, @)%* ldlt @)%*.!@.!( b]lv nfu" ePsf]
xf] . ;f] eGbf cufl8 cfos/ P]g, @)#! nfu" /x]sf] lyof] .
cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu" x'ge' Gbf cufl8sf] cfo ;DaGwdf
cfos/ P]g, @)#! adf]lhd g} x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
ljwdfg cfos/ P]g nfu" x'ge' Gbf cufj} cflh{t cfosf]
e'QmfgL gePsf] h:t} ;+lrt ljbf, lj/fdL ljbfsf] /sd cfos/
P]g,@)%* nfu" ePkl5 e'QmfgL x'g] cj:yf /xG5 . ;+lrt
cfo h:t} sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if jf cGo cjsfz sf]ifsf]
/sdn] xfnsf] P]g nfu' ePkl5 cfocfh{g;lxt e'QmfgL
x'g ;S5 . o;k|sf/sf] cj:yfnfO{ lgodg ug]{ ;DaGwdf
cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefun] lgDgfg';f/ k|:6 u/]sf] 5 .
#
l ;+lrt ljbfafktsf] /sd, ;+lrt cf}iflw pkrf/afktsf]
/sd cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ . t/ @)%*.!@.!* ;Dd
kfs]sf] ljbfafktsf] /sd cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb}{g .
l @)%*.!@.!* df axfn /x]sf sd{rf/L cjsfz x'Fbf
kfpg] cf}ifwL pkrf/sf] /sd ?= !,*),))).– ;Dd
ePdf To:tf] /sd klg cfodf ;dfj]z xF'b}g . ;f] eGbf
a9L /sd dfq cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ .
l sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] pkbfgsf] xsdf @)%*.!@.!* ;Dd
kfs]sf] pkbfgdf s/ 5'6 x'G5 .
l cjsfz ePkl5 kfpg] ;~rosf]if /sddWo] @)%*.!@.!*
;Dd hDdf ePsf] ;fFjf / Aofhdf s/ 5'6 x'G5 . t/ ;f]
ldlt;Dddf hDdf ePsf] /sdaf6 @)%*.!@.!( b]lv
kfSg] JofhnfO{ cfodf hf]8\g' k5{ .
cfodf kfl/df0fLs/0f x'g] k|aGw
/f]huf/bftfn] sd{rf/LnfO{ gubdf e'QmfgL lbg] kfl/>lds,
eQfsf] cltl/Qm cGo ;'ljwf -Fringe Benefit_
pknAw u/fPsf] x'G5 . o;k|sf/sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ sfg'gdf
Joj:yf ul/Padf]lhd /sddf kl/dfl0fs/0f u/L /f]huf/
ug]{ JolQmsf] cfodf u0fgf u/L s/ nfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . sltko ;'ljwf gubdf kl/jt{g -Conversion_ ug{
sl7g x'G5 eg] gub gkfOFbf / o:tf] ;'ljwf dfg -Status_
sf] vflt/ lng k/]klg ;f]nfO{ k"/} gubdf kl/j{tg u/L s/
ltg]{ Ifdtf -Ability to pay_ gx'g] klg x'G5 . t;y{, o:tf
;'ljwf -Fring benefits_ df s/ nufpg Ps lglZrt
-tf]sLPsf]_ Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . cfos/ sfg'gdf
lgDglnlvt ;'ljwf ;DaGwdf kl/df0fLs/0f ug]{ k|fjwfg
/x]sf] 5 .
l sDkgL ;DkQL x:tfGt/0f u/L e'QmfgL ul/Psf]df To:tf]
;DkQLsf] ahf/ d"Noa/fa/sf] /sd .
l k"0f{ jf cflz+s ¿kdf lghL k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u
ul/Psf] jf k|of]usf nflu pknAw u/fOPsf] ;jf/L
;fwgafkt ;DjlGwt sd{rf/Ln] vfOkfO cfPsf]
tnasf] z"Go bzdnj kfFr -)=%Ü_ k|ltzt x'g]
/sd . ;jf/L ;fwg ;'ljwf lbFbf rfns / OGwg klg
lbg'kg]{ x'Fbf ;jf/L ;fwgafktsf] /sd cfodf ;dfj]z
u/L;s]kl5 rfns jf OGwgsf nflu u/]sf] e'QmfgL jf
;'ljwfnfO{ cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kb}{g . olb sd{rf/LnfO{
lghL k|of]hgsf nflu ;jf/L ;fwg ;'ljwf elg
tf]lsPsf] /sd e'QmfgL ug]{ u/]sf] eP e'QmfgL ePsf]
k"/} /sd cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 . sd{rf/L jf dfl;s
$ jif{ #)
kfl/>lds kfpg] afx]s cGonfO{ ;jf/L ;fwg pknAw
u/fPdf ;jf/L ;fwgsf] d"Nosf] ! k|ltzt x'g] /sd
kl/dfl0fs/0f ug'{k5{ .
l e'QmfgL kfpg] JolQmnfO{ ejg pknAw u/fOPsf] eP ;f]
;d]tnfO{ kl/dfl0fs/0f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . dfl;s
¿kdf kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{ sd{rf/L jf JolQmnfO{ ejg
pknAw u/Psf]df vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnasf] b'O{ -@_
k|ltztn] x'g] /sd cfodf yk ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . dfl;s
¿kdf kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{ afx]s cGo JolQmnfO{ 3/
ef8fdf lnO{ ejg pknAw u/fPsf]df e'QmfgL u/]sf]
ef8f /sdsf] @%Ü / ef8f ltg'{gkg]{ ejg pknAw
u/fPsf] eP k|rlnt 3/ef8fsf] @%Ü x'g] /sd cfodf
u0fgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . /f]huf/bftfn] pknAw u/fPsf]
ejgdf a;f]af; ubf{ vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnasf] b'O{
k|ltzt kl/dfl0fs/0f x'g] t/ 3/ef8fsf] gub pknAw
u/fpFbf k"/} /sd cfodf ;dfj]z x'g] 3/ef8fsf] /sd
cfodf ;dfj]z x'g' gkg]{ bfjL ul/Psf] Ps d'2fdf
3/ef8fafktsf] /sd e'QmfgL ePsf]df cfos/ P]g,
@)%* sf] bkmf *-@_-v_ adf]lhd cfodf ;dfj]z
x'g] km};nf ePsf] 5 .
l /f]huf/bftfn] b]xfosf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fPsf]df ;f]
afkt /f]huf/ ug]{ JolQmn] s'g} of]ubfg u/]sf] /x]5 eg]
pQm of]ubfg s6fO{ afFsL x'g] /sd /f]huf/ ug]{ JolQmsf]
cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
l 3/sf] /]vb]vstf{, efG5], ;jf/L rfns, dfnL jf cGo
3/]n' ;xfossf] ;]jf,
l s'g} vfgf, hnkfg jf dgf]/~hg jf
l e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] lgjf;:yfgdf h8fg ul/Psf]
wf/f, lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g h:tf ;]jfx¿ .
l sd{rf/Ln] C0f k|fKt u/]sf]df To:tf] C0fdf ltg'{kg]{
Aofh k|rlnt Aofhb/ eGbf sd b/df Aofh ltg'{kg]{
ePdf lt/]sf] Aofh / k|rlnt Aofhb/df km/s ePsf]
/sd cfodf kl/dfl0fs/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
l s'g} e'QmfgL /f]huf/ ug]{ sd{rf/L jf dfl;s ¿kdf
kfl/>lds k|fKt ug]{ JolQmeGbf t];|f] JolQmn]
e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ ePdf To;af6 x'g] kmfObfsf] d"No
a/fa/sf] /sd sd{rf/Lsf] cfodf ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 . s'g}
sd{rf/Ln] sfd u/]afkt lghsf] cfl>t 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{
s'g} ljBfnodf k9fpg nfUg] z'Ns /f]huf/bftfn]
Joxf]/]sf] eP ;f] e'QmfgL sd{rf/Lsf] kfl/>lds yk u/L
cfo sfod ug'{kb{5 .
l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
l cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] JolQmsf] a;f]af;sf] cfwf/df
JolQmnfO{ n'O{ ju{df juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 .
afl;Gbf JolQm -Residential person_
lgsfo / k|fs[lts JolQmsf] cfwf/df afl;Gbf dflgg] ljlzi6
k|fjwfg sfg'gdf ul/Psf] 5 . lgsfosf] xsdf g]kfndf btf{
ePsf] jf ljb]zL ;/sf/ jf k|b]z ;/sf/ jf cGt/f{li6«o
lgsfon] g]kfndf s/of]Uo sf/f]af/ u/]df To;nfO{ afl;Gbf
JolQm dflgG5 . g]kfndf btf{ geP klg ljb]zL ;/sf/ jf
lgsfon] s/of]Uo sf/f]af/ u/]df s/ nufpg] k|of]hgsf]
nflu afl;Gbf elgPsf] xf] . k|fs[lts JolQmsf] xsdf
lgDglnlvt cj:yfdf afl;Gbf JolQm dflgG5 .
l ;fdfGo a;f]af;sf] :yfg g]kfndf /x]sf],
l cljl5Gg #^% lbgsf] cjlwdf !*# lbg jf ;f]eGbf
a9L g]kfndf /x]sf] jf
l g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cfo jif{sf] s'g} ;dodf ljb]zdf
v6fOPsf] .
l u}/jfl;Gbf JolQm -Non residential person_M
afl;Gbf JolQm afx]s cGo JolQmnfO{ u}/jfl;Gbf JolQm
elgG5 .
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo -Assessable Income_
cfos/sf] ;DaGwdf JolQmsf] s'g s'g cfo s/ lgwf{/0fsf]
lgDtL u0fgf of]Uo x'G5 eGg] Joxf]/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;sf]
lgwf{/0f JolQmsf] lsl;dsf] cfwf/df km/s–km/s Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 .
afl;Gbf JolQmsf] ljZjJofkL cfo -Global Income_
df s/ nfUb5 . afl;Gbf JolQmsf] cfosf ;a} ;|f]taf6
ljZjJofkL ¿kdf cflh{t /sd hf]8L lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo
sfod ul/G5 . afl;Gbf JolQmn] g]kfn jf ljb]zdf cfh{g
u/]sf] kl/>lds, nufgL, Joj;fo / cfsl:ds cfoaf6
cflh{t lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfo xf] . u}/afl;Gbf JolQmsf] g]kfndf
;|f]t ePsf] cfosf ;a} ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] /sd s/of]Uo
cfo dflgG5 .
lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfodf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!
jdf]lhd Joj;flos 5'6 ;'ljwf / bkmf ^$ adf]lhd
cjsfz sf]ifsf] cfo ;dfj]z xF'b}g .
s/of]Uo cfo -Taxable Income_
lgwf{/0f of]Uo cfoaf6 cfos/ sfg'gdf ePsf] Joj:yfg';f/
s§f u/]kl5 s/of]Uo cfo sfod x'G5 . lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfoaf6
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
lgDglnlvt vr{sf] bfjL u/]df pQm vr{ s§L u/L s/of]Uo
cfo sfod ul/g] k|fjwfg cfos/ sfg'gdf /x]sf] 5 .
rGbf
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefuaf6 s/ 5'6 kfPsf ;+:yf¿nfO{
lbPsf] rGbf cfo u0fgf ubf{ 5'6 kfpF5 . cfos/ k|of]hgfy{
JolQmn] Ps nfv ?k}ofF jf ;dfof]lht s/of]Uo cfosf]
%Ü dWo] h'g 36L x'G5, ;f] xb;Dd 5'6 kfpF5 . s'g} vf;
cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L
tf]s]sf] sfo{sf nflu u/]sf] vr{ rGbf lbPsf] k"/} /sd
s/of]Uo cfoaf6 s§L ug{ kfpF5 .
;Dkbf ;+/If0f / v]ns"b ljsf; vr{
cfGtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO{ g]kfnleq
/x]sf] k|flrg, wfld{s tyf ;+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f tyf
;Da4{g / v]ns'bsf] ;fj{hlgs k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{ u/]sf]
vr{dWo] lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] !)Ü jf bz nfv ?k}ofFdWo]
h'g sd x'G5, ;f] xb;Dd vr{ 36fpg ;S5 . of] k|fjwfg
sDkgLnfO{ dfq} nfu" x'G5 . t;y{, kfl/>lds cfosf]
;DaGwdf ;fble{s b]lvFb}g .
k|wfgdGqL b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ sf]if / g]kfn ;/sf/n] :yfkgf
u/]sf] k'g{lgdf{0f sf]if
o; sf]ifdf of]ubfg sd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfOG5 .
cjsfz sf]ifM
:jLs[t cjsfz sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]sf] xb;Ddsf] /sd
s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfOG5 . cjsfz sf]ifdf tLg
nfv jf lgwf{/0fof]Uo cfosf] Ps ltxfOdf h'g 36L x'G5,
;f] xb;Dd dfq s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfOG5 .
b'u{d eQf
g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] b'u{d If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf]
b'u{d eQfafkt e'QmfgL ul/g] /sddf lgDgfg';f/sf] /sd
s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfOG5 .
l æsÆ ju{sf] If]qdf krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF .
l ævÆ ju{sf] If]qdf rfnL; xhf/ ?k}ofF .
l æuÆ ju{sf] If]qdf tL; xhf/ ?k}ofF .
l æ3Æ ju{sf] If]qdf aL; xhf/ ?k}ofF .
l æªÆ ju{sf] If]qdf bz xhf/ ?k}ofF .
l j}b]lzs eQf
%
g]kfnsf] ljb]zl:yt s'6gLlts lgof]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf]
j}b]lzs eQfsf] &%Ü /sd s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg
kfOG5 .
lgj[lQe/0f cfo
jfl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmsf] lgj[lQe/0f cfo ePdf k|fs[lts
JolQm jf bDklQnfO{ qmdzM Ps nfv jf Ps nfv afx|
xhf/ kfFr ;o ?k}ofF s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg kfpF5 .
ckf+utf
ckf+utf ePsf] k|s[lts JolQm jf bDklQn] qmdzM
?=@,)),))).– / ?=@,@%,))).– s/of]Uo cfoaf6 36fpg
kfOG5 .
aLdf
afl;Gbf k|fs[lts JolQmn] nufgL ljdfafkt jflif{s e'QmfgL
u/]sf] kRrL; xhf/df ga9fO{ jf:tljs e'QmfgL u/]sf]
lk|ldod s/of]Uo cfoaf6 s§L ug{ ;S5 .
s/df 5'6 kfpg]
cfos/ P]g, @)%* df /f]huf/ ug]{ k|fs[lts JolQmn]
ltg'{kg]{ s/ ;d]tdf 5'6 lbg;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . P]gdf
lgDgadf]lhd s/ 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
?=&%).– ;Ddsf] vr{ nfUg] s/af6 s§L ug{ kfpF5 .
pk/f]Qm /sd eGbf a9L vr{ ePdf cfufdL jif{df ;f/L
ltg'{kg]{ s/af6 s§L ug{ kfpF5 .
kfl/>lds s/ e'QmfgL
/f]huf/bftfn] sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL
ubf{ lghn] k|fKt ug]{ kfl/>lds jf kfl/>lds ;dfj]z
x'g] cfo / sfg'gadf]lhd cfos/ s§L x'g] /sd lx;fa
u/L kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ cg';"rL–! df Joj:yf ePsf]
b/df s/s§L u/L kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ug'{kb{5 . lgDglnlvt
cj:yfdf ;d]t s/s§L ug'{kg]{ /sd 36fpg gkfOg] Joj:yf
5.
l /f]huf/bftfn] kfl/>lds e'QmfgLaf6 cGo s'g} /sd
s§L ug]{ jf /f]Ssf /fVg] jf 36fpg] clwsf/ jf st{Jo
ePsf]df .
l cGo k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/sf]
/f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] cfo 36fpg gkfpg] ePsf]df .
!# s/sf] b/
kfl/>lds cfo ;DaGwdf cf=j=@)&^.)&& -@)&^.$.!
b]vL @)&& ;fn cfiff9 d;fGt_ df lgDgfg';f/ kfl/>ldsdf
s/ nfUg] b/ tf]lsPsf] 5 .

Psn JolQm s/sf] b/ bDkQL s/sf] b/

?=$,)),))).– !Ü ?=$,%),))).– !Ü
?=$,)),))). eGbf a9L ?= %,)),))).– ;Ddsf] !)Ü ?=$,%),))).– eGbf a9L !)Ü
?=!,)),))).– df ?=%,%),))).– ;Dd ?=!,)),))).–
?=%,)),))). eGbf a9L ?= &,)),))).– ;Ddsf] @)Ü ?=%,%),))). eGbf a9L ?= @)Ü
?=@,)),))).– df &,%),))).– ;Ddsf] ?=@,)),))).–
df
?=&,)),))). eGbf a9L ?=@),)),))).– ;Ddsf] #)Ü ?=&,%),))).– b]vL ?= @),%),))).– #)Ü
?=!#,)),))).– df ;Ddsf] ?=!#,)),))).– df
?=@),)),))).– eGbf a9L sf] cfodf #^Ü ?=@),%),))).– eGbf a9L cfodf #^Ü

l dlxnf M kfl/>lds cfo dfq ug]{ dlxnfnfO{ ltg'{kg]{
s/df !)Ü 5''6 x'G5 .
l cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{
k|fs[lts afl;Gbf JolQmn] cf}ifwL pkrf/ ug'{ k/]sf]
cj:yfdf pkrf/ u/fpFbf jf cf}ifwL vl/b ug{ vr{ ePsf]
Psnf}6L kmd{ btf{ ePsf] JolQmn] lgj[QLe/0f sf]ifdf /
k|fs[lts JolQmn] of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
sf]if, lgj[QLe/0f sf]ifdf of]ubfg u/]df klxnf] :t/sf] !Ü
s/sf] k|fjwfg nfu" xF'b}g . ;f] xb;Ddsf] cfo s//lxt x'g]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
l

^ jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

 ljt/0f s]Gb|df
EPR sf] k|efjsfl/tf
/~hg/fh u'?ª
;xfos k|aGws, sfe|] ljt/0f s]Gb|, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
kl/ro
sd{rf/LnfO{ s;/L k|f]T;fxg ug]{ eGg] ljifodf s'g}
klg ;+:yfdf ax; x'g] ub{5 . E.E. Lawler n]
eg]sf 5g\ "Reward systems are one of the
most prominent and frequently discussed
features of organization" . ;a} k|sf/sf
;+:yf -lghL jf ;/sf/L_ cfˆgf sd{rf/Laf6 pRr
txsf] sfo{;Dkfbg rfxG5g\ t/ s;/L k|fKt ug]{ eGg]
olsg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . k|foM ;+:yfdf sfo{;Dkfbgsf
cfwf/df k|f]T;fxg eQf k|bfg ubf{ sd{rf/Laf6 pRr
txsf] sfo{;Dkfbg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f
/x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf klg o;af/]
g]=lj=k|f= sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ljlgodfjnL, @)&%
sf] ljlgod !@$ -!_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f]
cg';f/ cfof]hgf tyf sfof{nodf xfl;n ug'{kg]{
k|ultsf] nIo k|flKt lgwf{l/t cjlwleq ePsf] sfo{
;Dkfbg / sfd sf/afxLsf] u'0f:t/;d]tsf] d"Nof+sg
u/L ;ldltn] th'{df u/]sf] lglt tyf k|lqmofcg';f/
sd{rf/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg eQf lbg ;lsg] k|fjwfg 5 .
k|f]T;fxg eQfn] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg j[l4
u5{ eGg] cGtlg{lxt ts{nfO{ cl3 ;fb}{ g]=lj=k|f= sf]
ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf lgb]{zgfnodf klg EPR
cyf{t\ Enhanced Performance Reward
nfu" ul/Psf] xf] .
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
k[i7e"ld
g]=lj=k|f= sf pTkfbg s]Gb|df ljB't pTkfbg a9fpg /
k|;f/0f lgb]{zgfnodf outage 36fpg ljutb]lv g}
EPR sf] Joj:yf ul/P tfklg xfn ljt/0f s]Gb|nfO{
klg ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] outage sd ug]{ u/L ljt/0f
nfOg dd{t, 6«fG:kmd{/ dd{t, u|fxssf] u'gf;f] ;dod}
;dfwfg ug]{ / ljB't ljqmL u/]jfktsf] dxz'n
p7fpg], jSof}{tf, sfnf]kf6L / ljB't r'xfj6 36fpg]
dfq geO{ ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;/n / kf/bzL{ ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ pRr sfo{;Dkfbg k|bz{g
ug{sf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug]{ x]t'n] @)&^ kf}if dlxgf
b]lv EPR nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .
nfdf] ;do vr]{/ Joj:yfkgn] EPR sf] l8hfOg
u/L @)&! df3b]lv nfu' ul/P klg ljt/0f s]Gb|df
sfo{ ljljwtf, EPR u0fgfsf nflu tf]lsPsf
indicator sf] JofVofdf c:ki6tf, u0fgfsf nflu
cfjZos ljj/0fsf] cefj / u0fgfdf ;d]t hl6ntf
dxz'; u/L s]xL afx]s clwsfz+ ljt/0f s]Gb|x¿n]
EPR k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g . Joj:yfkgn]
s'n sd{rf/Lsf] em08} &% k|ltzt /x]sf] ljt/0f
tyf u|fxs ;]jf lgb]{zgfno dftxtsf ljt/0f
s]Gb|, ljefu / k|fb]lzs sfof{nodf EPR nfu"
ubf{ 7"nf] Jooef/ ylkg] / cf]e/6fOd eQfdf 7"nf]
&
/sd vr{ eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ ubf{ EPR
nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg j[l4sf cltl/Qm r'xfj6 lgoGq0f, cfo
;+sng / cf]e/6fOd eQf s6f}tLdf cfwfl/t /x]/ nfu" ug]{
u/L ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ^($cf}+ a}7saf6 :jLs[t u/]sf]
lyof] . Psftkm{ b}lgs !$ 306f;Dd nf]8;]l8Ë v]lk/x]sf]
k|flws/0fsf] laqmL tyf cfodf sdL x'g] g} eof] . To;}n]
EPR nfu" eOxfn] klg r'xfj6 lgoGq0f / cfo ;+sngdf
j[l4 x'g] cj:yf gePkl5 EPR sfo{ljlw s'lx/f]df x/fPsf]
sfuemF} cndndf k¥of] .
Joj:yfklso kl/jt{g / nf]8;]l8Ësf] cGTo g]=lj=k|f= sf
nflu turning point ;fljt eof] . hgtfdfem a9\b} uPsf]
nf]slk|otf, hgljZjf; / cfzfsf ls/0fn] g]=lj=k|f= sf
sd{rf/Ldf 7"nf] k|f]T;fxgsf ¿kdf sfo{ u/]sf] kfOof] . ToxL
k|f]T;fxgsf ;fy} Joj:yfksLo s'zntfn] ubf{ ljt/0f
s]Gb|n] r'xfj6 lgoGq0f tyf cfoj[l4df gf6sLo ;'wf/
ug{ ;kmn ePsf] xf] eGbf cGoyf gxf]nf . nf]8;]l8Ësf]
cGTon] ;]jfu|fxLdfem ;+:yfk|ltsf] cfzf / ljZjf;df
dfq geO{ cfodf ;d]t j[l4 u/]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/, EPR
eQf ljt/0f gul/sg} r'xfj6 lgoGq0f / cfo ;+sngdf
pNn]Vo k|ult u/]sf] g]=lj=k|f= cem dxŒjfsf+IfL aGb}
* jif{ #)
hfg' :jfefljs} xf] . ;f]xL cg'?k Joj:yfkgn] nIo
dfq lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5}g, 6«]8 o'lgog tyf cfd sd{rf/Lsf]
dfuadf]lhd ;~rfns ;ldltsf] *!$cf}+ a}7saf6 k'gM
@)&^ kf}if dlxgfb]lv nfu" x'g] u/L EPR eQf pknAw
u/fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
jt{dfg kl/k|Iodf
EPR sfo{ljlwsf] ;dLIff
ljt/0f s]Gb|x¿df tna afx]s cf]e/6fOd eQf lbOFb}
cfPsf] 5 . cf]e/6fOd eQf jf:tjdf k|f]T;fxg eQf eg]
xf]Og . s'g} sfo{ lglZrt ;doleq ;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZos
ePsf] cj:yfdf sfof{non] cltl/Qm ;do sfo{ ug{
cfkm\gf sd{rf/LnfO{ v6fpg ;Sg]5 . ljt/0f s]Gb|df k|foM
b}lgs ¿kdf ;~rfng x'g] sfo{ x'G5 . sfof{no ;dodf
u|fxssf] rfk x'g', b/aGbLcg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf
gx'g' / ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ sd outage x'g]u/L b'?:t
/fVg cltl/Qm ;do vl6g'kg]{ afWotf 5 . t/ lkmtnf]
Joj:yfkg, sd{rf/Lsf] u}/lhDd]jf/Lkg / sd sfd u/]/
w]/} cfh{g ug{ rfxg] :jefjn] ubf{ sfof{nodf ;Dkfbg
ug{ ;lsg] sfo{nfO{ cltl/Qm ;dosf nflu yftL /fVg],
l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
sfof{no k|d'vnfO{ cgfjZos bafa lbO{ cf]e/6fOd eQf
k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ljutb]lv g} rlncfPsf] rng / sfof{no
;donfO{ JolQmut sfo{df vr{g ;lsg] dfgl;stfn]
cf]e/6fOd eQf g} Ps k|sf/sf] k|f]T;fxg eQfsf ?kdf
ljt/0f s]Gb|df df}nfpb} uPsf] cj:yf 5 . cfd sd{rf/Lsf]
dfusf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf 6«]8 o'lgog / Joj:yfkgaLrsf]
Bargaining af6 ljt/0f s]Gb|df xfn EPR nfu" ePsf]
cj:yfdf Joj:yfkgn] cf]e/6fOd eQf eg] $) k|ltztdf
;Lldt ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ubf{ sd{rf/Ln] Pp6f k|f]T;fxg eQf
lbg csf]{ k|f]T;fxg eQf -cf]e/6fOd eQf_ sf6]sf] dx;';
u/]sf 5g\ .
lxhf] c;Lldt ¿kdf k|fKt ub}{ cfPsf] cf]e/6fOd eQf
?kL k|f]T;fxg eQf xfn cfP/ $) k|ltztdf ;Lldt ul/g'
/ ptf pRr txsf] sfo{;Dkfbg k|bz{g ub}{ d'lZsnn] ^)
k|ltzt;Dd k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] EPR nfu" ul/g'nfO{ cfd
sd{rf/Ln] ;du|df k|f]T;fxg eQfsf] s6f}tLsf ¿kdf
lnO/x]sf 5g\ . sfof{non] ;xh ¿kdf k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf]
cf]e/6fOd eQf ljljw sf/0fn] cltl/Qm ;dodf a:g
gldNg] sd{rf/Lsf nflu eg] EPR eQf pko'Qm b]lvPsf]
5 . t/ cf]e/6fOd eQfsf e/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf
/ ljt/0f k|0ffnL b'?:t /fVg], r'xfj6 lgoGq0fdf vl6g],
u|fxs ;]jfdf vl6g] tyf ld6/ l/l8Ëdf vl6g] sd{rf/L eg]
pT;flxt b]lvFb}gg\ . o;y{ EPR n] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg j[l4 ug'{sf ;f6f] emg\ 36fpg] kf] xf] ls eGg]
lrGtf a9]sf] 5 .
ljt/0f s]Gb|df ljljw k|sf/sf sfo{ t eO{ g} /x]sf x'G5g\ t/
sfof{nodf sfd ul/;s]kl5 /]s8{ /fVg], documentation
ug]{ / s] slt k|ult xfl;n eof] eg]/ dfkg ug]{ rng
lrofukmdf afx]s sfuhdf sd} x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
o;n] ubf{ EPRu0fgfsf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf
indicator s] slt meet eof] eg]/ dfkg ug{ hl6n
b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ sfd u/] k"/f eQf kfpg ;lsG5 eGg]
s'/fnfO{ ul0ftLo lx;fan] ;f]Rg sd{rf/Ln] g;ls/x]sf]
cj:yf 5 . Joj:yfkgn] eg] ljutdf h'g # j6f p2]Zosf
;fy EPR nfu' ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof], To;dWo] gf6sLo
¿kdf lgoGq0f ePsf] r'xfj6 / nf]8;]l8Ë cGTosf sf/0f
j[l4 ePsf] cfo ;+sng EPR eQf glbPsf] cj:yfd}
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
k|fKt u/sf] cj:yfdf ca afn'jfdf kfgL xfn];/x vr{
eO/x]sf] cf]e/6fOd eQf s6f}tLsf nflu dfq EPR nfu"
ug{ vf]lhPsf] h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
o;f] b]lvg' lsg klg :jfefljs b]lvPsf] 5 eg] lj=;=
@)&! sf] sfo{ljlwdf h'g k|sf/sf ;+zf]wg u/L k'gM ;f]xL
sfo{ljlwcg'?k EPR nfu" ul/Psf] 5, ljt/0f s]Gb|n] tL
indicators meet u/L EPR k|fKt ug{ emg ufx|f] ePsf]
5 . h:tf] k'/fgf] sfo{ljlwdf gePsf] Global Factor )=#
eGbf sd x'g cfPdf EPR eQf glbOg], r'xfj6 36fpg
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] k|ltztdf ul/Psf] j[l4 cflbn] klxn]
sfo{ljlw eGbf cem hl6n agfOPsf] :ki6 x'G5 . afFsL
aSof}tf / sfnf]kf6L /sd p7fpg] ljifo emg\ kmnfdsf]
lrp/f rkfpg';/x ePsf] 5 . o;/L EPR eQfn] jt{dfg
kl/k]|Iodf ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jfsf cfd sd{rf/Lsf nflu
pT;fx Nofpg ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5}g .
casf] af6f]
x'g t nfdf] cWoog, 5nkmn, ax; / afu]{lgª kl5 xfn
@)&^ k'; dlxgfb]lv ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jfdf EPR
nfu" ePsf] xf] . t/ klg cfd sd{rf/L / Joj:yfkgn]
EPR eQf nfu" ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg yk sfo{ ug'{kg]{
b]lvPsf] 5 .
sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"n] u/sf] x/]s sfo{nfO{ EPR sf]
indicator n] dfuadf]lhdsf] 8f6f pknAw x'g] u/L /]s8{
/fVg], cl3Nnf] dlxgfsf] jf cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ;f]xL dlxgfsf]
8f6f;Fu t'ngf ub}{ cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf j[l4 ub}{ n}hfg'kg]{
b]lvG5 . Joj:yfkgn] klg sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg ug{
;xh x'g] u/L ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yf tTsfn} ul/lbg'kg]{
b]lvG5 .
ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, sd{rf/L cefj, ;jf/L ;fwgsf]
cefj, sfof{no pks/0fsf] cefj, ;'wf/ sfo{sf nflu
ah]6sf] cefj cflbnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L Joj:yf eP dfq
sd{rf/Ln] pRr sfo{;Dkfbg xfl;n ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] a'emfO
;DalGwtdf x'g h?/L 5 . clg dfq EPR eQfn] ljt/0f
s]Gb|sf sd{rf/LnfO{ pRr sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{
cfˆgf] sfo{k|lt ;d]t ;Gt'li6 lbnfpg ;S5 .
ranjanraj.gurung@gmail.com
(
 l;FrfO{ gx/dfly
;f}o{ Kofgn
lji0f'k|;fb b]jsf]6f
;xfos k|aGws, lu|8 ljsf; ljefu, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
;f/f+z
PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf ;f]nf/ /]l8o;gnfO{ ;+;f/sf]
;a}eGbf /fd|f] tyf nfut k|efjsf/L j}slNks pmhf{
;|f]tsf] ¿kdf dflgPsf] 5 . cf};t $=& lsnf]jf6
cfj/ k|ltju{ ld6/ k|ltlbg ;f]n/ /]l8P;g 3gTj
/x]sf]n] ;f}o{ pmhf{df g]kfnnfO{ /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]sf]
/fi6«sf ¿kdf lnO{G5 . o; n]vdf g]kfnsf l;+rfO{
gx/dfly ;f]nf/ Kofgn :yflkt u/L ;f}o{ pmhf{
pTkfbgsf] ;Defjgf cWoog ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .
cWoogaf6 !$=)% ls=ld= nDafO{ ePsf] /fgL hd/f
s'8l/of l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] gx/n] cf]u6]sf] If]qdf
jflif{s !!(,*() lsnf]jf6 cfj/ pmhf{ pTkfbg
x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvG5, h'g ut c=j= @)&%.&^ df
s'n]vfgL bf];|f] hnljB't s]Gb|af6 pTkfbg ePsf]
pmhf{ eGbf a9L xf] . o;/L l;+rfO{ gx/dfly ;f]nf/
Kofgn /fVbf Evapotranspiration af6 kfgLdf x'g]
jfliks/0f hf]luP/ cfly{s art x'g] b]lvG5 . o;/L
lgisif{df hUuf k|flKtsf] ;d:of, ;fdflhs ;d:of,
gx/sf] ;+/If0f, kfgL jfliks/0f eP/ x'g] gf]S;fgLsf]
art tyf Distributed Generation of
Electricity sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf
l;+rfO{ gx/dfly ;f]nf/ Kofgn /flv ljB't pTkfbg
ug{ g]kfndf /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
!)
k[i7e"ld
g]kfn pQ/df lxdfno;lxt rLgsf] :jzfl;t
If]q ltAjt;Fu tyf k"j{, klZrd / blIf0fdf ef/t;Fu
hf]l8Psf]] d'n's xf] . o; d'n'ssf] hDdf If]qkmn
!$&,!*! a= ls= ld= dWo] #),(!) a=ls=ld e'–efu
s[lif k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5,! h'g @!Ü
x'g cfpF5 . pQm hldgdf l;+rfO{sf] ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg
ljleGg l;+rfO cfof]hgf cfjZos kg]{ b]lvG5 . xfn
rfn' cj:yfdf /x]sf afUdtL, dxfsfnL, /fgL hd/f
s'nl/of, sdnf, u08s, sf]zLnufot lgdf{0ffwLg
l;S6f, dxfsfnL, e]/L aaO{ 8fOe;{g tyf cWoogdf
/x]sf ;'gsf]zL dl/g 8fOe;{g, sfnLu08sL ltgfp
8fOe;{gnufot cGo y'k|} l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfdf w]/}
gx/ /xG5g\ . gx/sf] kfgL v]/ hfg] ljleGg sf/0fdWo]
Evapotranspiration klg Ps k|d'v sf/0f xf] .
gx/nfO{ l;wf ;"o{sf] k|sfz kg{af6 /f]Sg ;s]sf]
v08df Evapotranspiration sf] sf/0faf6 v]/
hfg] kfgL l;+rfOdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
;f}o{ ljls/0fsf] lx;fadf g]kfn k[YjLsf] cg's"n
:yfgdf cjl:yt 5 . oxfF jflif{s #=^ b]lv ^=@
ls=jf=cfj/ k|lt ju{ ld= k|ltlbgsf] pmhf{ pknAw
x'G5 eg] x/]s jif{ cf};tdf #)) lbg;Dd 3fd nfUg]
ub{5 .@ g]kfndf Joj;flos lx;fan] lu|8df hf]8\g
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
;lsg] ;f}o{ pmhf{ pTkfbgsf] ;Defjgf @!)) d]ufjf6 /x]sf]
5 .# ;f}o{ Ps gljs/0fLo pmhf{ eP tfklg ;'?cftLsf]
:yfkgf vr{, hUufsf] pknAwtf tyf ;f}o{ ljls/0fs}
cj:yf eg] r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . s]xL jif{ cufl8;Dd nueu
!@Ü ;Dd /x]sf] kmf]6f] ef]N6fOssf] bIftf xfn @#Ü ;Dd
k'u]sf] eP tfklg !*Ü ;Dd Joj;flos ¿kdf pTkfbg
u/]sf b]lvG5 .$ o;/L lbgfg'lbg ;f}o{;DaGwL cg';Gwfgn]
Pstkm{ ;'?cftL vr{ 36fPsf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ g]kfnsf]
k|s[ltn] klg o;nfO{ ;fy lbPsf] 5 . t;y{, xfd|f;fd' /x]sf]
k|d'v r'gf}tL eg]sf] hUufsf] pknAwtf x'g cfpF5 .
gx/dfly ;f}o{ Kofgn /fvL ljB't pTkfbg ubf{ 5'§} hldgsf]
cfjZostf g/xg], hldg d'lgsf] kfgL p8]/ hfg gkfO{
kfgLsf] gf]S;fg gx'g] / cGo jfx\o j:t'sf] k|efjaf6 klg
kfgL ;'/lIft /xg'sf ;fy} ;f}o{ Kofgnsf] tfkqmd a9\g glbO{
;f}o{af6 ljB'tdf kl/jt{g x'g] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 x'g] h:tf
kmfObfsf sf/0f kl5Nnf] ;do gx/dfly ;f}o{ Kofgn /fVg]
;f]rsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ef/tdf l;+rfO{ gx/dfly ;f}o{
Kofgn /fVg] sfo{ ;g\ @)!@ b]lv g} ;'? ePsf] lyof] eg] o;
cufl8 g} hfkfg tyf l;+ufk'/df kfgLdfly t}l/g] ;f]nf/sf]
;kmntfk"j{s k|of]u ePsf] lyof] . ef/tsf] u'h/ftl:yt
j8f]b/ gbLsf] gx/dfly agfOPsf] !) d]=jf= Ifdtfsf] ;f}o{
pmhf{ ;fFlRrs} gd"gf / gjLgtd k|of]u ePsf] Ps cfof]hgf
xf] .% g]kfnsf hnljB't s]Gb| kxf8L If]qdf 5g\ eg]
k|of]ustf{ t/fO{ If]qdf a9L 5g\, h;n] ubf{ Transmission
loss tyf Non-distributed generation sf] cj:yf
cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;}n] g]kfnsf l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfdf klg
o:tf] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L t/fO{ If]qdf ljB't pTkfbg ug{
;s]df pQm k|;f/0f nfOgdf x'g] Iflt Go'lgs/0f x'g'sf ;fy}
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ljtl/t pTkfbg Ifdtf clej[l4
x'g] b]lvG5 .
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
pmhf{sf] xfnsf] cj:yf tyf efjL of]hgf
g]kfnsf] s'n ljB't hl8t Ifdtf rfn' cf=j= @)&^.&&
sf] df3 cGTo;Dddf !@&% d]ufjf6 k'u]sf] 5 eg] k|;f/0f
nfOgdf kx'Fr k'u]sf] hg;+Vof &* k|ltzt / k|ltJolQm
ljB't vkt sl/a @$% lsnf]jf6 306f k'u]sf] 5 . ljB't
k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f tyf Joj:yfkg / r'xfj6 lgoGq0fdf
ePsf] ;'wf/sf] kmn:j¿k cf=j= @)&@.&# df @)=%
k|ltzt /x]sf] r'xfj6 cf=j= @)&%.&^ df !%=#@
k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 .^ lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo k|flKt ug{ ;g\
@)@* ;Dddf ljB'tsf] kx'Fr ;tk|ltzt tyf k|ltJolQm
ljB't vkt !%)) lsnf]jf6 306f k'¥ofpg] nIo /flvPsf]
5 . o;sf] ;fy} hDdf ljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf !%))) d]=jf=
/ To;df j}slNks pmhf{sf] lx:;f xfnsf] @) eGbf yf]/}
/x]sf]df ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf %) k'¥ofpg] nIo /flvPsf]
5 .&
g]kfndf hDdf pmhf{ vkt ;g\ @)!$ df !!,%#$ lsnf]6gsf]
t]nsf] a/fa/ /x]sf] lyof], h;df xfO8«f]kfj/sf] of]ubfg
hDdf #@^ -@=* k|ltzt_ dfq /x]sf] b]lvPsf] lyof] .
pmhf{ vktsf] 9fFrf x]bf{ 3/fo;L k|of]hgdf g} *) k|ltzt
eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 eg] pBf]u If]qdf sl/a ^ k|ltzt /x]sf]
lyof] . ;fy} ;g\ @)!$ df g]kfnsf] k|ltJolQm k|fylds
pmhf{ vkt (Primary Energy Consumption) )=$!
6g t]n a/fa/ /x]sf] lyof] eg] l5d]sL /fi6« ef/tdf )=^$,
>Ln+sfdf )=%@, leotgfd )=&#, Dofgdf/df )=#^
a+unfb]zdf )=@@ / ljZjsf] cf};t !=*( /x]sf] lyof] .
o;}ul/ g]kfnsf] pmhf{ OG6]lG;l6 -)=^!_ ljZjsf] cf};t
eGbf rf/ u'0ff a9L /x]sf] lyof], h;af6 pmhf{sf] k|efjsf/L
k|of]udf g]kfn k5fl8 /x]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 .*
g]kfndf ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] ¿kdf cfpg] ;f]nf/ /]l8o;g cf};tdf
%
 tflnsf g+= ! M /fgL hd/f s'n/Lof l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] d]g Sofgn tyf lkm8/ Sofgn
hDdf nDafO{ gx/sf] rf}8fO{ hDdf pknAw ePsf]
qm=;+= gx/sf] lsl;d s}lkmot
-lsnf]ld6/_ -ld6/_ hUufsf] If]qkmn -a=dL=_
!= k|d'v gx/ !=(% @#=@ $%,@$) j]8 :nf]k !M!=%
@= k|d'v gx/ #=)) @$=* &$,$))
#= lkm8/ gx/ &=!) !^=* !!(,@*)
$= lkm8/ gx/ !=)) @$=) @$,)))
hDdf !#=)% @^@,(@)
;|f]t M /fgL hd/f s'nl/of l;+rfO cfof]hgf, lj=;= @)&^

#=^ b]lv ^=@ lsnf]jf6 cfj/ k|ltju{ ld6/ k|ltlbg /x]sf]
5 . x/]s jif{ cf}iftdf #)) lbgdf @!)) 306f 3fd nfU5 .
t;y{, gljs/0fLo ;f}o{ pmhf{df g]kfn Pp6f /fd|f] ;Defjgf
ePsf] b]z xf] .( kGw|f}+ of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf ;f}o{ ljB't
k|0ffnLaf6 !@& d]ufjf6 pTkfbg ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)&% cg';f/
/fli6|o lu|8 k|;f/0fdf hf]l8Psf] ;f}o{ ljB't pmhf{ Hofb} Go"g
-!)) ls=jf=_ /x]sf] 5 eg] @% d]=jf Ifdtfsf] b]lj3f6
;f}o{ KnfG6 lgdf{0fflwg cj:yfdf 5 .!) j}slNks pmhf{ sf]
;xof]udf ;g\ @)!$ sf] h'nfO{ ;Dddf !!=%@ d]=jf= sf]
;f]nf/ xf]d l;:6d, !=#! d]=jf= sf] ;+:yfut tyf klDkË
k|0ffnLaf6 ljB't pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] .!! t/ oL ;|f]t /fli6«o
k|;f/0fdf hf]l8Psf] eg] 5}g .
cWoog If]q M /fgL hd/f
s'nl/of l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf
cfof]hgfsf] kl/ro
o; n]v tof/ ug{sf lgldQ cWoog If]qsf] ¿kdf /fgL
hd/f s'nl/of l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfsf] k|d'v gx/ tyf lkm8/
gx/nx¿ lnOPsf] 5 . s}nfnL lhNnfsf] l6sfk'/df
cjl:yt cfof]hgf sfof{no tyf cGo On]S6«f]lgs ;|f]taf6
cfjZos tYofÍ lnOPsf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf k|d'v gx/
/ lkm8/ gx/nfO{ dfq o; cWoogdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
5 . k|d'v gx/dWo] Pp6f @#=$ ld6/ rf}8fO{ tyf !=(%
ls=ld= nDafOsf] 5 eg] csf]{ @$=* ld6/ rf}8fO{ tyf
#=)) ls=ld= nDafOsf] 5 . *=! ls=ld= lkm8/ gx/dWo]
! ls=ld= @$ ld= rf}8fOsf] / afFsL !^=* ld6/ rf}8fOsf]
/x]sf] 5 .!@
l;+rfO gx/df ;f}o{ Kofgn h8fg u/L ljB't pTkfbg
;f}o{ pmhf{ ljleGg tTjdf lge{/ ub{5 h:t} M ;f}o{ pmhf{sf]
bIftf, ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] 9NsfO{ sf]0f, e"efusf] k|s[lt, tfkqmd,
;f}o{ KofgnaLrsf] cGt/fn, afbn tyf x':;' nfUg]
;dofjlw, xfjfdf /x]sf w'nf]sf s0fsf] lkPd cflb . t;y{,
s'g} klg :yfg ljz]ifdf x'g] ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] pTkfbgsf] cg'dfg
ug{ lj:t[t lx;fa tyf cWoog÷cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . oxfF ;fdfGotof x'g ;Sg] pmhf{ pTkfbgsf] vfsf
b]vfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . vfsfnfO{ x]bf{ ;f}o{ KofgnaLrsf]
cGt/fn tyf cGo vfnL efun] cfwf hldg cf]u6\g]
b]lvG5 . o;/L k|efjsf/L hldgdf hDdf ^%,&#) j6f
#@) Ifdtfsf ;f}o{ Kofgn h8fg ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5,
h;af6 hDdf hl8t Ifdtf @! d]ufjf6 x'g cfpF5 . cf};t
%=& 306f k|ltlbg sf b/n] b}lgs !!(,*() o'lg6 ljh'nL
pTkfbg x'g] b]lvG5, h'g Ps jif{ -#^% lbg_ df $ s/f]8
#& nfv o'lg6 x'g cfpF5 . pQm ljB't pmhf{ ut cf=j=
@)&%.&^ df s'n]vfgL bf];|f] hnljB't s]Gb|af6 pTkfbg
ePsf] eGbf w]/} xf] . o;af6 jflif{s $) s/f]8 ?k}ofF eGbf
a9L cfDbfgL x'g] b]lvG5 .

tflnsf g+= @ M l;+rfO{ cfof]hgfdf ;f}o{ Kofgn /fvL pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ljB'tLo pmhf{sf] Ifdtf
hDdf ljB't
gx/sf] ;f]nf/n] cf]u6\g] h8fg ug{ ;lsg] ;f] hDdf ljB't hl8t
qm=;+= pTkfbg -ls= s}lkmot
lsl;d hldgsf] If]qkmn -a=ld=_ nf/ Kofgnsf] ;+Vof Ifdtf -d]=jf=_
jf=cf= k|ltlbg_
!= k|d'v gx/ %(,*@) @(,(!) (=%& %$,%%%,*$)
@= lkm8/ gx/ &!,^$) #%,*@) !!=$^ ^%,##%,^*)
hDdf !#!,$^) ^%,&#) @!=)# !!(,*(!,%@)

!@ jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^


lgisif{
g]kfndf ;f}o{ pmhf{ pTkfgsf] lx;fan] x]bf{ jftfj/0f
cg's"n b]lvG5 . t/fO{ If]qdf eGbf kxf8L If]qdf ;f}o{ pmhf{
pTkfbg k|efjsf/L b]lvG5 . o;}u/L ;f}o{ Kofgndf tfkqmd
a9\g glbOsg lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;s]df klg pmhf{ pTkfbg
k|efjsf/Ltf a9\g] b]lvG5 . tfn, l;+rfO{ gx/dfly ;f}o{
Kofgn /fVbf tfkqmd lgoGq0fdf /xg] s'/f cWoogaf6 k'li6
eO;s]sf] 5 . /fgL hd/f s'n/Lof l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf k|d'v
tyf lkm8/ gx/df ;f}o{ Kofgn h8fg u/L ljB't pTkfbg
ug{ ;s]df jflif{s $ s/f]8 #& nfv ljh'nL pTkfbg x'g]
tyf o;af6 jflif{s $) s/f]8 ?k}+of eGbf a9L cfDbgL x'g]
cWoogaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
!= Paudel, M.N., 2016 AD, Prospects and
Limitations of Agriculture Industrialization in
Nepal, Agromony Journal of Nepal. (Agron JN,
Vol. 4, 2016. Kathmandu, Nepal.
@= WECS, 2010 AD, Energy Sector Synopsis
Report, Water Energy Commission Secretariat,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
#= AEPC, 2008 AD, Solar and Wind Energy
Resource Assessment (SWERA) in Nepal,
Alternative Energy Promotion Centre,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
$= Akinyela, D.O., Rayudu, R.K. and Nair, N.K.C.,
2015 AD. Global progress in photovoltaic
technologies and the scenario of development
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
of solar panel plant and module performance
estimation - Application in Nigeria. Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews 48 (2015)
112-139. Elsevier Publication Ltd.
%= Shukla, O., Agravat, S.M., jani, B.B.,
Shrivastava N. and Singh, G., 2016 AD. Canal
Top Solar PV Plant in Gujrat, A Unique Nexus of
Energy, Land and Water. Askhya Urja. August,
2016.
^= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, lj=;= @)&^. !%cf}+ of]hgfsf] cfwf/
kq, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn ;/sf/, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn .
&= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, ;g\ @)!&, g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf; nIosf]
jt{dfg cj:yf / efjL sfo{of]hgf M @)!^–@)#), /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn ;/sf/, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn .
*= Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s, ;g\ @)!& n] p4[t ul/Pcg';f/
cGt/f{li6«o pmhf{ Ph]G;Lsf] tYofÍ . g]kfn pmhf{ If]q d"Nof+sg,
/0fgLlt tyf /f]8Dofk, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn .
(= Adhikari, K.R., Gurung, S. and Bhattarai,
B.K., 2013. Solar Energy Potential in Nepal
and Global Context. Journal of Institute of
Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp 95-106.
!)= NEA, 2018 AD. Annual Report 2017/18, Nepal
Electricity Authority, Kathmandu, Nepal
!!= AEPC, 2018 AD. Booklet. National Rural
and Renewable Energy Program (NRREP),
Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC),
Kathmandu, Nepal
!@= /fgL hd/f s'nl/of l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf, lj=;= @)&^,
cfof]hgfsf] tYofÍ .
enggbishnu@gmail.com
!#
 hnljB't\ cfof]hgfdf
ljb]zL nufgL
k'is//fh e§/fO{
;xfos lgb]{zs, ljb]zL ljlgdo Joj:yfkg ljefu, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
ljifo k|j]z
g]kfn kfgLsf] pknAwtfsf lx;fan] ljZjsf] bf];|f] wgL
b]z xf] . kfgLsf] pkof]u s]an lkpg] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq
geP/ cGo k|of]hgsf nflu klg x'g] ub{5 . ljz]ifu/L
kfgLsf] k|of]u ;j{JofkL ¿kdf ljB't pTkfbgsf nflu
k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfw'lgstfsf] ljsf; ;Fu;Fu}
dfgj hLjgsf] b}lgsLdf ljB'tsf] Jofks ¿kdf
k|of]u eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf cnjf o;sf] k|of]u
pBf]uwGbf, snsf/vfgf h:tf pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt
If]q tyf ;]jf If]qdf b}lgs ¿kdf al9/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfnsf] s"n hnljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf *#))) d]ufj6
ePklg Joj;flos ¿kdf sl/a $#))) d]ufj6 ljB't
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ;+efjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf
ljB't pTkfbg, ljt/0f tyf ;f] sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{
p2]Zon] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! adf]lhd
lj=;= @)$@ ;fndf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf]
:yfkgf ePsf] xf] . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] g]kfndf
pknAw hn;|f]tsf] pRrtd pkof]u u/L ljB't pTkfbg
u/]/ ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L lghL If]qsf
ljB't pTkfbsaf6 klg ljB't pTkfbg xF'b} cfO/x]sf]
5 . xfn g]kfndf sl/a !#)) d]ufjf6 hl8t Ifdtfsf]
ljB't pTkfbg eO/x]sf] 5 eg] of] cfFs8f lbgfg'lbg
a9g] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .
!$
g]kfndf hnljB't pTkfbgsf ;DaGwdf
/x]sf] sfg'gL, gLltut, ;+:yfut tyf
;/+rgfTds Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] ljB't pTkfbgsf] ofqf lj=;= !(^*
b]lv ;'? ePsf] b]lvP tfklg ljQLo pTk|]/0ff;lxtsf]
nufgL gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] cefjsf
sf/0fn] kof{Kt dfqfdf ljB't pTkfbg gePsf]
cj:yf 5 . g]kfndf hnljB't pTkfbg u/L ;f] sf]
ljt/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kn] Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu
ljleGg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] kGw|f}+
of]hgf -cf=j=@)&^.&&–@)*).*!_ sf] cGtdf
hDdf ljB't pTkfbgsf] hl8t Ifdtf % xhf/ d]ufj6
k'Ug], ;a} :yfgLo tx tyf (( k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/df
ljB't kx'Fr k'Ug] k|If]k0f /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
hgtfsf] hnljB't cfof]hgf sfo{qmddfkm{t hnljB't
cfof]hgfnfO{ ljQLo ;|f]t h'6fpg] sfo{qmd cl3 a9]sf]
5 . g]kfndf hnljB't pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f ;DaGwdf
ePsf ljleGg Joj:yf lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .
sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$!
ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]g, @)&$
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
ljB't lgodg cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)&% Psn ljGb' ;]jf s]Gb|
ljB't P]g, @)$( /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u tyf cGo lgodgsf/L lgsfo .
ljB't lgodfjnL, @)%) g]kfnsf] hnljB't pTkfbgdf ljb]zL
hnljB't ljsf; gLlt, @)%*
nufgL / o;sf] jt{dfg cj:yf
g]kfn ljB't pTkfbgsf nflu 7"nf] ;+efjgf ePsf] d'n's
ljB't vl/b laqmL tyf cg'dlt k|fKt JolQmn] kfngf ug'{kg]{
xf] eg] Jofkfl/s b'lgofFsf b'O{ ledsfo l5d]sL b]zn]
zt{;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&^
ubf{ pTkflbt ljB'tsf] ahf/Ls/0fsf nflu klg cK7]/f]
ljb]zL ljlgdo lgoldt ug]{ P]g, @)!( gkg]{ b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ljB't ef/t lgof{t x'g] ;+efjgfnfO{
Jojxf/df ptfg]{ k|of; eO/x]sf 5g\ / ljB't pKtfbgdf
ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)&%
ljb]zL nufgLstf{sf]] rf;f] klg XjfQ} a9]sf] cj:yf
;fj{hlgs gLlh ;fem]bf/L tyf nufgL P]g, @)&% 5 . ljleGg ;dodf ePsf nufgL ;Dd]ng tyf ljb]zL
nufgL;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gdf ePsf] Jofks kl/dfh{gsf
ljB't cfof]hgfsf nflu ljb]zL ljlgdo ;'ljwf ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ ;]jf;'ljwf Ps} ynf]af6 lbg] p2]Zon] @)&^
l;kmfl/z;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)&$ h]7 ! b]lv Psn laGb' ;]jf s]Gb| ;~rfngdf NofOPsfn]
ljB't pTkfbg, ljt/0f tyf nufgL lkmtf{ ;DaGwdf ePsf ljb]zL nufgLstf{nfO{ emg ;xh ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljBdfg
cGo gLlt lgod, lgb]{zg tyf sfo{ljlw . sfg'gL, gLltut, ;+:yfut tyf ;+/rgfut ;'wf/sf sf/0faf6
hnljB't If]qdf ljb]zL nufgL a9b} uO/x]sf] cj:yf
;+:yfut tyf ;+/rgfut Joj:yf
5 . pBf]u ljefuaf6 k|sflzt b]xfosf] l/kf]{6cg';f/ pmhf{
g]kfn ;/sf/, phf{, hn;|f]t tyf l;+rfO{ dGqfno If]qdf ljb]zL nufgL a9\b} uO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f tnsf] tflnsfaf6 phf{ If]qdf ljb]zL nufgL a9b} uO/x]sf]
ljB't lgodg cfof]u b]lvg'sf ;fy} ljb]zL nufgLsf] /sddf klg pNn]Vo ¿kdf
j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . lj=;=@)&% ;fndf nfu" ePsf]
ljB't ljsf; ljefu
gofF ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g tyf g]kfn
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/]/ k|lt ljb]zL nufgLstf{
pBf]u ljefu nufgLsf] ;Ldf Go"gtd % s/f]8 agfPkZrft\ ljb]zL
nufgLstf{sf] ;+Vof 36]sf] b]lvP tfklg ljb]zL nufgLsf]
nufgL af]8{sf] sfof{no /sddf eg] pNn]Vo ¿kdf j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{no

No.of Projects Foreign Direct Investment

(Rs.in million)
Category FY FY 2076/77 FY 2075/76 FY 2076/77
2075/76 (Up to Magh 05) (Up to Magh 05)
Agro and Forestry Based 17 3 403.29 347.40
Energy Based - 5 - 4,978.78
Information Technology Based 25 25 654.48 5,400.09
Manufacturing 62 20 6,769.64 2,688.47
Service 108 40 7,105.78 6,497.00
Tourism 131 60 10,538.09 8073.94
Mineral 2 - 13.16 -
Total 345 153 25,484.44 27,985.68

Source: Department of Indusrty

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ !%

ljb]zL nufgLsf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfdf
lglxt ljb]zL ljlgdo hf]lvd / o;sf]
Joj:yfkgsf pkfo
hnljB't\ pTkfbg cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu 7"nf]
wg/fzLsf] cfjZostf kg]{ tyf nufgL ;Fu;Fu} k|fljlws
Ifdtf klg cfjZos kg]{ x'gfn] oL cfof]hgfsf nflu ljb]zL
nufgL Ps e/kbf]{ / dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf]
5 . ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] g]kfnsf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfdf
ug]{ nufgL bL3{sfnLg k|s[ltsf] x'gfsf ;fy} nufgLaf6
k|fKt x'g] gfkmfsf nflu nfdf] ;do s'g'{kg]{ x'G5 . Psftkm{
nufgLsf] /sd 7"nf] x'g] csf{lt/ gfkmfsf nflu nfdf] ;do
kv{g'kg]{ ePsfn] o:tf] k|sf/sf] nufgLdf hf]lvdsf] dfqf
klg a9L x'g] ub{5 .
!^
ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] g]kfndf nufgL ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
ljb]zL d'b|f leq\ofpg] ub{5g\ / nufgLsf] k|ltkmn klg
ljb]zL d'b|fdf g} lkmtf{ n}hfg] ub{5g\ . g]kfnsf] ljlgdo
b/ w]/} xb;Dd ef/tLo d'b|fsf] cd]l/sL 8n/;Fu sfod
x'g] ljlgdo b/df e/ kg]{ ePsfn] ljlgdo b/ hf]lvd
/xg] ub{5, h;n] ubf{ ljb]zL nufgLstf{ nufgLsf nflu
lxlRsrfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
csf]{tkm{ g]kfn cfofltt cy{tGqdf lge{/ b]z ePsfn]
;d]t ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] ljlgdo b/sf] hf]lvdsf]
Joj:yfkgdf w]/} g} rf;f] /fVg] ub{5g\ . o;y{, hnljB't
cfof]hgfsf nflu e/kbf]{ ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ljb]zL
nufgL tyf j}b]lzs C0f ;xh ¿kdf g]kfn leq\ofpgsf
nflu ljlgdo b/df x'g] ptf/r9fanfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{sf
nflu s]xL pkfo canDag ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
x]lhËdfkm{t hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ldlt @)&%.!!.!# df g]kfn /fhkqdf
k|sfzg u/]/ x]lhË;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&% sfof{Gjogdf
NofPsf] 5 . o;sf] dfWodaf6 j}b]lzs C0f nufgL x'g]
b]xfosf kl/of]hgfsf nflu x]lhË ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg
;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] eP tfklg x]lhË z'Ns lgwf{/0f tyf
o;sf] ;~rfngsf nflu sfo{ljlw gag'Gh]n;Dd o;sf]
k|efjsfl/tf uf}0f /xg] b]lvG5 .
l !)) d]ufj6 jf ;f] eGbf a9L Ifdtfsf hnljB't
pTkfbg,
l @@) s]=le jf @) lsnf]ld6/ eGbf a9L Ifdtfsf tL;
lsnf]ld6/ eGbf nfdf ljB't k|zf/0f nfOg,
l !) lsnf]ld6/ eGbf nfdf] /]n, d]6«f] tyf df]gf] /]n
lgdf{0f,
l %) lsnf]ld6/ eGbf nfdf] b"|tdfu{ lgdf{0f,
l g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\n] tf]s]sf] cGo kl/of]hgf .
ckm;f]/ a08dfkm{t\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
ljz]if u/L gsf/fTds Aofhb/ ePsf ljsl;t d'n'sdf
ljleGg dWo:ystf{sf] k|of]uaf6 ckm;f]/ a08 hf/L
ug]{ / ;f] af6 k|fKt ljb]zL d'b|fnfO{ g]kfn leq\ofO{ :jb]zL
d'b|fdf hnljB't kl/of]hgfsf nflu C0f k|bfg ug{ ;s]sf]
v08df g]kfnL cfof]hgfn] ljlgdo b/sf] hf]lvd axg ug'{
gkg]{ ePsfn] kl/of]hgf k|:tfljt ;do;Ldf leq} ;DkGg
eO{ nufgLsf] k|ltkmn ;'lglZrt ug{ ;xh x'G5 . ljb]zL
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)&% sf] bkmf !!
adf]lhdsf] Joj:yfsf cfwf/df klg ljb]zL d'b|f leq\ofpg
;lsg] b]lvG5 .
t];|f] kIf aLdfdfkm{t\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg
g]kfn Ps cfoftd'vL cy{tGq ePsf] d'n's x'g'sf ;fy}
sG6«L /]l6Ë gePsfn] oFxf nufgL ubf{ slt hf]lvd 5
egL k"j{ d"Nof+sg ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf 5 . h;sf sf/0f
ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] nufgL ug'{cl3 cfˆgf] nufgLsf]
;'lglZrttfsf nflu t];|f] kIf aLdf klg pko'Qm cf}hf/
x'g] lglZrt 5, h;sf nflu g]kfnsf ljleGg lgodgsf/L
lgsfoaLrdf 5nkmn u/L t];|f] kIf aLdfsf nflu cfjZos
gLltut Joj:yf ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .
cGo pkfo
ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] nufgL ug'{cl3 pQm nufgLaf6
eljiodf k|fKt ug]{ k|ltkmnsf] ;+efjgfnfO{ x]/]/ dfq nufgL
ug]{ ub{5g\ . o;/L cfPsf] ljb]zL nufgLaf6 b]zdf /f]huf/L
;[hgf x'g], b]zsf] /fh:jdf of]ubfg x'g], k|ljlw / ;Lk l;Sg]
cj;/ k|fKt x'g] h:tf ljifonfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ nufgLsf
nflu ;xh jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ug]{tkm{ Wofg lbg' h?/L
b]lvG5 .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f, tf}lnxjf ljt/0f s]Gb|, slknj:t'åf/f cfof]lht …:s'nsf ljBfyL{;Fu ljB't;DaGwL hgr]tgf clej[l4 sfo{qmdsf] emns .
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
lgisif{
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] …;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnLÚsf] gf/fnfO{
d"t{¿k lbgsf nflu tLj| cf}Bf]lus/0f ug]{, nufgLsf
;|f]tsf] klxrfg ug]{, lgodgsf/L lgsfoaLrsf] ;dGjonfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg], PsnljGb' ;]jf s]Gb|nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L
agfpg], ljlgdo b/af6 ;[hgf x'g] hf]lvdsf] Joj:yfkgdf
Wofg lbg], nufgLaf6 cflh{t /sd lkmtf{ n}hfgsf nflu
ckgfpg'kg]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;/nLs[t ug]{, x/]s sfof{nodf
km/s–km/s kmfOn a'emfpg'kg]{ kl/kf6Lsf] cGTosf nflu
Integrated Document Management System
nfu' ug]{ h:tf sfo{af6 ljb]zL nufgLsf] jftfj/0f aGg'sf
;fy} b]zsf] ljsf;df klg yk of]ubfg x'g] s'/f lglZrt
k|foM 5 .
pushkarbhattarai@nrb.org.np
;Gbe{ ;"rL
www.nea.org.np
Annual Report of Nepal Electricity Authority
kGw|f} of]hgfsf] cfwf/ kq
g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ljleGg k|sfzg
ljB't lgodg cfof]u / o;sf k|sfzg
ljleGg kqklqsfsf j]a;fO6
!&
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
;+u7g ;'wf/sf] Ps dfWod
slkn rGb| a:tfsf]6L
k|zf;sLo clws[t, dWo d:of{ª\bL hnljB't s]Gb|, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

ljifo k|j]z k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ ;d]t ;fy;fy} n}hfg ;s]df lgZro

g} >]o:s/ ;fljt x'g]5 . k|:t't n]vdf ERP sf] k|of]u,
s'g} klg ;+u7g÷;+:yfsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ ljleGg o;sf] cfjZostf / ;+u7gdf o;n] s] s:tf] kmfObf
;fwg -ef}lts, cfly{s, dfgjLo / ;"rgf_sf] ;d'lrt k'¥ofpg ;S5, g]=lj=k|f=df o;nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg s]–
Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . dfgjLo ;fwg -Human s:tf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 eGg] nufotsf
Resource_ oL ;a} ;fwgdWo] pTs[i6 dflgG5 lsgls
ljleGg kIfdf ;fdfGo l6kf]6 ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
o; ;fwgn] g} cGo ;fwgsf] kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg
ub{5 . csf{tkm{ ;+u7g÷;+:yfsf] lgwf{l/t nIo xfl;n ERP s] xf] <
ug{ ;+u7gsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/ /fd|f] x'g' ckl/xfo{ 5 .
sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/ /fd|f] gePsf] cj:yfdf ;+u7g ;'wf/sf] Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
ck]Iff ug{ ;lsFb}g . To;}n] t ;+u7g÷;+:yfn] lgwf{l/t ;+u7g÷Joj;fosf] lqmofsnfknfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ ;"rgf
nIo÷p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/ ;'wfg{ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Pp6f ;ˆ6a]o/hGo k|0ffnL xf] . of]
rfxG5g\ / o;sf nflu ljleGg tl/sf÷pkfo cjnDag ;+u7gsf] Jofj;flos k|lqmofsf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkg
u/]sf] x'G5g\ . oL ljleGg tl/sf÷pkfodWo] ERP klg ug]{ Pp6f dfWod xf] .
Ps xf] .
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
g]kfndf xfn df}h'bf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} ;+u7gsf] Jofkfl/s k|lqmofsf] Pp6f o:tf] PsLs[t
sd{rf/L -nueu !),)))_ ;+Vof ePsf] ;+:yfg ePsf] Joj:yfkg xf], h;df real time sf] value nfO{
x'gfn] klg g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;'wf/ cfwf/ lnOG5 / technology tyf software sf]
/ pkof]u ;DaGwL ljifo ;fx|} g} dxTjk"0f{ / ;f/ule{t ljifo ;zQm ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5 .
xf] . g]=lj=k|f=sf] sfo{;Dkfbg:t/df x'g'kg]{ hlt ;'wf/
gePsf] egL 5fkfdfWod, gful/s ;dfh, ;/f]sf/jfnf Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
lgsfo cflbaf6 l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] ;d]t kfOG5 . o;/L eGgfn] business management software sf]
Go"g txdf /x]sf] sfo{;Dkfbg:t/nfO{ psf:g tyf Pp6f Plss[t ;d"xnfO{ a'lemG5, h;df integrated
sfo{;Dkfbgdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg Enterprise application sf] em'08 -Suite_sf] k|of]u ul/G5, h'g
Resource Planning (ERP) gfds k|ljlw Pp6f lqmofsnfkaf6 ;+u7gn] tYofÍ -data_sf] ;+sng,
;zQm dfWod aGg ;S5 . cGo pkfosf cltl/Qm o; e08f/0f, Joj:yfkg / JofVof ub{5 .

!* jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

 ERP at a Glance
oxfF,
SCM : Supply Chain Management
CRM : Customer Relationship Management
HR : Human Resource
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) ;+u7gn]
cfˆgf] b}lgs lqmofsnfk h:t}M accounting,
procurement, project management, human
resource, manufacturing cflbsf] s'zn Joj:yfkg
ug{ k|of]u ug]{ system / software sf] package xf] .
ERP n] ;Daf]wg ug]{ oL b}lgs lqmofsnfksf ljifonfO{
modules elgG5 .
ERP software n] k"/} ;+u7g e/Lsf] sfo{ k|lqmof / ;"rgf
k|0ffnLnfO{ Pp6} wf/df ;dflxt ug{ ;+u7gsf ljleGg
sfo{¿nfO{ Pp6f complete system df PsLs[t u5{ .
ERP system Pp6f o:tf] ;+o'Qm tYofÍ cfwf/ xf], h;n]
;+u7gsf ljleGg business unit åf/f ;Dkfbg ul/g]
multiple function nfO{ ;kf]6{ ub{5 .
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
(Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is the
integrated management of main business
processes, often in real time and mediated by
software and technology.
ERP is usually referred to as a category of
business management software—typically
a suite of integrated applications—that an
organization can use to collect, store, manage
and interpret data from many business
activities
ERP is business process management software
that manages and integrates a company’s
financial, supply chain, operations, reporting,
manufacturing and human resource activities.
At its most basic level, ERP software
integrates these various functions into one
complete system to streamline processes and
!(
information across the entire organization. The n ERP system  sf] k|To]s module n] ;dfg real
central feature of all ERP Systems is a shared time database df sfo{ ub{5 .
database that supports multiple functions used
by different business unit.) n ERP system  sf] k|To]s module sf] ;du|
lqmofsnfk g} ;+u7gsf] s]Gb|Lo lqmofsnfk xf] .
ERP sf] ljsf;qmd n ERP o:tf] web-based applications xf], hxfF
ERP sf] k|f/lDes ljsf; ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsaf6 ;'? k|of]ustf{n] hxfF;'s}af6 h'g;'s} ;dodf To;sf]
ePsf] dflgG5 . ;doqmdcg';f/ sDKo'6/sf] xf8{j]o/ / access k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 .
;ˆ6j]o/ k|0ffnLdf ePsf] ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} ljsl;t x'Fb} x'Fb}
of] cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfPsf] xf] . ERP sf] sfo{ If]q -Functional Areas_ M
ERP sf] df]6fdf]6L ljsf;qmd tnsf] tflnsfadf]lhd ERP system n] ;fdfGotM b]xfosf functional area
ePsf] kfOG5 . ;dfj]z u/]sf] x'G5 . ERP system df oL area nfO{

ljsf; ;do -Timeline_ k|0ffnL -System_ ljsf;sf] cfwf/ -Platform_

Inventory Management Mainframe legacy systems using third generation
1960s
and Control software (Cobol, Fortran)
Materials Requirements Mainframe legacy systems using third generation
1970s
Planning (MRP) software (Cobol, Fortran)
Materials Requirements Mainframe legacy systems using fourth generation
1980s
Planning (MRP II) database software package software
Enterprise Resource Mainframe client-server systems using fourth
1990s
Planning (ERP) generation database software and package software
Client-server systems using Web platform, open
source with integration to fifth generation application
2000s Extended ERP or ERP II
like SCM, CRM, SFA (Sales Force Automation), APS
(Advance Planning and Scheduling)
Evolution of ERP

ERP sf ljz]iftf 5'§f5'§} ;d"xdf ;fd"lxs[t ul/Psf] x'G5, h;nfO{ ERP

modules elgG5 .
n of] computer software/application df cfwfl/t Ps
Finance and accounting: 
k|ljlw xf] . .
n of] Pp6f PsLs[t k|0ffnL -integrated system_ o;cGtu{t kg]{ ljleGg ljifo
xf] . general ledger, fixed assets, payables including
n of] real time base df cfwfl/t x'G5 . ;a} ;"rgf vouchering, matching and
/ tYof+s real time base df ;+sng / ;Dk|]if0f payment,  receivables  and collections,  cash
ul/G5 . management, financial consolidation
n o;df common database sf] k|of]u ul/G5, h;n] Management accounting: 
;a} application nfO{ ;kf]6{ ub{5 . o;cGtu{t kg]{ ljleGg ljifo
n o;n] ;a} module df lg/Gt/ b[li6 / ;DaGw :yflkt Budgeting, costing, cost management, activity
ub{5 . based costing
n ERP df k|of]u x'g] integrated system sf] Human resources:  
installation ;++u7gsf] s]Gb|Lo txdf /x]sf] IT
Department af6 dfq ul/G5, ;–;fgf OsfO{ / o;cGtu{t kg]{ ljleGg ljifo
txaf6 o;sf] sfof{Gjog / ;~rfng ul/Fb}g . Recruiting,  training,  rostering,  payroll, 

@) jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

benefits, retirement and pension plans, diversity ;fdfGotM ERP sf] sfo{ If]q -Functional Areas_ leq
management, retirement, separation kg]{ ljifonfO{ g} ERP Modules sf] ¿kdf dflgPsf] 5 .
Manufacturing:  ERP Modules cGtu{t cg]sf}+ ljifo kg]{ eP tfklg oxfF
s]xL d'Vo ljifonfO{ dfq a'Fbfut ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
o; cGtu{t kg]{ ljleGg ljifo M 5.
Engineering,  bill of materials, work
Finance and Accounting
orders,  scheduling,  capacity,  workflow
management,  quality control, manufacturing o;leq kg]{ Sub Module
process, manufacturing projects, manufacturing budgeting, accounting, costing, cash flow
flow, product life cycle management management etc.
Order Processing:  Human Resource
o; cGtu{t kg]{ ljleGg ljifo o;leq kg]{ Sub Module
Order to cash, order entry, credit HR planning, recruiting, training, promoting,
checking,  pricing, available to transferring, employee welfare etc.
promise,  inventory,  shipping, sales analysis
and reporting, sales commissioning Manufacturing/Production
Supply chain management:  o;leq kg]{ Sub Module
product planning, operational planning,
o; cGtu{t kg]{ ljleGg ljifo
resource planning, quality management,
Supply chain planning, supplier activity management, work scheduling etc.
scheduling,  product configurator,  order
to cash,  purchasing,  inventory, claim Distribution/Supply Chain Management
processing,  warehousing  (receiving, put o;leq kg]{ Sub Module
away, picking and packing)
supply chain planning, distribution planning,
Project management: integrated business planning, warehousing
etc.
o; cGtu{t kg]{ ljleGg ljifo M Project planning,
resource planning, project costing,  work Procurement
breakdown structure, billing, time and expense, Business Intelligence
performance units, activity management Sales and marketing

Customer relationship management o;leq kg]{ Sub Module

(CRM) sales, marketing, service, advertising etc.

o; cGtu{t kg]{ ljleGg ljifo Inventory

Customer Service
Sales and marketing, commissions, service,
customer contact, call centre support leq kg]{ Sub Module
customer relation,  call centre  support,
Data services: grievances handling etc.
o; cGtu{t kg]{ ljleGg ljifo M Various "self–service" Enterprise Asset Management
interfaces for customers, suppliers and/or
o;leq kg]{ Sub Module
employees
assets categorization, maintenance scheduling
Core ERP Modules:  etc.

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ @!

ERP n] s;/L sfd u5{ <
n ;+u7g÷Joj;fodf o; k|0ffnLnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg
o;sf s]Gb|Lo, k|fb]lzs, zfvf tyf OsfO{ sfof{no;Dd
ljB'tLo ;+hfn (electronic networks) lj:tf/ ug'{
cfjZos x'G5 . ;+u7g÷Joj;fosf x/]s sfof{nodf
/fd|f] OG6/g]6 ;]jf lj:tfl/t ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . o:tf
sfof{nodf kof{Kt dfqfdf electronics device
-sDKo'6/, Nofk6k, :Sofg/ cflb_ h8fg ul/Psf]
x'g'kb{5 . Pp6} sfof{no leq k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] u/L
OG6«fg]6 ;~hfn klg lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
n tt\kZrft ;+u7gsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw ljefun] cyjf ;f]
ljefu ;Ifd geP aflx/L ljz]if1 sDkgLx¿ ef8fdf
lnP/ ERP software lgdf{0f ul/G5, lgdf{0f ug{
nufO{G5 . of] software ;+u7g÷Joj;fosf] cfsf/,
k|sf/, :t/, ef}uf]lns If]qsf] lj:tf/ cflbnfO{
@@
dWogh/ u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ tof/ ul/G5, tof/
ug{ nufOG5 . of] ERP software :jrflnt tl/sfn]
(automated system) ;~rfng x'g ;Sg] lsl;dn]
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .
n tt\kZrft ;+u7gsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] ERP
software sf] automated system ;Fu tfbfDotf
x'g] u/L tyf real time data k7fpg / k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
u/L database :yfkgf ul/G5 . x/]s zfvf, sfof{no
jf OsfOn] lgwf{l/t software application k|of]u
u/]/ cf–cfˆgf zfvf, sfof{no jf OsfOsf ;"rgf tyf
tYofÍ, ljj/0f, k|ltj]bg s]Gb|Lo ;e{/df k7fpF5g\ .
n database tof/ ubf{ dfly pNn]v ul/P adf]lhdsf
ljleGg Module sf] 5'§f5'§} tof/ ul/G5 . ;+u7gsf]
k|s[lt cg';f/ Module klxNo} lglZrt ul/Psf] x'G5 .
Module lkR5] 5'§f 5'§} database tof/ ug{ Module
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
 lkR5] sub sector database sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] ERP Systems Concept
x'G5 .
ERP lsg cfjZos 5 <
n df]km;ndf /x]sf zfvf, sfof{no jf OsfOx¿n]
;DalGwt sub sector database df tt\ tt\ If]qsf] n ;+u7g÷Joj;fosf] cfGtl/s Jofkfl/s k|lqmofdf
;"rgf tyf tYofÍ, ljj/0f, k|ltj]bgx¿ ;Dk|]if0f ;'wf/ ug{ .
ub{5g\ . n (To improve in internal business process)

n df]km;ndf /x]sf zfvf, sfof{no jf OsfOx¿n] n ;+u7g÷Joj;fosf] ;du| Jofkfl/s sfo{;Dkfbgdf

k7fPsf sub sector data n] tof/ x'g] sub sector ;'wf/ ug{{ . (To improve in overall business
database sf] Joj:yfkg ;+u7g÷Joj;fosf] performance)
tt\ tt\ Module x]g]{ s]Gb|Lo ljefun] ub{5g\ . o;
k|lqmofåf/f ;+u7g÷Joj;fosf] ljleGg Module x]g]{ n ;+u7g÷Joj;fosf] >d nfut tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw
s]Gb|Lo ljefun] sectorial central database tof/ vr{ 36fpg . (To reduce labour cost and IT
expenses)
ub{5g\ .
n o;/L ;+u7gsf ;a} zfvf, sfof{no jf OsfOaf6 k|fKt n ;+u7g÷Joj;fodf sfo{/t sfdbf/ / sDkgLaLrsf]
x'g cfPsf ;"rgf tyf tYofÍ, ljj/0f, k|ltj]bgsf] ;DaGw÷cGt/lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug{ . (To improve
relation/interaction between staff and
k|of]u u/L s]Gb|Lo ljefun] tof/ u/]sf] sectorial
company)
central database sf] cfwf/df ;+u7gsf] s]Gb|Lo
cflwsf/Ls lgsfo -ljz]iftM IT Department_ n] ERP sf kmfObf s]s] 5g\ <
tf]lsPsf] km/Dof6df cBfjlws central database
tof/ ub{5 . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] cBfjlws n ;+u7g÷Joj;fosf] cfGtl/s Jofkfl/s k|lqmofnfO{
central database nfO{ cfwf/ lnP/ s]Gb|Ls[t ¿k pRrtd ljGb'df k'¥ofpg d2t u5{ . (Optimization
(centralized form) df k"/} ;+u7gsf] of]hgf, sfo{qmd of business process)
tyf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ul/G5g\ . n ;xL, ljZj;gLo / real time ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ / k|jfx

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ @#

 ug{ ;lsG5 . (Accurate and timely access to
reliable information)
n ;+u7g÷Joj;fosf] ;a} ljefu tyf PsfOsf] ;"rgf
Ps csf{nfO{ ;xh} k|fKt x'G5 . (The ability to
Share information between all components
of the organization)
n ;+u7g÷Joj;fosf cgfjZos sfd sf/afxL tyf
;"rgf / tYofÍ x6fpg ;lsG5 . (Elimination of
unnecessary operations and data)
n ;+u7g÷Joj;fosf] k|efjsfl/tf tyf pTkfbsTj
a[l¢ u/fpF5 . (Increase office efficiency and
productivity)
n ;+u7g÷Joj;fon] d'2f dfldnfdf vlr{g' kg]{ ;do /
nfut 36fpF5 . (Reduction of time and costs
of litigation)
n ;+u7g÷Joj;fodf bf]xf]/f] clen]v x'g] tyf Pp6} sfd
bf]xf]¥ofP/ ;~rfng x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ Go"g ub{5 . (No
duplicate records or playback operations)
n ;+u7g÷Joj;fosf] lgoGq0f k|0ffnL tyf Joj:yfksLo
lg0f{onfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpF5 . (Optimize the
control and analysis of management
decisions)
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf ERP sf] k|of]u
;a}nfO{ 1fg ePs} s'/f xf] ls g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f g]kfn
;/sf/cGtu{t :yflkt Ps :jfoQ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg xf] .
g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] vDjf dflgPsf s]xL ;Lldt If]qdWo]
hnljB't c;fWo} dxŒj af]s]sf] / km/flsnf] cfwf/ /x]sf]
If]q xf] . xfn;Dd xfdLn] s"n Ifdtfsf] @Ü dfq ljB't
pTkfbg ug{ ;s]sf 5f}+ .
b]zdf hnljB't If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ u/fpg] p2]Zon]
:yfkgf ul/Psf] g]=lj=k|f=n] cem} w]/} ug{ afFsL 5 . olt
7"nf] lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf] ;+u7g lbgfg'lbg cem} kl/:s[t,
ljsl;t / k|lt:kwL{ aGg' clt g} cfjZos 5 . ;+u7gnfO{
kl/:s[t, ljsl;t / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg g]=lj=k|f=n] gofF gofF
k|ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u / pkof]u ub}{ hfg' kg]{ cfjZostf klg
5 . ERP ;+u7gsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] Ps
zzQm dfWod ePsfn] o;sf] k|of]u / pkof]u ug'{ lgZro g}
g]=lj=k|f= sf] nflu cTo'Qd / lxts/ ;fljt x'g]5 .
@$
k|flws/0fdf ERP k|of]udf
Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZostf
k|flws/0fdf ERP k|of]udf Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{
a'Fbfut ¿kdf b]xfoadf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
n g]=lj=k|f= sf] cfGtl/s vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L Jojl:yt
agfpg . -ERP sf] purchasing/procurement,
inventory, costing h:tf module x¿n] g]=lj=k|f=
sf] cfGtl/s vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg d2t
u5{ ._
n ;+u7gsf] n]vf k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{ . jt{dfg n]vf
k|0ffnLnfO{ kl/:s[t ug{ . -ERP sf] budgeting,
accounting, costing, inventory, cash flow
management h:tf module n] g]=lj=k|f=sf] n]vf
k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{ d2t u5{ ._
n ljZj;gLo / ax'u'0fL tYof+s cfwf/ (reliable and
multifunctional database) lgdf{0f ug{ .
n central database :yfkgf u/L k|efjsf/L of]hgf
tof/ ug{ .
n ;+u7gdf tYof+sdf cfwfl/t lg0f{o k|0ffnL (data-
driven decision system) :yfkgf ug{ .
n lgo'lQm, kb:yfkg, ;?jf, a9'jfh:tf sd{rf/L
k|zf;g;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg . ERP
sf] HR planning, recruiting, promoting,
transferring h:tf module n] g]=lj=k|f=sf] lgo'lQm,
kb:yfkg, ;?jf, a9'jfh:tf sfo{nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg
d2t u5{ .
n ;+u7gsf] ;+rfng vr{, sNof0fsf/L vr{, ;"rgf
k|ljlwdf x'g] vr{ 36fpg .
n sd{rf/Lsf] right sizing ug{, cgfjZos sd{rf/L
s6f}tL ug{ . -ERP sf] HR planning, recruiting,
separation planning h:tf module n]
g]=lj=k|f=df sd{rf/Lsf] right sizing ug{, cgfjZos
sd{rf/L s6f}tL ug{ d2t u5{ ._
n ;+u7gsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a[l¢ ug{ .
n ;+u7gdf fast tract reporting sf] k|jw{g ug{ .
n ;+u7gdf operational risk, managerial risk
36fpg . -ERP sf] supply chain planning,
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
 project planning, resource planning,
operational planning, purchasing, activity
management, inventory h:tf module n]
;+u7gdf operational risk, managerial risk
36fpg d2t u5{ ._
n ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sfdbf/ / ;+u7gaLrsf] ;DaGwdf
;'wf/ Nofpg . -ERP sf] customer relationship
management, employee welfare planning,
diversity management h:tf module x¿n]
;+u7gdf sfo{/t sfdbf/ / ;+u7gaLrsf] ;DaGwdf
;'wf/ Nofpg d2t u5{ ._
k|flws/0fdf ERP nfu"
ug{ cfjZos kg]{ k"jf{wf/
;+u7gsf] :ki6 nIo tyf p2]Zo lgwf{/0f .
;+u7gn] s] ug]{ xf] < slt jif{df sxfF k'Ug] xf] < o;sf]
Core If]q pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f, Jofkf/ cflbsf]
k|To]s jif{sf] target s;/L k"/f ug]{ < / ;+u7gnfO{ s;/L
gfkmfd'vL ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ eGg]tkm{ lgb]{lzt x'g]
u/L ;+u7gsf] :ki6 nIo tyf p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 .
cfw'lgs Internet Network sf] :yfkgf .
cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ljgf ERP nfu' ug{
;lsFb}g . t;y{ ERP system nfu' ug{sf nflu NEA sf
;a} sfof{nox¿ -ljefu, dxfzfvf, zfvf, OsfO{ cflb_
;+u cGt/;DaGw :yfkgf x'g] u/L ljB'tLo ;~hfn lj:tf/
ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] ljB'tLo ;~hfn lj:tf/sf
nflu ;a} sfof{nodf OG6/g]6 / OG6«fg]6 ;'ljwf hl8t
x'g'kb{5 . To;}n] ;"rgf tyf tYofÍsf] alnof] cfwf/ lgdf{0f
ug{ g]=lj=k|f=n] cfkm"n] Optical Fiber ef8fdf lbPsf
kf6L{;+u jf aflx/L OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos;Fu 5'§} ;Demf}tf
u/L ef}lts k"jf{wf/, Data Backup, Data Storage
;DaGwL Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .
ljZj;gLo / ax'pkof]uL tYofÍ cfwf/
ERP ljZj;gLo / Real-time ;"rgf tyf tYofÍsf]
cffwf/df dfq jf:tljs ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;Sg]
ePsfn] ;+u7gleq ERP nfu' ug{ ljZj;gLo / ax'pkof]uL
tYofÍ cfwf/ lgdf{0f ul/g' cfjZos 5 . ljZj;gLo /
ax'pkof]uL tYofÍ cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ measures of
dispersion, linear programming, data analysis
techniques tyf data migration h:tf k4lt k|of]udf
Nofpg pko'Qm x'G5 .
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
ERP ;DaGwL Road Map sf] th'{df
ERP k"0f{¿kdf nfu" ug{sf nflu s]xL ;do rflxG5 g} .
t;y{, cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] cfsf/, k|sf/ / k|s[ltcg';f/ slt
jif{df ERP k"0f{ ¿kdf nfu" ul/;Sg], ;j{k|yd s'g Module
af6 ;'? ug]{, qmdzM s'g s'g Module df nfu" ub}{ hfg]
/ cGtdf s;/L k"/f u/fpg] eGg] af/]df :ki6 time frame
;lxtsf] lj:t[t Road Map tof/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
Dedicated ERP Manager
g]=lj=k|f=df ERP System nfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s k|of]udf
Nofpg ;an / ;Ifd Joj:yfks -Team Manager_
sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw (IT)
df ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf tyf pRr Joj;flos 1fg
ePsf JolQmnfO{ ERP Project sf] Manager df 5gf}6 ul/g'
cfjZos 5 .
Dedicated Multi-Department ERP Core Team
ERP System nfO{ ;kmntfdf kl/0ft ug{ s'g} Pshgf
Manager sf] dfq} xft /xFb}g . a? o;sf nflu g]=lj=k|f=sf]
d'Vo Joj;fo -Core Business_ dflgPsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f,
ljt/0fsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ ljefuLo k|d'vnufot ljleGg
Departmental Chief ;dfj]z ePsf] Pp6f ERP Core Team
tof/ ug'{ / pQm Team sf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L;lxtsf] ;xeflutf
/ sl6a4tf /xg' cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
Data Migration tyf Purification
ljleGg txdf 5l/P/ /x]sf Existing Software nfO{ ERP
System cg's"n agfpg tL Software nfO{ s]Gb|Ls[t 9fFrfdf
abnL ug'{ cfjZos 5 . To:t} u/L Jojl:yt database
tof/ ug{ data migration, data purification sfo{sf] t'?Gt
yfngL ul/g' klg cfjZos 5 .
Support Cell sf] :yfkgf
g]=lj=k|f=sf sfof{no b'/b/fh;Dd km}lnPsf eP tfklg
tL ;a}sf] ljZj;gLo tYofÍfwf/ -Database_ :yfkgfdf
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] ePsfn] pgLx¿nfO{ Data Migration
nufotsf sfo{df ;xhLs/0f ug{ ljleGg ljefu /
k|b]z:t/Lo sfof{nox¿df Support Cell sf] :yfkgf
ug'{ klg ckl/xfo{ 5 .
Incremental ;'wf/sf] /0fgLltsf] th'{df
Ps k6s ERP nfu" u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g . To;nfO{ bLuf] / e/kbf]{
agfpg To;df ;do kl/l:yltcg';f/ Incremental ;'wf/sf]
@%
/0fgLlt cjnDag ub}{ hfg' klg cfjZos 5 . o:tf lg/Gt/ 5gf}6 ug{ cfjZos 5 . d'Vou/L b]xfosf Module rog
tyf kl/l:ylthGo ;'wf/af6 ERP System cem} dha't ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
agfpg ;xof]u k'U5 .
n Core Business Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos kg]{
ERP sf nflu cfjZos cGo Joj:yf Module

ah]6 Joj:yf l ;+rfng of]hgf -Operational Planning_

ERP System nfu" ug{] sfd lgs} vlr{nf] x'G5 . OG6/
g]6, OG6«fg]6 h8fg tyf MIS k|ljlwnfO{ :yfkgf u/L
b'/b/fh;Ddsf sfof{nodf ljB'tLo ;~hfn lj:tf/ u/L
Database :yfkgf u/L sfd ug'{ kg]{ ePsfn] o:tf] sfo{nfO{
cufl8 a9fpg ;+u7gn] kof{Kt dfqfdf ah]6 5'6\ofpg'
cfjZos x'G5 .
l ljt/0f Joj:yfkg -Distribution Management_
l cfof]hgf lgof]hg -Project Planning_
l ;|f]t Joj:yfkg -Resource Management_
l ljB't Jofkf/ -Electricity Trade_

Electronics System, Networking System, Sector Database, n k|zf;lgs sfo{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos kg]{ Module
Sub-sector Database, :yfkgf ug{ lgs} 7\'nf] cfly{s l dfgj ;+;fwg of]hgf -HR Planning_
;|f]tsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ERP Project sf] Timeframe
slt jif{ sfod ul/g] xf] Tolt jif{;Dd kl/of]hgfnfO{ l egf{ tyf 5gf}6 -Recruiting_
Smoothly cufl8 a9fpg g]=lj=k|f=n] cfjZos dfqfdf
l ;?jf tyf a9'jf -Transfer and Promotion_
/sd ljlgof]hg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . Computer, Laptop,
Printer, fax h:tf Electronic Devices x¿ vl/b ug{, ;"rgf l sd{rf/L sNof0f -Employee Welfare_
k|ljlwsf ljz]if1 sd{rf/LnfO{ ef8fdf lng tyf df}h'bf
n cfly{s sfo{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos kg]{ Module
sd{rf/LnfO{ pRr:t/Lo tflnd k|bfg ug{ ;d]t ;+u7gn]
7"nf] wg/fzL 5'6\ofpg' kb{5 . l cfDbfgL tyf vr{ -Budgeting_
tflndsf] Joj:yf l n]vf -Accounting_
ERP sf] r/0fa4 nfu" x'g] Module cg';f/ ;f] sfo{;Fu l vl/b -Purchasing_
;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ awareness training sf] Joj:yf
ul/g' cfjZos 5 . ERP nfu' ug{ Sector, Sub-sector l e08f/ -Inventory_
txdf Database :yfkgf ug'{ kg]{ ePsfn] o;sf nflu n cGo cfjZos ;xof]uL Module
k|fljlws 1fg ePsf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ljz]if1 tyf tYofÍ
clws[tsf] ;d"x cfjZos x'G5 . l cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg -Supply Chain
Management_
g]=lj=k|f=df ljut b]lv Pp6f ;Ifd tflnd s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf
/x]s} x'Fbf To;sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ u/L To;}dfkm{t\ cfjZos l hg;Dks{ Joj:yfkg -Customer Relationship
sd{rf/LnfO{ ERP System Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL cfw'lgs Management_
tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{ klg ;lsG5 . slt / s:tf sd{rf/L
l of]hgf tyf cg'udg -Planning and
rflxg] xf] ;f] sf] k"0f{ cfFsng u/L v'Nnf lj1fkg u/]/
Monitoring_
tyf sfo{/t pTs[i6 sd{rf/L 5gf}6 u/L cfGtl/s tflndsf]
k|fof]hg u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{ ERP sf nflu sfd ug{ ;Ifd / dfly pNn]lvt Module clt cfjZos Module dfq
of]Uo agfpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 . x'g\ . Module olt g} ;+Vofdf x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'g} lgod 5}g .
s:tf] lsl;dsf] ERP System nfu" ug]{ xf], ;+u7gsf]
Core ERP Module sf] rog
tYofÍnfO{ slt ;–;fgf 6'qmfdf ;d"lxs[t u/L Database
/ Database sf] :yfkgf agfpg] xf] ;f] nfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ u/L cfjZostfcg';f/
g]=lj=k|f=sf] xsdf ERP nfu" ug{ s]xL Core Module cGo Module yKg ;lsG5 . log} Module df cfwfl/t

@^ jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

eP/ g]=lj=k|f= sf] Sub-Sector, Sectorial / Central
Database :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL (Reporting System)
dfly pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ rog ug{ ;'emfOPsf ERP
Module df cfwfl/t eP/ g} ERP k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL
(Reporting System) agfpg pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
Sub-Sector Database
Dffly pNn]lvt !^ j6} Module cGtu{t kg]{ ljleGg sfo{
;Dkfbg ug]{ g]=lj=k|f=sf ;a} ljefu, dxfzfvf, zfvf,
OsfO{ sfof{non] 5'§f5'§} Module cGtu{tsf ;"rgf tyf
tYofÍ s]Gb|Lo :t/df :yfkgf ul/g] tt\ tt\ If]qsf] Sub-
sector Database df k|lji6 ug]{5g\ . o;/L k|fKt ;"rgf
tyf tYofÍsf] cfwf/df Sub-sector Database tof/
x'g]5 . To:tf] ;"rgf tyf tYofÍ s;n], s;/L, slxn]
k|lji6 ug]{ / k|fKt ;"rgf tyf tYofÍ k|fKt u/L Sub-
sector Database tof/ kfg]{ cflwsfl/s JolQm /
lhDd]jf/ ljefu sf] s] x'g] eGg] ljifodf cfjZos lgod,
sfo{ljlw g} hf/L u/L nfu" ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
Central Database
dfly -s_ adf]lhd :yflkt Sub-sector Database
;~rfng ug]{ cflwsfl/s JolQm / lhDd]jf/ tt\tt\ s]Gb|Lo
ljefun] cfkm"n] tof/ kf/]sf database df ;+u|lxt ;"rgf
tyf tYofÍnfO{ g]=lj=k|f=sf] s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] Database
tof/ kfg{ lgb]{lzt k4lt cg'z/0f u/L Central Database
df k|lji6 ug]{5g\ . Sub-sector Database ;~rfng ug]{
cflwsfl/s JolQm / lhDd]jf/ ljefux¿n] k7fPsf ;"rgf
tyf tYofÍnfO{ s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] Database ;~rfng ug]{
clwsf/ kfPsf] s]Gb|Lo ljefun] Sectorial Database
sf] ¿kdf 5'§f5'§} ;+u|lxt u/L /fVg]5 . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf]
Sectorial Database nfO{ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf Central
Database elgg]5 . Sub-sector Database sf] ¿kdf
k|fKt ;"rgf tyf tYofÍ k|of]u u/L Sectorial Database
tof/ kfg]{ cflwsfl/s JolQm / lhDd]jf/ lgsfo sf] s] x'g]
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
eGg] ljifodf cfjZos lgod, sfo{ljlw g} hf/L u/L nfu"
ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
pk;+xf/
s]Gb|Lo :t/df tof/ ePsf] tYofÍfwf/ -Database_ nfO{
k|of]u u/]/ g} g]=lj=k|f=sf ;a} sfof{non] cf–cfˆgf] of]hgf
agfpg], of]hgf k|:tfj ug]{ / sfof{Gjog ug]{nufotsf
sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{5g\ . Central Database df g]=lj=k|f=sf
;a} sd{rf/Lsf] kx'Fr x'g] 5}g . Pp6f sfof{nodf ! jf @
hgf d'Vo sd{rf/LnfO{ Central Database vf]Ng] / x]g]{
clwsf/ lbg' pko'Qm x'g]5 . t/ pgLx¿nfO{ pQm Database
df yk36 ug]{ jf ;Rofpg] -editing_ clwsf/ eg] /xg]
5}g .
s]Gb|Lo :t/df o;/L tof/ x'g] Central Database g}
g]=lj=k|f=sf] cflwsfl/s tYofÍfwf/ x'g]5 . oxL Central
Database sf cfwf/df g} g]=lj=k|f=sf ;du| s]Gb|Lo gLlt,
of]hgf, sfo{gLlt, sfo{qmd tof/ ul/g] 5 . ;fy;fy} o;}sf
cfwf/df g]=lj=k|f=n] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f tyf Jofkf/
;DaGwL cfˆgf ljleGg cfof]hgf tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd
tof/ kf/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] Joj:yf ug{]5 .
cGtdf,ERP sf] l;4fGtnfO{ k|of]udf NofP/ Real-
time Base df tYofÍfwf/ -Database_ lgdf{0f ug{
;lsof] eg] lgZro g} g]=lj=k|f=n] o;sf] e/k'/ k|of]u ug{
/ o;af6 k|z:t kmfObf lng ;Sg]5 . dfly ‘k|flws/0fdf
ERP k|of]udf Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZostf’ zLif{sdf pNn]v
ul/Psf ;a} kmfObf g]=lj=k|f=nfO{ k|fKt x'g]5 . g]=lj=k|f=sf]
sfof{;Dkfbg :t/df lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ x'g]5 / ERP n]
g]=lj=k|f=sf] ;du| ;++u7gfTds ;'wf/sf] ;zQm dfWodsf
¿kdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 .
bastakotikc@gmail.com
;|f]t ;fdu|L
!= www.sciencedirect.com
@= www.google.com
#= https://en.wikipedia.org
$= www.investopedia.com
%= ERP ;DaGwL ljleGg n]v .
@&
 g]kfndf hnljB't
ljsf;sf nflu x]lhË kmG8
/ldnf sf]O/fnf
k|zf;sLo clws[t, ljB't Jofkf/ ljefu, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
ljifo k|j]z
x]lhË eGgfn] kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu
nufgLstf{n] ljb]zL C0f nufgL ubf{ h'g ljlgdo
b/df ljb]zL d'b|f a}Ídf hDdf u/]sf] xf] ;f]xL ljlgdo
b/df ;Demf}tfadf]lhd nufgL lkmtf{ n}hfg kfpg]
u/L ljb]zL d'b|fsf] ljlgdo b/ l:y/ ug{] sfo{nfO{
a'lemG5 .
hnljB'tsf] If]qsf] ljsf;df ljb]zL nufgL
leq\ofpg] k|of]hgfy{ ljB't vl/b laqmL ;Demf}tf
cg'';f/ e'QmfgL x'g] /sd ljb]zL d'b|f k|fKt ug{ ;6xL
ug{' kbf{ x'g] hf]lvd Go'lgs/0f ug{ :yfkgf ul/Psf]
sf]if x]lhË km08 xf] .
x]lhË km08sf] :yfkgf kZrft ljb]zL d'b|f ljlgdosf]
hf]lvd oxL km08dfkm{t ul/G5 .
x]lhË km08sf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !($* df ;dfhzf:qL
Alfred Winslow Jones n] NofPsf] b]lvG5 .
To;}u/L Wikipedia df "A hedge fund is an
investment fund that pools capital from
accredited investors or institutional
investors and invests in a variety of assets,
@*
often with complex portfolio-construction
and risk management techniques." egL
kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .
ljb]zL ljlgdo lgoldt ug{] P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf
@@ df lgod agfpg] clwsf/sf] Aoj:yfnfO{
cfwf/ dflg ldlt @)&%.!!.!# df …x]lhË;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)&%’ g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf
hf/L ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . of] lgodfjnL ljb]zL
ljlgdo -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g @)!( sf] bkmf @@ n]
lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] agfPsf]
xf] . pQm lgodfjnLadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljbzL
C0f nufgL x'g] b]xfosf kl/of]hgfsf nflu x]lhË
;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
l Ps ;o d]ufjf6 jf ;f] eGbf a9L Ifdtfsf
hnljB't pTkfbg .
l @@) s]=le=jf ;f] eGbf a9L Ifdtfsf tL;
lsnf]ld6/ eGbf nfdf] ljB't k|zf/0f nfOg
lgdf{0f .
l bz lsnf]ld6/ eGbf nfdf] /]n, d]6«f] tyf df]gf]
/]ndfu{ lgdf{0f
l krf; lsnf] ld6/eGbf nfdf] b|"tdfu{ lgdf{0f
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
l g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\n] lg0f{o u/L tf]s]df cGo
kl/of]hgf .
pmhf{ hn;|f]t tyf l;FrfO{ dGqfnosf] sfo{ljlwnfO{
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] !)) d]=jf= dflysf hnljB't
cfof]hgfsf\] PPA ubf{ ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ocg';f/
Hedging ;DjGwL k|fjwfg /flv dflyNnf] lqz'ln !
-@!^ d]=jf_ / /;'jf ef]6]sf]zL -!@) d]=jf=_ hfnljB't
cfof]hgfsf] PPA ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . tTkZrft Hedging
;DaGwL lgltut Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn
;/sf/n] /fhkqdf k|sflzt u/]sf] x]lhË ;DaGwL lgodfjnL
@)&% adf]lhd x]lhË ;'ljlwf pknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf
/fi6« a}+sn] cy{ dGqfno, kl/of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfno,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;DalGwt lgsfo / nufgLstf{;Fu cfjZos
;dGjo Pjd\ k/fdz{ ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
pQm lgodfjnL hf/L ePkZrft\ ul/g] !)) d]=jf= jf
;f] eGbf dflysf] Ifdtfsf ljb]zL nufgL x'g] ljB't
cfof]hgf¿sf] ;Demf}tfdf ;f]xL lgodfjnL cfslif{t x'g]
Joj:yf ;f] lgodfjnLdf :ki6 pNn]v ePsfn] hnljB't
cfof]hgfdf Hedging sf] ljifo cj cy{ dGqfno g]kfn
/fi6« a}+s phf{, hn;|f]t tyf l;+rfO{ dGqfno / k|jw{g
sDkgL;Fusf] cfkm\gf] ;xdltdf 6'ª\Uofpg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
lqklIfo ;xdltsf cfwf/df cy{ dGqfnon] x]lhË z'Ns
lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ pQm lgwf{l/t z'Ns k|jw{g sDkgLn] g]kfn
/fi6« a}+sdf a'emfpg' kg]{, x]lhË ;'ljwf :jLs[ltsf nflu
sDkgLn] g]kfn /fi6« a}+sdf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ / /fi6« a}+sn]
;DalGwt k|jw{g sDkgLnfO{ x]lhË ;f]n';g ;l6{lkms]6 k|bfg
ug]{ h:tf k|lqmofut ljifo k"/f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf lgodfjnLdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
;f] lgodfjnL nfu" ePkZrft\ dgfË d:of{ª\bL xfO8«f]kfj/
k|f=ln=n] k|j4{g ug]{ dgfË d:of{ª\bL hnljB't cfof]hgf
-!#% d]=jf=_ sf nflu g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf ljB't
vl/b laqmL ;Demf}tfsf] d:of}bf :jLs[t eO{ k|f/lDes
x:tfIf/ ePsf] 5 . pQm cfof]hgf ljb]zL nufgLdf lgdf{0f
x'g] “FDI” cfof]hgf xf] . cfof]hgfsf] xsdf k|jw{s sDkgL,
pmhf{, hn;|f]t tyf l;+rfO{ dGqfno / g]kfn /fi6« a}+saLr
;xdlt x'g / ;f]sf cfwf/df cy{ dGqfnon] x]lhË z'Ns
lgwf{/0f ug{ afFsL /x]sfn] ;f] Hedging Liability k|:6
geP;Dd Return on Equity Calculation sf nlfu Financial
Assessment ug{ g;lsg] x'Fbf ljB't lgodg cfof]uaf6
;d]t PPA Rate lgwf{/0f ;d]tsf nflu ljlgodfjnL hf/L
eO{;s]tf klg PPA df cfof]usf] ;xdlt k|fKt ug{ / vl/b
b/ lgwf{/0f ug{ cem} /x]sf] 5 .
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
o; lgodfjnLadf]lhd k|bfg ul/g]] x]lhËsf] cjlw
kl/of]hgfsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ a9Ldf !) jif{sf] x'g]5 .
xfn;Dd k|flws/0fn] 8n/df ljB't lsGg] ;Demf}tf u/]sf
hnljB't cfof]hgfdWo] dflyNnf] lqz'nL–! ;a}eGbf
7"nf] cfof]hgf xf] . o; cl3 k|flws/0fn] ^) d]=jf= sf]
lvlDt !, $% d]=jf= sf] dflyNnf] ef]6]sf]zL, *@ d]=jf=
sf] tNnf] ;f]n', %) d]=jf= sf] dflyNnf] d:of{ª\bL P, #&=^
d]=jf= sf] sfj]nL P / !@) d]=jf= sf] /;'jf ef]6]sf]zL
cfof]hgfnfO{ klg 8n/df e'tmfgL ug{] u/L kLkLP u/]sf]
5 . oL dWo] lvlDt, ef]6]sf]zL / dflyNnf] d:of{ª\bL P
;~rfngdf cfO;s]sf 5g\ eg] cGo cfof]hgf lgdf{0ffwLg
cj:yfdf 5g\ . lvlDt ! hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] ljB't
vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] cjlw @)@) h'nfO{ !) af6 ;lsg] x'Fbf
tTkZrft g]kfnL d'b|fdf cflwfl/t ;Demf}tfsf nflu k|jw{g
sDkgL;Fu jftf{ eO/x]sf] 5 .
hnljB't ljsf;sf If]qdf
x]lhË;DaGwL ePsf Joj:yf
g]kfndf x]lhË;DaGwL ePsf Joj:yfnfO{ tklznadf]lhd
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
l g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! df /fHosf] gLltcGtu{t
cy{, pBf]u / jfl0fHo;DaGwL gLltdf /fli6«o lxt
cg's"n cfoft k|lt:yfkg, lgof{t k|a4{gsf If]qdf
j}b]lzs k'FhL tyf k|ljlwsf] nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ub{}
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df k|f]T;fxg Pjd\ kl/rfng ug{] pNn]v
5.
l pmhf{, hn;|f]t tyf l;+rfO{ If]qsf] jt{dfg cj:yf
/ efjL dfu{lrq -Zj]tkq_ @)&% df ljB't Jofkf/
zLif{scGtu{t ljB't Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf j}b]lzs d'b|f
ljlgdo hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ug{ x]lhË km08sf] :yfkgf
ul/g]5 egL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
l x]lhË;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&% sf] kl/R5]b #
df g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljb]zL C0f nufgL x'g] ljleGg
kl/of]hgfsf nflu x]lhË ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf]] 5 .
l pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod # adf]lhd x]lhË ;'ljwf k|fKt
ug{ rfxg] kl/of]hgfn] k|rlnt ;ª3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd
ljb]zL nufgL ug]{ / ljb]zL d'b|f Nofpg] :jLs[lt lnPsf]
x'g'kg]{5 / cfjZos sfuhft;lxt tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .
@(
x]lhË km08sf] dxŒj
l x]lhË km08sf] :yfkgfkZrft\ ljb]zL d'b|f ljlgdosf]
hf]lvd oxL km08dfkm{t Aoxf]l/g] x'Fbf o;sf] dxŒj Pj+
cfjZostfnfO{ tklznad]flhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
l ljB't vl/b laqmL;Demf}tfsf sf/0f k|jw{sn] k|fKt
ug]{ /sd j}b]lzs d'b|fdf ;6xL ubf{ x'g cfpg] hf]lvd
Go"lgs/0f eO{ nufgLsf] jftfj/0f sfod x'g k'Ug]] .
l g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f / o;sf ;xfos
sDkgLx¿ lghL If]qaf6 ;d]t u/L cfufld tLg jif{
leq #,))) d]ufjf6, kfFr jif{leq %,))) d]ufjf6 /
bz jif{leq cfGtl/s vktsf nflu !),))) d]ufjf6
;lxt !%,))) d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf ljB't cfof]hgfsf]
lgdf{0f ;DkGg u/L ;~rfngdf Nofpg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lb3{sfnLg nIo k"/f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] .
l k|z:t dfqfdf ljB't pTkfbg eO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
pHofnf] g]kfnsf] cleofg ;fsf/ x'g k'Ug] .
l hn;|f]t pTkfbgsf If]qdf a9\bf] hgck]IffnfO{ pknAw
;|f]t;fwgaf6 clwstd ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L cfof]hgfsf]
k|fyldsLs/0f x'g] .
l x]lhË ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ rfxg] kl/of]hgfn] k|rlnt
;ËLo sfg'gadf]lhd ljb]zL nufgL ug]{ / ljb]zL d'b|f
Nofpg] :jLs[lt lnPsf] x'g'kg]{ x'Fbf j}b]lzs nufgL
/fli6«o ah]6 k|0ffnLdfkm{t\ cfpFbf kf/blz{tf sfod
x'g] .
l g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] vftfdf hDdf x'g cfPsf] ljb]zL
d'b|fnfO{ /fi6« a}+sn] h'g ljlgod b/df x]/km]/ jf 36a9
gx'g] u/L l:y/ -ns_ ul/Psf] xf] . ;f]xL ljlgdo b/df
;Demf}tfcg';f/ ljb]zL C0fafktsf] /sd lkmtf{ e'QmfgL
kfpg] u/L /fi6« a}+sn] nufgLstf{nfO{ x]lhË ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fpg] x'Fbf o;af6 nufgLstf{sf ljb]zL d'b|f
ljlgdo;DaGwL cGof}n x6\g] .
l cy{ dGqfnon] ljb]zL ljlgdo b/sf] hf]lvd, d'b|f
l:kmlt hf]lvd, kl/of]hgfsf] k|s[lt :jk'FhL, C0fsf]
c+z, C0f e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ cjlw / kl/of]hgfsf] k|s[lt
;d]tsf cfwf/df kl/of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfno,
/fi6« a}+s / nufgLstf{;Fusf] cfk;L ;xdltdf x]lhË
z'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ x'Fbf cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo sfod
x'g] .
l x]lhË z'Ns k|fKt u/]kl5 g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ;DalGwt
#)
kl/of]hgfnfO{ x]lhË ;f]n'zg k|df0fkq klg k|bfg ug]{
x'Fbf a9L ljZjfl;nf] / e/kbf]{ x'g] .
l g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] x]lhË;DaGwL sf/f]af/sf] n]vf g]kfn
n]vf dfkb08adf]lhd /fVg] x'Fbf cfly{s cg'zf;g
sfod x'g] .
l /fi6« a}+sn] k|To]s jif{ x]lhË ;'ljwf ;DaGwdf eP
u/]sf sfd sf/afxLsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L cfly{s
jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgfleq cy{ dGqfnodf k]z
ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] pQ/bfloTj Pj+ hjfkmb]lxtf sfod x'g
k'Ug] .
l ljb]zL nufgL kl/rfngåf/f lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf
a9fO{ cf}Bf]lusLs/0fnfO{ tLa|tf lbg] .
l pbf/ Pj+ v'nf gLltcg's"n gLltut tyf ;+:yfut
;'wf/ x'g] .
l /f]huf/Lsf gofF If]q / tl/sf lj:tf/ eO{ /f]huf/Lsf]
>[hgfdfkm{t\ hLjg:t/ psfl;g] Pj+ ul/jL Go"lgs/0f
x'g] .
l cfw'lgs k|ljlw lelqg'sf ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o k'FhLsf]
ahf/Ls/0f / pkof]u x'g] .
l cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ tof/ ug{sf nflu cfjZos
nufgLsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod x'g] .
l pTkfbsLo Ifdtfdf clej[l4 x'g] .
l k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g] .
l Jofkf/3f6f Go"lgs/0f x'g k'Ug] .
x]lhË;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf
ePsf k|d'v k|fjwfg
x]lhË;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf ePsf k|d'v k|fjwfg
tkl;nadf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
l pQm lgodfjnLadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljb]zL C0f
nufgL x'g] Ps ;o d]ufjf6 jf ;f] eGbf a9L Ifdtfsf
hnljB't pTkfbg / 220 s]=le= jf ;f] eGbf a9L
Ifdtfsf tL; lsnf]ld6/ eGbf nfdf] ljB't k|zf/0f
nfOg lgdf{0f ug]{ h:tf kl/of]hgfsf nflu x]lhË
;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
l x]lhË ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ rfxg] kl/of]hgfn] k|rlnt
;‹Lo sfg'gadf]lhd ljb]zL nufgL ug]{ / ljb]zL d'›f
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
 Nofpg] :jLs[lt lnPsf] x'g' kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
l x]lhË ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ rfxg] kl/of]hgfn] tf]lsPsf]
adf]lhdsf sfuhft ;+nUg u/L g]kfn /fi6« a}+s;dIf
lgj]bg lbg'kg]{5 .
l pQm lgj]bgpk/ g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] cfjZos ljj/0f /
sfuhft k"/f gePdf jf s'g} ljifodf yk :ki6 kfg{
cfjZos b]v]df a}+Ín] lgj]bsnfO{ To:tf] ljj/0f jf
sfuhft k]z ug{ jf ;f] ;DjGwdf yk :ki6 ug{ nufpg
a9Ldf kG„ lbgsf] Dofb lbO lnlvt ;"rgf lbg'kg]{5 .
l k|fKt ljj/0f jf sfuhftsf cfwf/df lgj]bg pk/
hfFra'em ubf{ g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] x]lhË ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{
g;lsg] b]lvPdf a}Ín] ;f] ;DaGwL lg0f{osf] lnlvt
hfgsf/L ;ft lbgleq lgj]bsnfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
l x]lhË ;'ljwf lbg dgfl;j b]lvPdf g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kl/jt{gLo ljb]zL d'›fdf C0f lng] /
;fy} k|fKt x'g] ljb]zL d'›f a}sn] tf]s]sf] ;dodf a}Í
vftfdf hDdf ug]{ clwgdf /xL lgj]bsnfO{ x]lhË
;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ :jLs[lt lbg]5 .
l g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] lgj]bsnfO{ ljb]zL d'›f hDdf ug{
pknAw u/fPsf] a}+s vftfdf nufgLstf{n] a}Ín]
tf]s]sf] cjlwleq ljb]zL d'›f hDdf ug{'kg]{5 .
l vftfdf ljb]zL d'›f hDdf ePkl5 a}Ín] To:tf] ljb]zL
d'›f hDdf ubf{sf] lbg sfod /x]sf] ljlgdo b/cg';f/
g]kfnL d'›fdf kl/jt{g u/L kl/of]hgfsf] gfddf /x]sf]
s'g} jfl0fHo a}Ísf] vftfdf To:tf] kl/jt{g g]kfnL d'›f
hDdf ul/lbg]5 .
l lgodfjnLsf] lgod ( df ljlgdo b/ l:y/ -ns_ ug]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, h;cg';f/ /fi6« a}+sn] h'g ljlgdo
b/df g]kfnL d'›fdf kl/jt{g u/]sf] xf], ;f] ljlgdo b/df
x]/km]/ jf 36a9 gx'g] u/L l:y/ -ns_ ug]{ k|fjwfg
/x]sf] 5 . ns ul/Psf] ljlgdo b/df ;Demf}tfcg';f/
ljb]zL C0fafktsf] /sd lkmtf{ e'QmfgL kfpg] u/L a}Ín]
nufgLstf{nfO{ x]lhË ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg]5 .
l cy{ dGqfnon] ljb]zL ljlgdo b/sf] hf]lvd, d'›f
l:kmlt hf]lvd, kl/of]hgfsf] k|s[lt :jk'FhL, C0fsf]
c+z, C0f e'QmfgL ug{'kg]{ cjlw / kl/of]hgfsf] k|s[lt
;d]tsf cfwf/df kl/of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfno,
/fi6« a+}s / nufgL stf{;Fusf] cfk;L ;xdltdf x]lhË
z'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
l lgwf{/0f ePsf] x]lhË z'Ns ;DalGwt kl/of]hgfn]
a}Ídf a'emfpg' kg]{5 / x]lhË z'Ns k|fKt u/]kl5 a}Ín]
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
;DalGwt kl/of]hgfnfO{ tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf x]lhË
;f]n';g k|df0fkq lbg] / pQm k|df0fkq kl/of]hgfsf]
k|s[ltcg';f/ a9Ldf kfFr jif{;Dd gjLs/0f ug{
;Sg]5 .
l o; lgodfjnLadf]lhd k|bfg ul/Psf] x]lhËsf] cjlw
kl/of]hgfsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ a9Ldf bz jif{sf] x'g]5 .
l a}Ín] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] kl/jt{gLo
ljb]zL d'›fsf nflu dfq o; lgodfjnLadf]lhd x]lhË
;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{5 .
l x]lhË sf]ifdf /xg] /sdsf] ;Ldf a}Ín] lgwf{/0f
u/]adf]lhd x'g]5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] sf]ifdf hDdf
ePsf] /sdsf] nufgL Pjd\ cfjZos Joj:yfkg ug]{
/ nufgLaf6 k|fKt k|ltkmn h'g d'›fdf k|fKt ePsf] xf],
;f]xL d'›fdf a}Ín] x]lhË sf]ifdf hDdf ug{'kg]{5 .
l o; lgodfjnLadf]lhd x]lhË ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fpg] ;DaGwdf a}Ín] cy{ dGqfno, kl/of]hgf;Fu
;DalGwt dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;DalGwt lgsfo /
nufgLstf{;Fu cfjZos ;dGjo Pj+ k/fdz{ ug{k' g]{5 .
lgZsif{
g]kfnL d'b|f;Fu 8n/sf] efp 36a9 x'Fbf x'g] ljlgdo hf]lvd
sd ug{] p2]Zo;lxt x]lhË km08 :yfkgfsf] k|fjwfg
/flvPsf] xF'bf km08n] ljb]zL nufgL a9fpg ;xof]u k'Ug]
ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{, hnljB't pTkfbgsf If]qdf
lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg x'g] u/L j}b]zLs nufgL leq\ofpg
x]lhË km08;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf pNn]lvt ljifonfO{
sfof{Gjog ub{} cufl8 a9\g] qmddf /g ckm l/e/, lklsË /g
ckm l/e/ tyf hnfzoo'tm u/L ltg lsl;dsf hnljB't\
cfof]hgfsf nflu ljB't vl/b laqmL ;Demf}tf (PPA)
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] ug{] xF'bf o;sf] ;kmntfsf]
nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f / lghL If]q
h:tf ;a} kIf ldnL cufl8 a9\g' cfhsf] cfjZostf
b]lvG5 . x]lhË;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&% sfof{Gjogdf
cfOkg]{ cGof}n x6fpg cy{ dGqfno tyf g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn]
cfGtl/s sfo{ljlw tof/ ug{ cfjZos 5 .
me.ramilakoirala@gmail.com
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@
@= x]lhË;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&%
#= ljb]zL ljlgdo lgoldt ug]{ P]g, @)!(
$= g]kfn ;/sf/, phf{, hn;|f]t tyf l;FrfO{ dGqfnon] hf/L u/]sf] Zj]tkq,
@)&%
#!
 g]kfndf ljB't ;kgf
rGb| Hof]ltb]lv x/ 3/sf]
r'Nxf] / ;jf/L ;fwg;Dd
/lj lg/f}nf
l;lgo/ ld6/ l/8/, uf}zfnf ljt/0f s]]Gb|, dxf]Q/L, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
n;|f]tn] ;DkGg b]z g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{
oflGqs zlQmsf ¿kdf hnljB't /x]sf] 5, h;nfO{
white dollar, ;]tf] sf]Onfsf ¿kdf ;d]t lnOG5 .
ljB't ljsf;sf nflu kxf8L e"–efuaf6 aUg] gbLx¿
g} k|d'v ;|f]t x'g\ . g]kfnsf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ x'Fb}
ljleGg efuaf6 sl/a 5 xhf/ gbLgfnfaf6 jflif{s
@@% cj{ So'ljs ln6/ kfgL aU5 eg] oxfF aUg] tLg
7"nf gbLx¿ sf]zL, u08sL / s0ff{nL gbLx¿sf]
axfj If]q / cGo gbLx¿af6 lqof;L xhf/ d]ufjf6
ljB't pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] s'/f cWoogn] b]vfPsf]
5 . g]kfndf Ps} gbLdf ljleGg 7fpFdf ljB't
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ef}uf]lns kl/l:ylt 5 . pmhf{sf]
If]qdf g]kfn blIf0f Pl;ofnfO{ g} pHofnf] kfg{ ;Sg]
Ifdtf af]s]sf] ljZjsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] hn;|f]tn] ;DkGg
d'n's xf] .
g]kfndf ljB'tsf] Oltxf;sf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] xfdLn]
Pp6f nfdf] ;do latfO;s]sf 5f}F . xfdLn] lj=;+
!(^* df hnljB't pTkfbgdfkm{t\ o; If]qdf
kbfk{0f u/]sf xf}F . g]kfnn] cfkm"n] ljB't pTkfbg
;'? ul/;Sbf klg l5d]sL /fi6«x¿ 6'lsd} /dfO/x]sf]
xfdL;Fu Oltxf; ;fIfL 5 . g]kfnn] Tof] aLrdf pmhf{
If]qsf] nfdf] ;dofjlwdf Pp6f s5'jf ultsf] k|ult
#@
klg dx;'; ug{ kfPg . of] Pp6f sfnf] ;do /x\of] .
g]kfnsf] ljB'tsf] ljsf;qmd / cfufdL ;kgfnfO{
oxfF ljleGg r/0fdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
ljB'tdf ;"of]{bo
g]kfnsf] hnljB'tdf ;'?cft tTsfnLg /f0ff
k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/n] cfˆgf] dxndf pHofnf] kfg]{
x]t'n] lj=;+ !(^* df kmlk{Ë hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf]
%)) lsnf]jf6 pTkfbg ;'? ePaf6 xfdL Pl;ofs}
bf];|f] ljB't pTkfbg ug]{ /fi6«df ;dflxt eof}F t/
ljB't pTkfbg t eof] t/ s]xL dxndf dfq Tof]
ljt/0f eof] . Tof] kl5sf ofqf eg] pmhf{ ljsf;sf]
If]qdf g]kfnsf] nflu ;'vb\ /x]g . ;g\ !(#$ df
;'Gb/Lhndf :yflkt 5 ;o lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf]
hnljB't kl/of]hgf / ljB't ljt/0f sfo{nfO{
Jojl:yt ug{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] ljh'nL c8\8f afx]s
Tof] sfnv08n] ;Demg nfos 7"nf] 5fk eg] 5f8\g
;s]g . g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] ljsf;sf] Pp6f k|d'v
d]?b08sf] ;+efjgf af]s]sf] ljB't ljsf;nfO{ Wofg
lbg ;s]g, Tof] lgoltsf] kmn xfdL cfh;Dd klg
ef]Ub}5f}F . Tof] o'u o:tf] /x\of], xfdLn] To; kl5sf
Ps jif{;Dd Ps xhf/ d]ufjf6 ljh'nL ;d]t pTkfbg
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
ug{ ;s]gf} . ha ls xfdL eGbf lgs} kl5 ljB't pTkfbgdf
xft xfn]sf d'n's o;}af6 ;d[4 ag] .
;+:yfut ;'¿cft M g]=lj=k|f+ sf] cEo'bo
lj=;+ @)!( ;fn efb| ! ut] lah'nL c8\8fsf] gfd km]/]/
g]kfn ljB't skf]{/]zg ul/of] eg] To; ;dodf o;sf]
p2]ZonfO{ s]xL dfqfdf kl/dfh{g ;d]t ul/of] . c8\8fnfO{
skf]{/]zg agfpg g]kfn ljB't skf]{/]zg P]g @)!( nfu"
ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfndf ;+:yfut tj/n] ljB't ljsf;df
of] ;+:yfnfO{ cl3 ;fl/of] . o; ;+:yfgnfO{ cfTdlge{/
agfpg / ljB't pTkfbgdf lglh If]qsf] klg nufgL k|jb{g
ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g @)$! cGtu{t
@)$@ ;fn ebf} ! ut] -;g\ !(*% cu:6 !^_ af6 g]kfn
ljB't skf]{/]zgnfO{ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f agfOPsf]
xf] . g]kfndf hnljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0fsf]
lhDd]jf/L axg ul//x]sf] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] d'Vo
e"ldsfnfO{ oxfF lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 M
l ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0f u/L ljB'tsf] ;xh,
;'ne / kxF'r of]Uo cfk"lt{ ug]{,
l ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0f tyf ;f] ;Fu ;DalGwt
ljleGg of]hgf agfpg] / tL of]hgfsf] ;kmntd
sfof{Gjog ug]{,
l ljB't pTkfbg s]Gb|, ?kfGt/ s]Gb|, ljt/0f s]Gb| k|;f/0f
/ ljt/0f nfOg tyf ;f] ;DaGwL ;'ljwfsf] lgdf{0f,
;~rfng, ;/+If0f / ;Da{4g ug]{,
l cf}Bf]lus, s[lif ljsf; tyf hgtfsf] ;'ljwfsf nflu
cfly{s b[li6n] pko'Qm If]qdf ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f /
ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
l ljB't dx;'n / cGo ;]jf z'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{,
l ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0f ;DaGwdf cfjZos
cg';Gwfg sfo{ ug]{
l ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0f ;DaGwdf bIf hgzlQm
tof/ ug]{ .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+:yfgsf] juL{s/0fdf hgpkof]uL ;+:yfgsf]
¿kdf juL{s[t g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f hgpQ/bfoL xF'b}
cfkm\gf] ;+:yfsf] eljio klg ;'lglZrt ub}{ cl3 al9/x]sf]
cj:yf 5 . o;n] g]kfndf ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f /
ljt/0fsf] sfo{ ug]{ qmddf g]kfnL hgtfsf] k"0f{ ;xof]u
kfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;doqmd;Fu} o; ;+:yfgn] klg s]xL
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
tLtfdL7f cg'ej a6'Nb} / cljrlnt geO{ …pHofnf] g]kfn
cleofgÚnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ cxf]/fq tlNng b]lvG5 . g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0fsf] vf;u/L hnljB'tsf] ;du| ljsf;df
ct'ngLo of]ubfg 5 .
ljB'tsf] r/d cefj / ;dfwfg
xfdLn] s'g} ;do pmhf{ cefjsf]] sfnf] ;do klg ef]Uof}+ .
b]zn] r/d pmhf{ ;ª\s6dfkm{t\ 306f}F nf]8;]l8Ëdf hgtfnfO{
a:g' kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf u¥of] . rfx]/ klg ljB't pkef]u
ug{ rfxg] pkef]Qmfn] ljB't clt cfjZos dfqfdf klg
kfPgg\ . ;g\ @))% kl5sf] em08} !@ jif{sf]] cjlw xfdL
r/d ljB't cefjaf6 u'lh|of}F . jiff{tdf ljB't cln cln
ljt/0f ug{ ;s] klg lxpFbsf] ;do cem ljs/fn ¿kdf
/xGYof] . b]z nf]8;]l8Ën] lynlynf] lyof] . pBf]uwGbf
k|foM 7Kk;/x lyP . cGo pmhf{sf] pkef]uaf6 pTkflbt
j:t' / ;]jf dx+uf] x'GYof] . a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of PsfPs
a9\g yfNof] . b]zn] ef]u]sf] pmhf{ cefjsf] pTsif{sf a]nf
b]zdf s'g} ;Defjgf gb]Vg]sf] hdft w]/} x'g yfNof] . o'jf
ljb]z knfogsf] b/ x\jfQ} a9\g nfUof] . o;sf cGo sf/0f
;Fu;Fu} pmhf{ ;+s6 klg k|d'v sf/0f lyof] . nf]8;]l8Ësf]
tfnLsf x/ 3/sf] leQfx¿sf] lgolt g} eO;s]sf] lyof] .
b]zsf] o:tf] ljs/fn cj:yfaf6 kf/ kfpg d'n's uDeL/
;f]rdf tlNng eof] . To;kl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] pmhf{ ;+s6sf]
3f]if0ff ub}{ pmhf{ cefjaf6 d'Qm x'g pmhf{nfO{ ljz]if Wofg
lbg ;'? u¥of] . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnufot lghL If]qsf]
Joj:yfkgdf Jofks ;'wf/ ul/of] . ljB't pTkfbgdf hf]8
lbOof] . j}b]lzs nufgL leq\ofpg] jftfj/0f / cj:yfnfO{
;xh agfOof] . ljB't pTkfbg dfq sd xf]Og, ePs}
ljB'tsf] klg ;xL ;b'kof]u geO{ cfwfh;f] ljB't r'xfj6
x'GYof]] . ljB't r'xfj6df pNn]Vo ¿kdf Go'gLs/0f NofOof] .
clg dfq nf]8;]l8Ëd'Qm g]kfnsf] sNkgf / ;kgf ;fsf/
kfg]{tkm{ /fi6« cu|;/ b]lvof] . 5f]6f] ;dodfg} /fHosf x/
;+oGqn] Ps eP/ of] If]qdf cfzfnfUbf] cj:yf l;h{gf
u/]/ o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhDd]jf/ sfFwnfO{ 9f8;, cfF6
/ xf};nf k|bfg u¥of] .
ljB'tdf cfTdlge{/
;kgf, r'gf}tL / cj;/
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] cfkm";Fu kof{Kt lah'nL /x]sf] /
o;sf] vkt a9fpgsf nflu cfd cfx\jfg u/];Fu} g]=lj=k|f=
sf] ;fydf k'/f b]zn] Pp6f ;'vb lbgsf] cg'e"lt ug{ yfn]sf]
5 . OGwgsf] sf/0f g]kfnLn] ef]u]sf] nfdf] ;dosf] kL8f
ca ljB'tsf] cfTdlge{tftkm{sf] sbdsf ;kgf;Fu /dfpg
##
yfn]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/ s]xL jif{leq g} ;a} g]kfnLsf]
3/df ljB't k'¥ofpg] cleofgdf ;dlk{t eO;s]sf] 5, ;fy}
jiff{tsf] ;dodf cfTdlge{/ eO;s]sf] b]z csf]{ ;fnjf6
ljB't lgof{t ug]{ /fi6« aGg]tkm{ pGd'v 5 . rfn' cfly{s
jif{leq ljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf b'O{ xhf/ d]ufjf6sf] xf/fxf/Ldf
k'Ug] lglZrt 5 . g]kfndf ljB'tsf] vkt a9fpgsf nflu
Uof; r'Nxf]sf] ;f6f] ljB'tLo r'Nxf]sf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg]
cjwf/0ffsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/n]
Uof; l;lnG8/df lbFb} cfPsf] cg'bfg s6f}tL u/]/ ljB'tLo
r'Nxf]sf nflu cg'bfg lbg] ;f]r agfPsf] 5 . ca ljB'tLo
;jf/L ;fwgsf] pTkfbg / pkof]usf nflu kxnsf] yfngL
eO;s]sf] 5 . k]6«f]n kDksf] :yfg On]lS6«s rfh{ :6]zgn]
lng] ;kgf xfdLn] lgs6 eljiodf g} ;fsf/ kfb}{5f}F . b]zdf
ljB't ;d[l4sf] ;+jfxs ag]/ cfPsf] 5 .
hnljB'ttkm{sf] cfufdL sbd
ljB'tLo r'Nxf]dfkm{t\ OGwg Uof; cfoft lg¿T;flxt ug]{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfofltt OGwgdf lbOFb} cfPsf] cg'bfgsf]
/sd ljB'tsf] vkt a9fpg Uof; r'Nxf]df lbg] cjwf/0fsf]
;'?cft ug{ uO/x]sf] 5 .
ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] pRrtd
k|of]uaf6 cfofltt OGwg lj:yflkt ug]{
g]kfndf cfoftLt OGwgn] ;do;dodf lbPsf] lk8f /
;f:tLsf] pQd ljsNksf] ¿kdf /x]sf] hnljB'tdfkm{t\
ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] pRrtd k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf o;nfO{
dxŒjsf ;fy ;d]6]sf] 5 . ca /fHon] OGwgdf lgof{t
u/]sf] caf}F{ ?k}ofF dfq hf]ufpFb}g, dx+uf ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{
lskmfotL ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgn] lj:yflkt ub}{ nUg]5 .
x/ 3/ x/ ;do cfˆg} ljh'nL
s]xL jif{b]lv xfdLn] lgjf{w ljB'tsf] k|of]u t u/]sf 5fF} t/
xfdL cem} klg b]zsf x/ 3/df ljB'tsf] pHofnf] k'¥ofpg
k|of;/t 5f}F . ef/taf6 cfoftLt ljB'tnfO{ lg?T;flxt
ub}{ /fHosf x/]s If]qdf cfkm\g} pTkflbt ljB't k'u]sf]
cj:yfsf] xfdL lgs} glhs 5fF} .
lah'nL lgof{tdfkm{t\ ;d[4 /fi6« lgdf{0f
g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] b]zdf pTkfbg x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ljB't oxfF g}
pkef]u ug{ ;Dej 5}g . To;sf/0f ;d[4 /fi6« lgdf{0fsf
nflu ljB't cfoft h?/L 5, o;n] Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ub}{
sfnfGt/df b]z ljsl;t agfpg d2t ub{5 .
#$
cf}Bf]lus tyf s[lif qmflGtdfkm{t\ cy{tGqdf sfofkn6
cfhsf] ljZj cf}Bf]lus o'u xf], b]zsf] cy{tGqdf 5nfË
nufpg To; /fi6«sf] cf}Bf]lus tyf s[lif If]qsf] cToflws
k|of]u ePsf] x'g'k5{ . ljB't ljgfsf] cf}Bf]lus / cfw'lgs
s[lif qmflGt k|foM c;Dej 5 . To;}n] g]kfn ;'ud ¿kdf
kfpg ;Sg] hn pmhf{sf] clwstd nfe lng]tkm{ nfnflot
5.
o'jf /f]huf/df ljb]z knfogdf lgoGq0f
xfdL b]zdf ;Defjgf gb]v]/ ljb]zL d'n'sdf ef}tf/Lg afWo
5f}F t/ hnljB'tdfkm{t\ cf}Bf]lusLs/0f / cfw'lgs s[lif
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;dfkm{t\ b]zsf] cy{tGq dha't aGb} ubf{
cj;/sf nfvfF} 9f]sf klg v'Nb} hfg]5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf
b]zdf /f]huf/ tyf :j/f]huf/sf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g]5 .
xfdLn] b]v]sf] ;d[¢ g]kfnleq ;d[¢ pmhf{ If]qsf] ljsf; /
pHofnf] cfTdlge{/ g]kfn /xg' h?/L 5 . t/ of] Tolt ;xh
eg] kSs} 5}g . ljB'tdf cfTdlge{tfsf] sbdsf s]xL d'Vo
r'gf}tLnfO{ oxFf a'bfFut ¿kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 M
l b]zdf ljB'tsf] pTkfbg sd eP/ nf]8;]l8ª ug'{kg]{
afWotfaf6 xfdL d'Qm x'g] cj:yfsf] ;3fF/df 5f}F t/
lgs6 eljiodf g} pTkflbt lah'nL /fli6««o tyf cGt/
f{li6«o :t/df ljB't ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf]] lj:tf/df Wofg
glbg] xf] / ljB'tsf] ahf/ gvf]Hg] xf] eg] lah'nL w]/}
eP/ v]/ hfg] cj:yf r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5 .
l cfof]hgfsf] :jLs[lt lng] t/ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf sfd
gug]{ x'bfF cfof]hgf xf]N8 /xg] k|j[lQn] csf]{ r'gf}tL
v8f u/]sf] 5 .
l cfof]hgfsf lgdf{0fsf] qmddf a]nfa]nfdf ljleGg
sf/0fn] kg]{ :yfgLo bjfjn] ubf{ :j:km"t{ ¿kdf sfo{
;~rfng ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g, h;sf] sf/0f
cfof]hgf ;DkGgtfdf l9nfO{ dfq geO{ vlr{nf] ;d]t
aGg] u/]sf] 5 .
l g]kfndf hnljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0fsf] If]qdf sfd
ug]{ bIf hgzlQm / pks/0fsf] ;Lldttf 5, h;sf]
kmn:j?k ck]Iff u/]cg'?k sfo{ ;~rfng ug{' r'gf}tL
5.
l g]kfn ef}uf]lns ljifdtfn] hsl8Psf] d'n's xf],
oxfFsf] b''u{d ef}uf]lns cjl:yltsf sf/0f ljB'tsf]
pTkfbgdf c;xhtf dfq geO{ To;sf] k|;f/0f / ljt/0f
If]qdf klg vlr{nf] / cK7\of/f] x'g] cj:yf r'gf}tLsf]
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
 ;d[4 g]kfnsf] Pp6f alnof] vDafsf]
?kdf /x]sf] hnljB'tsf] ljsf;df
Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .
¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} k|fs[lts ;Dkbfn] el/k"0f{ b]zdf
ljB'tsf] k|;f/0f tyf pTkfbgdf tL ;Dkbfsf] ;/+If0f
ub}{ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ cl3 a9fpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ aGb}
cfPsf] 5 .
l nfdf] ;do;Dd gf]S;fgL a]xf]/]sf] g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fn] Ps} ;dodf ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f /
ljt/0fsf] If]qdf sfofkn6 x'g] u/L nufgL ug{ ;d:of
kg]{ b]lvG5 .
l nufgLstf{sf] cfsif{0f pTkfbgsf] If]qdf dfq b]lvPsf]
t/ pTkflbt lah'nLn] ahf/ kfpg To;sf] lj:tf/sf
nfuL cfjZos kg]{ k|;f/0f nfO{gsf] lgdf{0f, dd{t tyf
;'wf/sf] If]qdf sd dfqfdf /x]sfn] pQm If]qdf nufgL
leq\ofpg' r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
l /g ckm l/e/sf] dfWodaf6 pTkflbt ljB't lxpFbdf
sd eO{ ;d:of ef]Ug' kg]{ tyf jiff{df Hofbf pTkfbg
eO{ ahf/ gkfpg] ePsfn] To;sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg
r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
l e"kl/j]li7t /fi6« ePsfn] g]kfnn] pTkflbt ljB't
;xhtfsf] ;fy csf{] d'n's lgof{t ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
g]kfn ljB't ljsf;sf] Pp6f :j0f{ o'usf] ;F3f/df 5 .
xfdLn] r'gf}tLsf kxf8nfO{ dfq lgofNg] / o;nfO{ l5rf]Ng]
k|of; ;d]t klg gug]{ xf] eg] sltko ;kgf ;kgfdf g}
l;ldt /xg] kSsf 5 t/ of] j]nf r'gf}tLsf kxf8nfO{
cj;/sf vf]N;fn] l5rf]ln/x]sf] eg] kSs} 5 . oxfF To:tf
s]xL ;'vb cj;/nfO{ klg ;d]l6Psf] 5 M
l b]zn] nfdf] ;dokl5 /fhgLlts l:y/tf kfPsf] 5,
h;n] ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0fsf] If]qdf w]/}
;xhtf ePsf] 5 . ;fy} /fHosf x/]s ;+oGq ljB't
ljsf;df tbf?stfsf ;fy nfluk/]sf] 5 .
l alnof] cy{tGqsf] d'Vo vDjf hnljB't lasf; /x]sf]
cfTdaf]w x/ g]kfnLnfO{ x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
l ljB't pTkfbgsf] If]qdf dfq geO{ pHofnf] g]kfn
cleofgdf lghL If]qsf] pNnf;do ;xeflutf /xFb}
cfPsf] 5 .
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
l ljb]zL nufgLsf nfuL pj{/ / ;xh ;do 5 . nfdf]
;do åGå / /fhgLlts cl:y/tfn] ljb]zL nufgLsf]
nflu c;'/lIft aGb} uPsf] d'n's cfh nufgL
;'/lIft d'n'sdf kl/0ft xF'b} hfg' o; If]qsf nflu
nfebfos xf] .
l k|lta4 /fHosf] ;o+Gqsf sf/0f /fHon] cfkm\gf]
d'Vo sfo{ef/sf] ¿kdf hnljB''tdfkm{tsf] ;d[l4sf]
lhDd]jf/L axg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
l s'g} ;do nf]8;]l8Ë lgolt g} xf] h:tf] nfUg] g]kfnL
;dfhsf] xfnsf] pknlAwaf6 yk xf}l;Fb} …ug{ ;lsg]
/x]5Ú eGg] cfTdljZjf;df j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
l ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0fsf] cx+ e"ldsf af]s]sf]
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] s'zn g]t[Tj / pmhf{zLn
sd{rf/L ;+oGqsf sf/0f b]zn] caf}{F ?k}ofFsf] ljB't
r'xfj6 lgoGq0f dfq u/]g ls ljB'ttkm{sf] cfTdlge{tfdf
7"nf] 6]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
cGTodf,
g]kfnn] ljB't pTkfbg;Fu ;Fu} o;sf] tLj| la:tf/ tyf
km/flsnf] ahf/ vf]Hg h?/L 5 . xfdL Jofkf/3f6fsf
sf/0f lynlynf] cj:yfdf cy{tGq rnfpFb} cfPsf
5fF} . ljB'tsf] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf nflu xfdLn] l5d]sL
d'n's ef/t, rLgsf] cnfjf blIf0f Pl;of / k"lj{ Pl;ofsf
au+nfb]z, DofGdf/, kfls:tfgnufotsf d'n's;Fu klg
;xsfo{ ug{ ;S5f}F, h;n] ljB'tsf] lgof{taf6 cfDbfgL dfq
ub}{g ls OGwg cfoftnfO{ lj:tf/} sd ub}{ gfkmfsf] Jofkf/
ug{ ;xhtf k|bfg u5{ . s'g} ;do xfdLnfO{ ljB't k'¥ofpg
wf}F wfF} lyof] t/ ca To:tf] kl/l:ylt 5}g, cfh g]kfnsf x/
3/df lah'nL k'¥ofP/ ef]ln xfdLn] To;sf] ljZj ahf/sf
nflu k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg cTofjZos 5 .
xfdLnfO{ s'g} lbg uj{ dx;'; x'g] 5 M xfdL ljB't lgof{taf6
;d[4 blIf0f Pl;ofsf] e"–kl/j]li7t d'n's g]kfnsf gful/s
xfF} eg]/ . cfof]hgfdf nufgL h'6fpg hlt kxn xfdLn]
ljutdf u¥ofF} / cfh klg ub}{5f}F . casf] ;do To;sf]
Jofkf/ lj:tf/sf nflu vr{ ug'{kg]{5 . xfdLn] b]Vg yfn]sf]
;kgfdf t'iff/f]kft x'g glbg / km]l/ xfdLn] ef]lu;s]sf] sfnf]
lgolt gef]Ug x/ If]q rgfvf] / ;hu dfq xf]Og, Pstfa4
eP/ xft]dfnf] ug{ h?/L 5 . g]kfnn] ;d[4 g]kfnsf] Pp6f
alnof] vDafsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] hnljB'tsf] ljsf;df Wofg
lbg' h?/L 5 . l
bardibasprasakha.nea@gmail.com
#%
 ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fdf
ljB't k|flws/0f
dg's'df/L k'nfdL du/
l;lgo/ ld6/ l/8/, uf}zfnf ljt/0f s]]Gb|, dxf]Q/L, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
n;Dd g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f tyf lghL If]qåf/f
sl/a !@&% d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkflbt 5, h;dWo]
sl/a ^$) d]ufjf6 hnljB't lghL If]qaf6
pTkfbg eP klg ;f] sf nflu k|fljlws ;xof]u,
lk=lk=P / lghL If]qaf6 pTkflbt ljB't vktsf]
ahf/ Aoa:yfkg ;d]t g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn]
g} ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !((^ df g]kfnsf]
hnljB't ljsf;df lghL If]qn] k|j]z u/]sf] eP
klg xfn;Dd s;}n] klg ljB't ljsf;sf] !)*
aif]{ Oltxf;df rf;f] gb]vfP tfklg g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fn] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0f;lxtsf]
Multi-Functional Responsibility lgjf{x ub}{
cfPsf] 5 . xfn !! s]=eL=, ## s]=eL, !#@ s]=eL
x'b} @@) s]=eL=;Ddsf] k|zf/0f nfOg w]/} :yfgdf
alg;s]sf] 5 eg] aGb} klg /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
!%cfF} of]hgf cfwf/kq ;dLIffcg';f/ !! s]=eL=
nfOg $##%@ ls=ld=, ## s]=eL= k|;f/0f nfOg
&@&& ;ls{6 lsnf]ld6/ / ^^ s]=eL= tyf ;f] eGbf
dflysf k|;f/0f nfOg * xhf/ ;ls{6 ls=ld k'¥ofpg]
nIo /x]sf] 5 . $)) s]=eL= qm; af]8{/ k|;f/0f
nfOg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0faf6
xF'b} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] g]t[Tjdf
$%^ d]ufjf6sf] dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL, /3'u+uf
#^
hnljB't cfof]hgf $) d]ufjf6, tgx'F hnljB't
cfof]hgf !$) d]ufjf6, dflyNnf] lqz'nL y|L la
#& u]ufjf6 lrlnd] sDkgLsf ;xfos sDkgLx¿
/;'jfu9L hnljB't cfof]hgfaf6 !!! d]ufjf6, dWo
ef]6]sf]zL hnljB't cfof]hgfaf6 !@) d]ufjf6, /
;fGh]g b'j} hnljB't cfof]hgfaf6 $@=% / !$=^
u/L %&=! d]ufjf6 u/L sl/a @&) d]ufj6 / cGo
cfof]hgfaf6 ljB't pTkfbg x'g] cj:yfdf 5 .
pHofnf] cfofd
xfn;Dd sl/j ()=&) k|ltzt kl/jf/df ljB't
k'u]sf] 5 . xfn g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] #( nfv
!) xhf/ u|fxs /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] sl7g ef}uf]lns
cj:yfsf] afah'b pTkfbg, s]Gb|Lo k|;f/0f / ljt/0f
nfOg lj:tf/ u/L xfn;Dd sl/a &* k|ltzt
hgtfn] s]Gb|Lo k|;f/0f nfOgsf] ljB't pkef]u ug{
kfPsf 5g\ . cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷)&& sf] ah]6df
pmhf{;DaGwL ah]6df u/]sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ of]
cfly{s jif{df sl/a ! xhf/ d]ufjf6 ljB't /fli6«o
ljB't k|0ffnLdf yk x'g]5 . xfn g]kfnsf] k|ltJolQm
ljB't vkt @$% lsnf]jf6 306f /x]sf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷)&& sf] ah]6df pmhf{;DaGwL
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
ah]6df u/]sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ #%)) d]ufjf6sf] cfof]hgf
;'? ug]{, k|To]s k|b]zdf @ / @ j6f cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf]
3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 . s'zn Joj:yfkg kfPkl5 nf]8;]l8ª
cGTo ug{ ;kmn ePsf] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] !%cf}F
of]hgf cfwf/kq ;dLIffcg';f/ hnljB'tsf] hl8t Ifdtf
%))) d]ufjf6 k'¥ofpg], k|ltJolQm ljB't vkt o'lg6nfO{ &
;o lsnf]jf6 306f k'¥ofpg], ;a} :yfgLo tx / (( k|ltzt
hgtfdf ljB't k'¥ofpg], ljB'tLo k"jf{wf/ k'u]sf] :yfgLo
lgsfo ;a} &%# j6} x'g] / @) k|ltztdf /x]sf] ljB't
r'xfa6 !$ k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIonfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ yk of]ubfg
ug'kg]{ lhDd]jf/L cem} 5 . of] nIo k"/f ePdf b]zdf aFfsL
/x]sf 3/sf]] kx'Fr ljB'tdf k'Ug'sf ;fy} pHofnf] cfofdsf]
cg'e"lt ;d]t ug{ ;lsg] ck]Iff /fVg ;lsG5 .
/f]huf/L
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] cf}Bf]lus tyf s[lif ljsf; tyf
hgtfsf] ;'ljwfsf nflu cfly{s b[li6n] pko'Qm If]qdf
pko'Qm :t/sf] ljB't pTkfbg k|zf/0f / lasf;df hf]8 lbb}
cfPsf] 5 . hnljB't ljsf;sf nflu :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL
nufgL cfsif{s eO/x]sf] 5, h;sf sf/0f d'n'ssf ljleGg
:yfgdf ;~rflnt tyf lgdf{0ffwLg ljleGg hnljB't
cfof]hgfx¿ dfkm{t ;d]t :yfgLon] /f]huf/L k|fKt ug]{
cj;/sf] ;[hgf ePsf] 5 .
k|yd cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&% cg';/f ( nfv @# xhf/
# ;o %^ cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgdf #@ nfv @* xhf/ $
;o %^ ;lqmo hgzlQm 5g\ . pBf]u snsf/vfgfsf]
ljsf; x'Fbf /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf eO{ ul/aL Go"lgs/0fdf ;d]t
;xof]u k'Ub5 . ljB'tsf] k|of]uaf6} pBf]u snsf/vfgfsf]
ljsf; / ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . ljB't lagfsf] pBf]u
tyf snsf/vfgfsf] ;xh ;~rfng c;Dea h:t} 5 .
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fs} sf/0f pBf]u tyf snsf/vfgf
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
cl:tTjdf 5g\ eg] pBf]u tyf snsf/vfgf rn]sf sf/0f
g} /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf klg ePsf] 5 .
cfly{s ;d[l4
g]kfnsf] ;Dd[l4sf nflu hnljB't ;a}eGbf al9 ;+efjgf
ePsf] If]q dflgG5 . hnljB'tnfO{ g]kfnL cy{tGqsf]
d]?b08s} ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . /fi6«sf] ;d[l4 hnljB't
If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/n] ;d]t ;Dej b]lvG5 . cGt/
;/sf/, ;fj{hlgs, lghL ;fem]bf/Ldf x'g] nufgL o;
If]qdf eO/x]sf] 5 tyf xfn g]kfndf ljB'tsf] pRrtd
dfu sl/a !#)) d]ufjf6 dfq /x]sf] 5 . & jif{leq !(
hnljB't cfof]hgfaf6 #$&( d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg ug]{
p2]Zo;lxt @)&% kmfNu'g @ ut]b]lv hgtfsf] hnljB't
sfo{qmd ;'? ePsf] 5 .
…g]kfnsf] kfgL, hgtfsf] nufgL, x/]s g]kfnL ljB'tsf]
z]o/ wgLÚ eGg] gf/f;lxtsf] of] sfo{qmdn] ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtfnfO{ ;d]t g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f …xfd|f] klg xf]Ú eGg]
ckgTj hufpg'sf ;fy} ljB't pTkfbgdf ;d]t ;xof]u
k'Ug]5 . b]zsf] ko{6g, a}+s, xjfO;]jf k|ljlw, ;~rf/dfWod
tyf ljleGg cfly{s lqmofsnfk ;~rfngdf ljB't ;]jfsf]
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . pBf]u tyf snsf/vfgfsf] ;xh
;~rfngsf sf/0f pTkfbgdf j[l4 tyf pTkflbt j:t'n]
:yfgLob]lv /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o :t/;Dd kfPsf] ahf/n]
/fi6«sf] cfly{s ;d[l4df d2t k'U5, h;nfO{ cem k|efjsf/L
agfpg k|fljlws tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] b]zdf pTkfbg
ug{ ;Sg] ljB'tsf] pTkfbg ug{'kg]{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . 8fS6/
xl/dfg >]i7n] ;g\ !(^& df tof/ kf/]sf] ;f]wkqcg';f/
g]kfndf *# xhf/ d]ufjf6 lah'nL lgsfNg ;lsG5 eg]
cfly{s tyf k|fljlws b[li6sf]0fn] $@ xhf/ xhf/ d]ufj6
ljB't pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ xfn;Dd s"n pTkfbgsf]
sl/j !=# k|ltzt dfq ljB't pTkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 .
ljB't cfoft lgof{tsf nflu ef/t;Fu ljB't Jofkf/
;Demf}tf eO;s]sf], a+unfb]zn] ;d]t g]kfn;Fu ljB't
Jofkf/ ug{ OR5's b]lvPsf] sf/0f ljB't Jofkf/af6 b]zs}
cfly{s ;d[l4df 7"nf] of]ubfg k'Ug] ;d]t b]lvG5 . o;sf
;fy} ljB't k|flws/0fn] lgodfg';f/ ljB't dxz'n p7fpg /
cGo ;]jf z'Ns s8fOsf ;fy ;+sng, cgflws[t ljB't
pkef]u lgoGq0f, rf]/L lgoGq0f, 6«fG;kmd{/ ljt/0f nfOg
tyf ;a:6]zg ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L dd{t vr{ tyf k|zf;lgs
vr{Dff lgoGq0f, ljB'tLo k'g{;+/rgfsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjognufotsf sfo{nfO{ ;d]t k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
oyfjt /fVg ;s] cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷@)&^ df g]kfn
#&
ljB't k|flws/0fn] & ca{ @) s/f]8 u/]sf] gfkmfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg ;s]df cfpg]] cfly{s jif{df ;d]t s"n cfDbfgLdf cem
cfly{s cfo j[l4 x'g] ;'lglZRft b]lvG5 .
ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] k|aw{gdf hf]8 lbO{ k]6«f]lnod
kbfy{nfO{ lj:yflkt ug]{ vfnsf ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgsf]
k|of]unfO{ b]zJofkL agfO{ k]6«f]lnod kbf{ysf] k/lge{/tfsf]
cGTo ug]{ u/L b]zJofkL ¿kdf rflh{ª :6]zg lgdf{0f,
Pn=kL= Uof;nfO{ lj:yflkt u/L OG8S;g r'nf]sf] k|of]udf
cfslif{t ug{ ;s]df k]6«f]lnod kbf{y tyf Uof;sf nflu
aflxl/g] /sdsf] art eO{ cfly{s ;Da[l4df ;xof]u k'Ug
;Sg] b]lvG5 . o:t} PnkL Uof;sf] ;f6f] OG8S;g r'nf]sf]
k|of]uaf6 ljB'tsf] vkt a9fpg ljB'tnfO{ lgof{t of]Uo
j:t'sf ¿kdf ljsf; u/L ljb]zL d'b|fsf] cfh{g dfkm{t
b]zdf cy{tGqsf] ljsf; eO{ cfly{s :t/ psf:g] /
;Da[4 g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf ;fsf/ kfg{ ;d]t g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] b]lvG5 .
jftfj/0fLo :jR5tf
k|b]z g+= # n] ;femf oftfoft;+usf] ;xsfo{df ljB'tLo
;jf/L ;fwg ;~rfng ug]{ eP;Fu} xfn ljB'tLo ;jf/L
;fwgsf] k|of]usf nflu !# j6f rflh{ª :6]zg ;~rfngdf
/x]sf 5g . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljB'tLo a; vl/bdf ;'?
u/]sf] kxnaf6 k]6«f]lnod kbf{ynfO{ lj:yflkt ug{ ;xof]u
k'Ug'sf ;fy} k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] k/lg{e/tfdf sdL Nofpg
;Sg] cfzf ;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 . ljB'tLo r'nLsf] k|of]udf
j[l4 ug{ ;s]df ;d]t jgh+unsf] ;+/If0f;Fu} jftfj/0fLo
:jR5tfdf ;d]t d2t k'Ug] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfnsf
;x/ ahf/df ;jf/L ;fwgaf6 lg:sg] ljiffQm w'jfFaf6
d'lQm kfpgsf nflu ;d]t ljB'tsf] k|of]u ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]
b]lvPsfn] klg ljB't k|flws/0fsf] of]ubfg emg} a9\b}
uPsf] 5 . ;fy} k[YjLdf a9\b} uPsf] tfkqmd Go"lgs/0f ug{,
k]6«f]lnod kbf{ysf] lj:yflkt u/L lu|gxfp; Uof; Go"lgs/0f
ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug] ePsfn] jftfj/0fLo :jR5tfdf ;d]]t
hnljB't pTkfbg tyf ;f] sf] pkof]usf]] 7"nf] of]ubfg
/xg]5 .
hLjgz}nLdf ;xhtf
ljB'tljgf b}lgs hLjgofkg c;Dej h:t} eO;s]sf] 5 .
sfof{no, ;+3;+:yfb]lv lnP/ vfgf ksfpg, aQL afNg, k+vf
rnfpg, lk|mh rnfpg jf ;~rf/dfWodsf ;fwg ;~rfgn
/ k|of]u ug{ jf cGo sfo{df ;d]t ljB'tsf] cfjZostf
k5{ . ljB't pknAwtfaf6 k|ljlwd}qL ultljlwdf ;xhtfsf
sf/0f ;dosf] art, hLjgz}nLdf ;xhtf g]kfn ljB't
#*
@)&% / @)&^ df g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fn] & ca{ @) s/f]8 u/]sf]
gfkmfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;s]df cfpg]]
cfly{s jif{df ;d]t s'n cfDbfgLdf cem
cfly{s cfo j[l4 x'g] ;'lglZRft b]lvG5 .
k|flws/0fs} of]ubfgaf6 ;Dej ePsf] xf] .
t/ olt xF'bfx'Fb} klg g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] ljB't
;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{, u'0f:t/o'Qm, :t/Lo, ;j{;'ne / ;'/lIft
agfO{{, 7"nf 7"nf cfof]hgfnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg cfjZos
b]lvG5 lsgls dfly pNn]lvt ljljw sf/0f g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fsf] of]ubfg pNn]vgLo /x]tfklg ;du| ljB't
ljsf;sf] nfdf] Oltxf;df xfn;Dd dfu / cfk"lt{aLr
lxpFbdf ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ sl7g x''g', /fHosf] zf]wfGt/
l:ylt gfh's /xg', xfn;Dd klg ef/taf6 ljB't cfoft
ug'{kg]{ cfj:yf ;xg', s"n]vfgL afx]s cGo hnfzoo'Qm
cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f ug{ g;Sg', 7"nf d]3f k|f]h]S6 x'gnfO{
xfd|f] lj8Dagf g} dfGg'k5{ . o;y{, ljB't k|flws/0fn]
cfkm\gf] e"ldsfnfO{ eljiodf cem k|efjsf/L agfpg'
kg]{ klg cj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn]
cfkm\gf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg lgDg sfo{ ug'{
kg]{ b]lvG5 .
l eljiodf ljB'tsf] dfu ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L ljB't pTkfbg
ug]{ .
l ljB'tLo ;+/rgfnfO{ ;'/Iffo'Qm / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg],
l ljB't ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;/n, kf/bzL{, lgoldt /
e/kbf]{ agfpg],
l Go"g nfutdf ljB't pTkfbg a9fO{ lgof{t of]Uo j:t'sf
¿kdf ljB't ljsf; ug]{ .
l ljB't pkef]usf] If]q a9fpg ahf/ Joj:yfkgdf
;xof]u ug]{ .
l ljB't ;'/Iff sfod ug]{ .
l oyf]lrt ¿kdf r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug]{ .
l aSof}{tf /sd p7fpg] / a]?h' /sd zf]wegf{ tyf c;'n
pk/ u/fO{ ;an k|flws/0fsf] cfly{s cj:yf dha't
kfb}{ n}hfg] .
manukumarip2043@gmail.com
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
 ;jf/L ;'/Iff
a9\bf] r'gf}tL
;/:jtL a:g]t
;jf/L rfns, ;jf/L zfvf, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
w'lgs ;jf/L ;fwg eGgfn] cfsfzdf p8\g]
xjfO{hxfhb]lv lnP/ hldgdf u'8\g], kfgLdf t}/]/
lx8\g] 8''Ëf OToflbnfO eGg ;lsG5 . cfw'lgs
kl/k|]Iodf eGg] xf] eg] dflg;nfO{ hlt ufF;, jf;,
skf;sf] cfjZostf 5, Tolt g} cfjZostf ;jf/L
;fwgsf] /x]sf] 5 . ctM a9\bf] ;jf/L;Fu} j[l4
ePsf] ;jf/L b'3{6gf sf/0fn] ubf{ ;jf/L b'3{6gf
Go'"g ug{ ;"/Iff;DaGwL 1fg,hgr]tgf clej[l¢ ub}{
hfg' kg]{ clgjfo{ cfjZostf eO;s]sf] 5 .
s'g} klg ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ckgfOg]
tl/sf / ;jf/L ;fwg b'3{6gfaf6 aRgsf nflu
agfOg] lgod sfg'g cflbnfO{ ;jf/L ;'/Iff eGg
;lsG5 . ;jf/L b'{36gf jf 36gfsf] k|efjnfO{
Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;8s l8hfOg, lgdf{0f pks/0f /
lgod sfg'gsf] cWoog / cEof; h?/L 5 . ctM
;8s / ;jf/L ;fwg l8hfOgsf] ;'wf/n] ljZjsf]
w]/} b]zx¿df rf]6k6s / d[To'sf] b/nfO{ 36fpg
;xof]u k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .
xfdLn] xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ hlt :jYo / ;'/lIft /fV5f}F,
To:t}u/L ;jf/L ;fwgsf] klg Tolt g} ;'/lIft x]/rfx
/fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;fwgdf
;xrfnssf] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/g' cltl/Qm ;jf/L
>ldssf]] lhpwgsf] ;'/lIft ul/lbg] sfg'gL Joj:yf
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
Pj+ pgLx¿nfO{ ;jf/L ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;r]tgfd"ns
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 Construction Of
Surge Shaft in upper
Tamakoshi HEP
Raj Bhai silpakar
Manager Civil, Upper Tamakoshi HEP

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 Battery Energy
Storage System
Pramod Rijal
Deputy Manager, "Energy Efficiency and Loss
Reduction Department, NEA"
Introduction
A Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is a
technology developed for storing electric charge
by using specially developed batteries. Energy
storage system is a general term for the ability of
a system to store energy using thermal, electro
mechanical or electro chemical solutions. A
BESS typically utilizes an electro-chemical
solution. BESS is emerging as one of the potential
solutions to increase system flexibility, due to its
unique capability to quickly absorb, hold and
then reinject electricity. Battery applications
are commonly differentiated into two types:
in-front of the meter (FTM) and behind-the-
meter (BTM). FTM batteries are connected to
distribution or transmission networks or in
connection with a generation asset. They provide
applications required by system operators, such
as ancillary services or network load relief. BTM
batteries are interconnected behind the utility
meter of commercial, industrial or residential
customers, primarily aiming at electricity bill
savings through demand-side management.
Energy storage system is essential to the operation
of power systems. It ensures continuity of energy
supply and improves the reliability of the system.
Energy storage is actually the capture of energy
%$
produced at one time for use at a later time. It
involves converting energy from the forms that
are difficult to store, to the more conveniently
or economically storable forms. Energy storage
systems can be in many forms and sizes. The
size, cost, and scalability of an energy storage
system highly depends on the form of the stored
energy. Energy can be stored as potential, kinetic,
chemical, electromagnetic, thermal, etc.
Historically, Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
(PHES) has been dominating the installed base
of energy storage projects, but battery energy
storage is now rapidly expanding.
Battery Technologies
This article is focused on Battery Energy Storage
System, that uses a group of  batteries  to store
electrical energy. Representative technologies
include reduction–oxidation (redox) flow,
sodium–sulfur (Na–S), lead–acid and advanced
lead–acid, super-capacitor, lithium, and flywheel
batteries. Lithium ion batteries are in common
use today.
Battery technologies for energy storage devices
can be differentiated on the basis of energy
density, charge and discharge (round trip)
efficiency, life span, and eco-friendliness of the
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devices. Energy density is defined as the amount of
energy that can be stored in a single system per unit
volume or per unit weight. Lithium ion batteries can
store upto 265 Watt-hours per kilogram (kg) which
is 1.5–2 times more energy than Na–S batteries, two
to three times more than redox flow batteries, and
about five times more than lead storage batteries.
Lithium ion batteries have the highest round-trip
efficiency of 95%, while lead storage batteries are
only at about 60%–70%, and redox flow batteries
at about 70%–75%. Whereas battery technology
is improving day by day for better performance,
reliability and efficiency, the cost of battery is
also significantly reducing over the recent years.
According to a report released recently by Bloomberg
New Energy Finance (BNEF), the average market
price for battery packs have fallen from $1,100/kWh
in 2010 by more than 85% to $156/kWh in 2019.
Increasing Popularity of BCSS
Battery energy storage is currently receiving strong
interest from various stakeholders of power system.
The rapid technological advancement has made
batteries cheaper, safer and more efficient to deploy.
Because of this changing business environment,
private sector is showing more interest towards
BESS. On the other side, grids are becoming more
complex as the use of renewables is increasing. The
unpredictable nature of renewables can be largely
offset by BESS. Thus grid operators are also showing
interest in implementing this technology for better
quality and reliability of power grid.
The main factors driving the need for battery energy
storage are as follows:
l Falling cost and increasing contribution of
renewables
l Falling cost of batteries and improving
technology
l Great desire for energy independence and
reliability
l Increasing pressure for decarbonization
Battery Storage can inherently act like load
(charging from the grid when electricity prices and
demand are both low) or like a generator (pushing
electricity back onto the grid when demand and
prices are both high). Whereas power plants may
take minutes or even hours to turn on, battery
storage can start injecting electricity onto the grid
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in milliseconds. This level of flexibility from a
resource is unprecedented.
Fig: Functional Block Diagram of BESS
Furthermore, by pairing utility-scale batteries with
renewables like solar and wind, it is possible to have
smooth output from these resources and ensure
that renewable energy is injected onto the grid at
the times when it is most needed.
Services offered by utility-scale
battery storage
Operating Reserve
Generation must equal demand at all times.
Operating reserves can be defined as the additional
capacity above the capacity needed to meet the
actual load demand, which is made available either
on-line or on-standby to assist in case of load
increase or generation decrease Battery storage is
an ideal resource to provide operating reserves.
Frequency regulation
An imbalance between the power supply and the
power demand can lead to a dip or a rise in grid
frequency beyond the specified limits. Utility-scale
battery storage systems can provide frequency
regulation services. As opposed to conventional
plants that can take several seconds, or even
minutes to respond for frequency stabilization,
battery storage systems can typically respond to
such requirements within milliseconds.
Flexible ramping
When variable renewable energy (VRE)
penetration, more specifically solar photovoltaic
(PV) penetration, starts to increase, the shape of the
load curve changes dramatically into the so-called
solar duck curve. The duck curve is characterized
by very high ramping requirements. The system is
required to ramp downwards in the morning when
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solar generation increases and ramp upwards in
the evening when solar generation decreases and
demand increases. Flexible technologies such as
utility-scale batteries would be suitable to help
meet these ramping requirements and flatten the
duck curve.
Fig: Typical “Solar Duck Curve”
Black start services
In the event of grid failure, restoration of generation
plants requires power to start up again (referred to
as “black start”). Typically, this restoration power is
provided by diesel generators, which are co-located
with the generating plants. Large-scale battery
storage systems can provide black start services in
cases of grid failure.
Energy shifting and capacity investment deferral
Large-scale battery storage systems are well suited
to serve as capacity reserves as they can discharge
during peak hours, displacing peak generators and
deferring further investment in peaking plants.
Transmission and distribution congestion relief
During peak demand hours, power flow through
transmission and distribution networks may exceed
the load-carrying capacity of such networks, leading
to network congestion. One way of addressing this
issue is by investing in distribution and transmission
assets to increase their carrying capacity. However,
when congestion occurs only in specific situations
for a very limited period, investments in reinforcing
the entire grid might not be the optimal solution.
Instead of overbuilding transmission and distribution
systems, energy storage systems located at congestion
points can be used as “virtual power lines” to enhance
the performance and reliability of the system. Utility-
scale battery storage systems, as part of infrastructure,
can be used to store energy to address peak demand
exceeding the network capacity.
%^
Reduced RE curtailment
Variable renewable energy (VRE) generators do not
have a controllable fixed output, but a fluctuating,
non-dispatchable one. This leads to the curtailment
of excess renewable energy generation in times of
high VRE generation and low demand, resulting in a
missed opportunity to integrate clean electricity into
the energy mix. Grid constraints prevent transporting
excess renewable energy generation to other regions
leading to curtailment. Utility-scale battery storage
systems are one of the solutions for reducing renewable
energy curtailment. Excess electricity can be stored
and then used at peak demand, when most needed.
Capacity firming
VRE generation is characterized by variability
and uncertainty. Power fluctuations in solar PV
generation are mainly caused by cloud movements,
and fluctuations in wind power generation are
provoked by the variability of wind speed. Coupling a
specific VRE generation source with a battery reduces
the variability of the power output at the point of grid
interconnection, thus facilitating better integration of
renewables. The battery storage system can smoothen
the output of VRE sources and increase the certainty
and availability of round-the-clock power.
Relevance of BESS in Nepal:
For any emerging technology such as battery storage,
pilot projects are essential in understanding the
performance of the technology and producing key
learnings for its successful scale-up. For a country
like Nepal without any deployment of utility-scale
battery storage projects it is now time to think
about establishing pilot programs to evaluate the
technical performance as well as assess different
business models for battery storage systems. At
present BESS might not seem economically feasible
when we see only in terms of the net cost benefit, but
is really worth investing when we look at the values
that it adds to the power system such as Deferral
Value, Capacity, Flexibility, Ancillary Services,
Energy Arbitrage and much more.
pramodrijal@nea.org.np
References:
Information from “International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA)”
Information collected at “Knowledge Exchange on ENERGY
STORAGE, Singapore Oct 31-Nov1, 2019”
“Handbook on BESS” by ADB
Information from Wikipedia, Google
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 Dam Safety Monitoring
and Instrumentation
in Upper Trishuli 3A
Hydroelectric Project
Satyaram Jyakhwa
Deputy Manager, Upper Trishuli 3A Hydroelectric Project

Background assess groundwater pressure, deformation, total

While designing dams, number of factors,
parameters is assumed. In most of the cases, the
materials are tested in laboratories and designs
are based on assumptions that the same results
will be met with, during actual construction. As
there are always large variations in materials,
their properties, construction methods and
their control, the actual product defers from
the original assumptions. This can be found
out by many methods. The engineer must
know how the actual constructed dam behaves
against the assumptions made. Necessary help
from various instruments embedded in a dam
body is taken for satisfying structural behavior.
This instruments are devices to measure and/
or control the variables on each depends the
functioning of a structure or a system or the
operation of a process. The principal objectives
of a geotechnical instrumentation plan may be
generally grouped into four categories: first,
analytical assessment; second, prediction of
future performance; third, legal evaluation;
and fourth, development and verification of
future designs. Instrumentation achieves these
objectives by providing quantitative data to
stress, temperature, seismic events, leakage,
and water levels. Total movements as well
as relative movements between zones of an
embankment and its foundation may also need
to be monitored. A wide variety of instruments
may be utilized in a comprehensive monitoring
program to ensure that all critical conditions for
a given project are covered sufficiently.
Instrumentation in dam is necessary for
verification of design assumptions, construction
technique & modifies design. Data collected
from instrument can be extremely valuable
in determination of specific cause of failure.
By instrumentation constant watch over the
performance of the structure during service &
obtain timely warnings in respect of distress spots.
Safety in dam can be assist by instrumentation.
Recent dam failures in various part of world
inspire significant interest in monitoring various
parameters as a means for ensuring adequate
margin of safety. As per IS specification basic
parameters like pore pressure, displacement,
seepage, strains, stresses, dynamic load, uplift
pressure, temperature can study with the help of
instrumentation.

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Dam Safety Monitoring and
Instrumentation
Dam Safety Monitoring and Instrumentation  is
a process of monitoring the condition of a dam to
ensure public safety and the ongoing viable service
of the dam to the community and industry. Dam
safety monitoring is a common safety requirement.
The long-term performance of a dam is a necessary
factor in the evaluation of dam safety. Diurnal and
seasonal effects, changes in hydrostatic pressure
and related water seepage affect the health of dams.
Wall deflection, settlement and heaving, the rate of
water flow, seepage, temperature, vibration, stress,
strain and other significant parameters require
monitoring to detect changes in the performance of
the dam.
Purpose and Importance
of Instrumentation and
Monitoring
The purpose of instrumentation and monitoring is
to maintain and improve dam safety by providing
information to 1) evaluate whether a dam is
performing as expected and 2) warn of changes that
could endanger the safety of a dam. Instrumentation
and monitoring, combined with vigilant visual
observation, can provide early warning of many
conditions that could contribute to dam failures
and incidents.
The importance of monitoring for dam safety
is widely accepted. Monitoring provides the
information that is needed to develop a better
understanding of the on-going performance of
the dam during the construction, impounding
and operation phases. Therefore, good dam safety
monitoring should be a key part of every dam owner’s
risk management. Instrumentation can be used to
implement a monitoring system that provides more
comprehensive and real time information regarding
the on-going performance of the dam.
The major areas that require monitoring are,
l For concrete dams: leakage, deformation, uplift
and response to earthquakes
l For embankment dams: leakage, deformation,
pore pressure (seepage line) and response to
earthquakes.
%*
Instruments that are used for monitoring the
following parameters:
l Leakage or seepage losses:  V-notch weirs,
drainage holes;
l Deformation (concrete): plumb lines and
external reference points;
l Deformation (embankment): differential
settlement gauges and external reference
points;
l Uplift pressure: piezometer
l Earthquake: seismograph
The greatest risk of dam failure is during the first
filling of the dam. It is during this period that
leakage rate must be monitored and scrutinized
continually for abnormal leakage rate.
Project Overview
Upper Trishuli 3A is a run-of-river plant to
generate electricity without other purposes. The 60
MW Upper Trishuli -3A HEP is close to the major
load center and generate 490 GWh gross energy
annually. Major Structures of Upper Trishuli 3A
Project consists of a gated weir, side intake on the
right bank, a open channel, two desanding basin,
a 4.1 km long headrace tunnel, a surge shaft, a
penstock, a powerhouse, GIS switchyard and
ancillary facilities.
Layout of Safety Monitoring
Instruments in Upper Trishuli
3A HEP
Safety monitoring instruments provided in the
underground powerhouse include multiple point
extensometer, convergence measuring point,
anchor stress meter, pore-water pressure meter,
joint meter, reinforcement meter whereas that
for headworks include joint meter, pore-water
pressure meter, electric water gauge, soil settlement
gauge, thermometer, piezometer tube, settlement
inclinometer tube, water gauge, instrument shelter,
self-recording rainfall meter. Here, we will focus on
Headworks monitoring and instrumentation.
The dam body deformation monitoring items
include dam block joint opening and closing
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degree monitoring, settlement monitoring and
horizontal displacement monitoring. Eleven one-
way joint meters are respectively arranged at 6
sections of Weir 0+106. 40, 0+084.40, 0+064.40,
0+032.20, 0+000.00 and 0-010.00 to monitor
dam block joint opening and closing degree. Three
soil settlement gauges are arranged at two sections
of Weir 0+086.00 and 0+074.40 respectively to
monitor the settlement displacement of the dam
body. Four sets of settlement inclinometer pipes
are respectively arranged at Weir 0+016.10 and
0+048.30 sections to monitor the settlement
displacement and horizontal displacement of the
dam body.
The dam foundation seepage monitoring items
mainly include seepage monitoring, uplift pressure
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monitoring and seepage monitoring around the
dam. The 7 pore water pressure gauges are arranged
at Weir 0+095.00 and 0+074.40 respectively, which
are used to monitor the dam foundation seepage
pressure. Four sets of uplift pressure piezometric
pipes are respectively arranged at Weir 0+016.10
and 0+048.30 sections to monitor the uplift
pressure of dam foundation. Three sets of seepage
piezometric pipes around the dam are respectively
arranged at the upstream and downstream of
0-009.00 and -0-005.00 to monitor the seepage
around the dam.
Vibrating wire thermometers are mainly used to
monitor dam body temperature. Three surface
thermometers and six in-dam thermometers are
respectively arranged at the upstream facing water
%(
surface of Weir0+ 008.80 and inside the dam body
to monitor the concrete temperature.
The reservoir water level monitoring mainly
adopts electric water gauge and water level ruler.
Two electric water gauges are arranged at 861.00
m elevation of section 0+016.10 upstream of the
dam and 856.60 m elevation of section 0+061.40
downstream of the dam to monitor the reservoir
water level. Two water level rulers are arranged
at the upper and lower reaches of Weir 0+016.10
section to monitor the upper and lower reaches of
the water level.
Environmental monitoring is also designed for the
dam surface. Leaf boxes and rain gauges are installed
at Weir 0+062.40 and 0+063.40 to monitor the
temperature, humidity and rainfall changes on the
dam surface.
Observation Frequency of
Safety Monitoring Equipment
Proper monitoring is imperative in evaluating the
^)
performance of a dam. The frequency of monitoring
depends upon applicable regulatory requirements
and other factors. The observation frequency of
safety monitoring instruments in Upper Trishuli 3A
hydroelectric Project is shown in table below
Calculation and
Analysis of Results
Joint Meter for Headworks
The joint meter for headworks is provided on the
longitudinal joint between dam blocks to monitor
opening of dam joints. The opening of the headworks
is found between -0.058 mm and 1.989 mm.
Pore-water Pressure
Meter for Headworks
The pore-water pressure meter for headworks
is arranged on the contact surface between dam
bedding and concrete dam to monitor seepage
pressure of the dam. The osmotic pressure measured
by the pore-water pressure meter arranged at
headworks is between -0.002 Mpa and 0.063MPa.
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The values measured by the pore-water pressure
meter for headworks are all within the measuring
range; the variation of seepage pressure of the dam
foundation is minor and tends to be gentle without
abrupt change.
Electric Water Gauge for Headworks
An electric water gauge is arranged in the upstream
of headworks and another one is provided in the
downstream of headworks to monitor water level of
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the dam. Water level measured by the electric water
gauges at headworks is between 856.648 m and
868.598. The values measured are all within the
measuring range; the water level rises or falls with
dam reservoir impounding or discharging.
Soil Settlement Gauge for Headworks
The soil settlement gauge for headworks is
arranged on the bed rock of the dam to monitor
dam settlement. The opening measured by the soil
^!
settlement gauge at headworks is between 0.008 depth of 37.0 m at the bottom is 31.6mm toward
m and -2.315 m. The changes in values of ET3-2 upstream. The maximum displacement between left
is significant and attention shall be paid to it next bank and right bank occurred at the area from tube
month. orifice to the depth of 19.5m, 45.0m and 56.0m at
the bottom and the displacement toward the right
Settlement Inclinometer Tube
bank is 39.6mm, 39.5 mm and 31.9 mm.
ES1-1 inclinometer tube shown the maximum
In ES2-1 inclinometer tube, the maximum
displacement between upstream and downstream
displacement between upstream and downstream
occurred at the area from tube orifice to the depth
occurred at the area from tube orifice to the
of 18.0 m and 42.0 m at the bottom, and the
depth of 34.5 m at the bottom, the displacement
displacement is 27.8 mm and 28.1 mm toward
toward downstream is 26.1mm. The maximum
downstream. The maximum displacement between
displacement between left bank and right bank
left bank and right bank occurred at the area from
occurred at the area from tube orifice to the depth
tube orifice to the depth of 17.0m at the bottom and
of 17.0m at the bottom and the displacement
the displacement toward the left bank is 29.9mm.
toward the right bank is 15.4mm whereas in ES2-2
Similarly, ES1-2 inclinometer tube shown the
inclinometer tube, the maximum displacement
maximum displacement between upstream and
between upstream and downstream occurred at the
downstream occurred at the area from tube orifice
area from tube orifice to the depth of 24.0 m at the
to the depth of 17.5 m at the bottom and the
bottom, the displacement toward downstream is
displacement is 26.2mm towards downstream; the
15.5mm. The maximum displacement between left
displacement for the area from tube orifice to the
bank and right bank occurred at the area from tube

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orifice to the depth of 1.0 m at the bottom and the
displacement toward the left bank is 9.7mm.
Uplift Pressure Piezometer
Tube for Headworks
Four uplift pressure measuring pipes are arranged
in the headworks to monitor the uplift pressure of
the dam. The maximum water level found in UP1-1,
UP1-2, UP-2-1 and UP2-2 are 860.701m in Aug 7,
2019, 850.505m in May 2019, 863.773m in Mar 24,
2019 and 860.119 m in Feb 7 ,2019 respectively.
Piezometer tube for Seepage around Dam
Three seepage pressure measuring pipes are
arranged in the headworks to monitor the seepage
around the dam, and the water level of UPy-1 is
the highest at present. The instrument runs well
without abnormality.
Visual Observation
Visual observation of all structures should be made
in conjunction with instrumentation monitoring
to adequately assess the safety of a dam. Visual
observation can readily detect indications of poor
performance such as offsets, misalignment, bulges,
depressions, seepage, leakage, and cracking. More
importantly, visual observation can detect variations
or spatial patterns of these features.
Most visual observation provides qualitative rather
than quantitative information, while instruments
provide detailed quantitative information. Visual
observation and instrumentation data are natural
complements and when used together they provide
the primary means for engineers to evaluate the
safety of a dam.
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Conclusions
The monitoring results show that all the monitoring
instruments run smoothly and stably without
abnormality or sudden change and are in normal
operation.
Deformation, seepage/leakage quantity and quality,
uplift pressure, pore water pressure, temperature,
reservoir level and seismicity are the most important
parameters to be measured and monitored in dams,
whether they are new or existing.
Each dam is unique. Type and nature of the dam
decides the number of instruments to be used
and at what locations they are to be embedded in
the dam. Instrumentation Data must be collected
periodically and analyzed for assessing the safety
of dam. Interpretation of the results must be
made carefully and compared with the design
parameters and specialized analysis carried out
specially for existing dams. Deflections obtained
from measurements of plumb lines and tilt meters
should be well within the safe permissible limits
jyakhwa117@gmail.com
References:
Yichang Zhengxin Construction Engineering Test Co.
LTD, 2019, Monthly Safety Monitoring Report of Upper
Trishuli 3A Hydroelectric Project in Nepal, November,
2019, Upper Trishuli 3A HEP EPC Construction By CGGC
In Nepal
Bamane P. R., Valunjkar S. S., 2014, Dam Safety
Instrumentation, American Journal of Engineering
Research (AJER), e-ISSN : 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-
0936 Volume-03, Issue-06, pp-58-62 www.ajer.org
Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP),
Central Water Commission, Ministry of Water
Resources, Government of India, 2018, Guidelines for
Instrumentation of Large Dams, Doc. No. CDSO_GUD_
DS_02_v1.0, January 2018.
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 Loss Reduction in NEA
Opportunities
& Challenges
Sagar Gnawali
Assistant Manager Reduction Department, NEA

T he Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) is

solely in charge of generation, transmission
and distribution of electricity in Nepal, and so
its efficiency, or lack of it, has a considerable
impact on the national economy. The state-
owned power utility, which celebrated its 34nd
Anniversary recently, is the largest consumer of
electricity in the country, considering the energy
loss in transmission and distribution.  year, 7551.23 GWh of energy was available in
The distribution loss in Integrated Nepalese
Power System is continuously decreasing
in recent year. The transmission loss is not
significantly decreasing. It can be tabulated
accordingly.
The annual growth of available energy in
2017/2018 was 7057.93 GWh whereas it is
7551.23 GWh in 2018/19. I.e. the available
energy was increased by 7%. The energy demand
is also increasing by similar trend but the peak
power demand is not increasing as forecasted.
After load shedding era, a consumer behavior
is changing. An NEA effort on loss reduction is
really making the difference.
As per the NEA’s 2018/19 annual report,
transmission and distribution losses amounted
to 15.32% percent of output, down from 20.45%
percent in the previous year. In the last fiscal
the national grid, out of which 6381.21 GWh
was sold. This means 1,170 GWh of energy was
lost in transmission and distribution, which is
worth average of Rs11.70 billion at current tariff
rates which means, NEA could strengthen its
financial situation by adopting innovative efforts
to reduce the power system loss.
To minimize loss
Still NEA needs to implement serious
intervention for distribution system management
programs. Implementing DSM programs can

Table 1: System Loss Table in INPS

Fiscal Year Total System Loss (%) Transmission Loss (%) Distribution Loss (%)
2015/16 25.75% 5.26% 20.49%
2016/17 22.90% 5.00% 17.9%
2017/18 20.45% 5.78% 14.67%
2018/19 15.32% 4.35% 10.97%

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greatly contribute on peak clipping (Clip demand
at peak load periods), conservation (Reduce the
overall energy demand), load building(Promotion
of applications requiring E-Vehicle etc) , valley
filling (Increase load during off-peak hours) and
load shifting (Shifting loads to off-peak hours) etc
in INPS. Proper energy efficiency program can
contribute in permanent reduction in consumption
across the load curve with better energy service
with lesser kWh. Similarly, load management
practices helps in temporary reduction in
consumption at times of system peak with shifting
of consumption from system peak to off peak time.
The intervention like improving HT/LT ratio, use of
efficient transformers, right transformer sizing, re-
conducting, improving power factor and reducing
pilferage could greatly save transmission and
distribution loss.
Technical losses (11 kV line losses, Losses due to
loose jump connections, short circuit and earth
fault losses, distribution transformer losses, LT
line losses, Losses in service mains and energy
meters) are related to energy lost as it passes
through transmission lines, transformers and
other equipment. Non-technical losses refer to
theft by direct tapping, non performing meters,
meters not read, theft by tempering meters, reading
mistakes, failures in CTs and PTs. Technical losses
can be reduced only to a certain level, but non-
technical losses can be brought down sharply
through better management. Some of the steps
are creating a dedicated staff, stronger legislation
to prevent power theft, loss-level based tariff rate,
loss monitoring and audit committee, employee
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capacity building programmes, engagement of local
groups, third-party monitoring bodies, replacement
of defective meters, network strengthening like
segregation of rural feeders and implementation
of high voltage distribution system. Likewise, soft
initiatives include consumer communication on
loss reduction, customer feedback programmes and
transformer management systems.
The long Transmission and distribution network
can be reduced by establishing new substations and
making more nos. of HT lines and reducing LT line.
Similarly, by reconfiguration of lines in unbalanced
loading feeders, shunt compensation for power
factor improvement, conductor up gradation and
feeder bifurcation, adding and shifting transformers
in optimum location etc can reduce the distribution
loss in great amount. Similarly, in order to cut
non-technical losses, efforts like better energy
accounting, replacing old and defective meters with
smart meters, spot billing, community campaigns,
covered cables and remote sensing have been made.
The NEA can learn from these effective initiatives to
minimise its power losses. 
The double jumpering in 11 kV cut points, Monthly
tree clearance in fixed day, Installing capacitors in 11
kV consumers with low PF, bifurcating feeder rather
than enhancing the conductor size, installing 33/11
kV substation at load size etc are some illustrative
steps to be taken in 11 kV field live. Quarterly tree
clearance, reducing service cable length, installing
capacitors at high value LT consumer’s etc steps can
be taken in LT side to reduce technical loss. Similarly,
loading up to 80% capacity, ensure load balancing
for zero current in neutral, ensure neutral earthing
properly, copper L claps with lugs at LT bushing
terminals etc may be some illustrative steps taken
care in distribution transformer side to reduce the
technical loss.
Nepal’s hydropower plants are located in the
northern region and load centres are mainly located
in the southern region. One of the key reasons behind
power loss in transmission is low voltage. Research
conducted by the Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk
Campus has shown that optimum utilisation of
sugar cogeneration can produce about 100 MW
during the peak winter season with a 0.05 percent
reduction in transmission losses in the national grid.
This means about 5 MW of electricity can be saved
through interconnection of cogeneration plants in
the national grid, and 5 MW power generations is
equivalent to 5 MW power saving. Power saving or
efficiency improvement is a less expensive solution
compared to building power generation plants.
Intervention measures
The NEA is installing solar plants with a combined
capacity of 25 MW next to some of its hydropower
plants. There will be losses in transmission when this
power is evacuated to major load centers. Such plants
could be installed near major substations in load
center areas so that power losses can be minimised
substantially. Solar plants can be installed in the
Kulekhani area where the hydropower plant is not
operated in the daytime. The water in the reservoir
can be saved and power evacuation will be easy. 
Many rural distribution feeders have problems
associated with high energy losses, voltage
regulation, and frequent interruptions in power
supply and overloading. Optimal placement and
sizing of distributed generation (DG) will reduce
system losses, improve the voltage profile within
acceptable limits and increase the system reverse
capability. 
Recently, the NEA has approved net energy
metering under which customers will be credited
with the price of the extra energy they generate
using solar photovoltaic home systems and feed
into the grid. The project will be very effective in
densely populated areas. This will also greatly help
to minimise distribution losses in major load centres
and large cities. Electricity loss is a big economic
loss for the country. Reduction in distribution
losses by a single percentage point can directly
result in savings of millions up rupees annually.
Therefore, it is urgent to implement modern and
smart technologies intervention for electricity loss
minimization in Nepal. 
er.gyawali@gmail.com

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 An Overview of
Dynamic Wireless
Charging for Electric
Vehicles
HariOm Dhungana
Senior Engineer, Nepal Telecom
Background
Energy is a basic requirement for economic
and social development and improves the
quality of lives of human beings. Energy
is an essential element for manufacturing
industry, transportation business,
agriculture sector and physical construction.
Recent survey shows that transportation
sector is one of the most energy-intensive
field with consumption of around 30 % of
the global energy consumption and it is
gradually increasing annually by 2% since
last decade. Furthermore, there is more
than 50 % consumption of total global
liquid fuels by a single transportation sector
and it is predicted that the percentage of
liquid fuel consumption will reach up to
87% by the transportation sector till 2035.
The transportation sector builds from the
several sub-sectors: land transport, sea
transport and air transport. This article
mainly focuses on the land transportation
which is the largest and the most important
stakeholders in the transportation. The
world has been accelerating towards
sustainable, environmental friendly
renewable energy source such as wind
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energy, geothermal  energy, solar energy,
biomass energy and hydroelectric energy.
There are four major pollutants that
come from liquid fuels which are carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides
and particulate matter. When hydrocarbons
and nitrogen oxides react with each other
in sunlight resulting ozone, it is the main
cause of greenhouse effect to cause
global warming. It is globally realized that
sustainable energy supply, climatic changes
and pollution are interrelated terms. Recent
research has proven that to be very effective
in reducing hydrocarbon and carbon
monoxide emissions by decreasing fuel
consumption in passenger vehicles in land
transportation. From this information, it
can be said the main cause of air pollution
is the transportation sector. From these
facts, it can be said that the main point to
protect the environment is reducing the
consumption of liquid fuels particularly
Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene, fuel oil, hard
coal and Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in
society. Until the date, electricity is easily
realized for land transportation system in
railway networks and road transportation
^&
in metropolitan city, However ,scientists are trying
to build air transportation and sea transportation
by using electricity either using battery storage by
generating electricity from solar panels on airplane
or wind turbines on ship.
The demand and popularity of electric vehicle
is growing over the past decade because of the
various factor such as economical issues as well
as environmental factors. An improvement in
battery technology over the last decade has been
impressive resulting Lithium-ion battery cells.
They are cheaper and have higher energy densities
than they were just a few years ago. However, the
current production scale lacks fulfilling the supply
chain in electric vehicles. Battery system design is
not easy task in an electric vehicle because of the
following requirements: high power density, long
cycle life time, affordable cost, high energy density,
reliability, and safety factor. As a result, researchers
view energy management on transportation in
holistic optimization approaches of parameters,
techniques and resources.
Technology Details
Beside the environmental benefits, there is
important energy utilizing technology opted by
electric vehicles called regenerative braking system.
The regenerative brakes utilize vehicle's momentum
to recover energy that to be lost on classical liquid
fuel vehicles as heat at the brake discs. The electric
traction motor works as generator by converting
^*
mechanical kinetic energy of vehicles in to electric
energy. Wireless energy transferring makes charging
process easier task. For a stationary wireless power
transfer system, the electric vehicles must be
placed above the inductive charging devices, but
in dynamic wireless charging the electric vehicles
could be powered while driving in inductive road
track.
Figure 1: Topside represents the block diagram
demonstration the approach to deliver energy
wirelessly to electric vehicles from an electrified
road track. Bottom picture represents the physical
representation of electric car moving in the inductive
road track.
Electric road system supports electric power
transfer to vehicle while in motion and has great
potential to decarbonize the road transport sector
and to increase energy efficiency on electric
vehicles. Therefore the on-road dynamic charging
by wireless power transfer systems reduces need
of battery numbers for the modern electric vehicle.
The dynamic wireless charging (DWC) not only
reduces the cost of battery needed but also avoids
the payload of vehicle to boost the mileage. The
DWC system is already tested in many research
institutes in several countries in testing track.
The design of DWC track is carried out under the
following hypothesis. Electric vehicle must move
with constant speed in a straight line as assigned
on the track with maintaining constant separation
distance between two induction coils in the vehicles
and road. The electricity supplied must have
constant magnitude current
with sinusoidal waveform.
The distance traveled by
electric vehicle during one
period supply is much shorter
than the separation distance
between two induction
coils. The functional energy
transferring mechanism and
physical realization of DWC
is shown in Figure 1 below.
Green color signifies the
charging road track and red
color represents the vehicle
side. The road consists of an
array if inductive copper coil
which are connected with the
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electric grid. With the help of intelligent sensor
the charging controller activates the road coils just
beneath the electric vehicles. A time-variant current
in a conductor creates the magnetic field around
the conductor, and a secondary loop (receiver coil
located under the vehicle chassis) gets voltage
generated due to time-variant magnetic flux. Based
on the principle of Faraday’s law, Biot–Savart’s
law, Ampere’s law and on Lenz’s law complete
inductive power transfer happens. The vehicle also
consists of inductive coli made from copper from
where the induced voltage charges the battery of
electric vehicles.
Until the date, the main stream of researches works
on the core power electronics part of dynamic
wireless charging. But It is equally important
to consider the external environment variable.
The weather changes the circumstance of road
such as rain, snow and external objects. There is
need of further investigation on various probable
incidences. However, the current advantages and
challenges faced by the DWC are pointed below :
Advantages
l Charging station is not required
l Excretes the need for a charging cable that is
prone to damage, may harm safety concerns
l Reduces the cost as well as payload of electric
vehicles
l Increases driving range
l dynamic charging with multiple power tracks
allows frequent battery charging, that improves
the battery life up to 10 times compare to the
stationary wireless charging
l Helps to realize autonomous driving quickly
l Extends the durability of
Challenges
l WPT system requires high power on-road
and on-board windings with a potential for
substantial power loss.
l Health and safety issues for pedestrians from
strong magnetic fields
l Huge investment for building tracks
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l New technology so lack of sufficient business
analytics
l Functional performance on characteristics of
road situation ( Rain, Snow, Objects)
l Driving accuracy to align coil
Qualcomm had already tested charging electric
vehicles even at the speed above 100 kilometer
per hours with 20 kilowatt power transfer at 85
kilohertz frequency in 2017. Now the DC to DC
energy transfer efficiency is growing as high as
98% in that same circumstance as tested by the
Qualcomm. The successful testing of prototypes
unite different stack holders to including vehicle
user, vehicle manufacturer, electricity supplier,
infrastructure builders, regulators & controllers
and other concerned authorities. Technology
works already proved but there are lot of things
that should be considered like cost, scalability, and
infrastructure for commercialization. From 13th
November 2019, Smartroad Gotland consortium
started the installation of world's first commercial
wireless charging road for electric trucks/buses on
the island of Gotland Sweden. This work is carried
out by the Israeli company named ElectReon. The
ElectReon had already implemented one kilometer
the first electric road demo in Tel Aviv. As such
hopefully we will hear the commercial service
lunching soon after few months.
In the commercial product, there must be clear
technical standard, legal framework, safety and
health regulation and transparent billing. The total
charge must include electricity fee and service fee
considering power loss factor and other hidden
costs. Recent research provides the plentiful
modalities and competitive business procedure for
fast charging. The fundamental metering should be
mutually agreed by two stakeholders particularly
service provider and customer. A trustworthy
billing mechanism is presented in Figure 2 below
where the charging is done through transparency
and mutual agreement between both supplier and
buyer. The billing system is based on accurate
measurement and it can automatically charge
fees for each vehicle. The electric vehicle consists
of on board unit (OBU) and watt-hour meter. The
electricity supply consists of equipment/vehicle
identification module, charging software, charging
controller and watt-hour meter.
^(
 Fig 2.
Figure 2: Typical block diagram of metering and
billing system proposed for dynamic wireless power
transfer. The top left side of block diagram illustrate
the authentication and authorization equipments
for electric vehicles to allow on charging road; the
bottom left diagram shows the accounting system
for charging; the top right block shows the OBU
on electric vehicle; and the bottom right shows the
high frequency power inverters supplying energy to
inductive coils placed on the charging track.
Conclusion
Information and communication technology (ICT)
has changed the ways in which we work and behave.
Communication has revolutionized the world we
can communicate with each other in cheaper,
quicker and far more superior than ever before.
The efficient transportation management system
uses the benefits of modern information technology
smart mobile application (popular in Kathmandu
Tootle and Pathao), internet-based booking and
ticketing system (Largest bus network in Europe
FliXBUS), optimal route selection mechanism and
optimal traffic flow to control fuel efficiency.
It is possible to save energy consumption in electric
vehicles by intensive integration of effective energy
&)
management system and modern information and
communication technology. It is hoped that the
dynamic wireless charging will be the most useful
solution for electric vehicles in congested and
charging station scary city like Kathmandu. It is the
right time to think about building dynamic wireless
charging track in major cities in Nepal by electric
power entity agency like Nepal Electric Authority.
hariomdhungana@gmail.com
References
Ozlem Battal, Erhan Kayabasi, M. Cubuk, Kursat An Overview on
Energy Management, Optimization and Saving in Transportation
Industry. 4th International Symposium on Railway Systems
Engineering (ISERSE’18), pp.221-235.
https://www.powerelectronics.com/
Ahmad, A., Alam, M.S. and Chabaan, R., 2017. A comprehensive
review of wireless charging technologies for electric vehicles.
IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 4(1),
pp.38-63.
https://insideevs.com/
https://www.electreon.com/
Z. Samaras and I. Vouitsis, “Transportation and Energy,” in
Climate Vulnerability: Understanding and Addressing Threats
to Essential Resources, vol. 3, Elsevier, 2013, pp. 183–205
Z. Danping, L. juan, C. Yuchun, L. Yuhang and C. Zhongjian,
"Research on Electric Energy Metering and Charging System
for Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle," 2019
4th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation
Engineering (ICITE), Singapore, 2019, pp. 252-255.
https://tootle.today/ , https://pathao.com/
https://global.flixbus.com/
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 General Overview of
Excitation system
used in UT3A
Indra Bahadur Bishwokarma
Mechanical Engineer, Upper Trishuli 3A Hydroelectric Project

Abstract

Electricity is generated from generator by rotating it with prime mover. Generator has two
parts, one is rotor another is stator. Rotor has magnetic field and stator has conductor winding,
when the magnetic flux from rotor changes relative to conductor windings, the electricity
generates at the terminal of stators. The magnetic field in rotor is created by various types
of excitation system. The commonly used, modern days, excitation system in hydropower
station is static excitation system. The basic function of excitation system is to provide direct
current to the synchronous field winding and also to control and protect components in
power system. The topic excitation system itself is the huge book; it has many types, many
components and functions. The basic understanding of excitation system is very essential
for all the engineers working in hydro electric stations. This article is prepared to give brief
glimpse of excitation system used in Upper Trishuli 3A (UT3A) hydro electric project.

Introduction system also controls the reactive power and

Generator works on the principle of Faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction. As per
Faraday’s law, when a conductor is placed
in varied magnetic field, EMF will produce
across the conductor terminals and that is
proportional to rate of change of magnetic
flux. The magnetic flux is produced by
sending excitation current to field winding
of rotor pole. This excitation system controls
the applied voltage and thus the field current
to the rotor, which in turn gives control of the
generator terminal voltage. The excitation
power factor between generator and system
and also enhances the system stability. The
excitation system must be able to respond
rapidly to transient disturbances with field
forcing (increase field current for short
duration to solve disturbances).
There are five basic elements of excitation
system: exciter; regulator, terminal voltage
transducer and load compensator; power
system stabilizer; limiters and protective
circuits. The general connection block
diagram can be shown as figure 1.

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Types of excitation system
Excitation systems are broadly classified into 3
categories DC excitation system, AC excitation
system and static excitation systems. The excitation
power required for a synchronous generator is of
the order of 2 to 3.5 kilo watt per mega watt rating
of the machine or per MVA rating of the machine
(the detail portion is removed by Author for word
limit).
Excitation system used in
UT3A
Upper Trishuli 3A Hydro Electric Project is located
in border of Rasuwa and Nuwakot district of Nepal.
&@
It has gross head 144.5m and design discharge
51m3/s. There are two units, each of 36MVA
rated generation active power capacity with 11KV
rated voltage and 1890A rated current. The rated
excitation current is 635A and voltage is 200V. The
overall schematic diagram of excitation system used
in UT3A HEP single unit can be shown in Fig 6.
Working
When the generator generates electricity, 3-phase
current through bus duct goes to breaker QF2 at
breaker room as shown in figure 6. From breaker
room it goes to main transformer at switch yard
area and from that it goes to GIS. GIS has breaker
QF0, this connects the generated electricity to
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
transmission line. For excitation system, there are
five cubicles. The main excitation current is tapped
from output of generator (11KV) through excitation
transformer to electrical braking cubicle. In this
electrical braking cubicle, there are two ABB E1B/
MS 800, interconnected (if one open another closes)
breaker. One (QS05) operates the current from
excitation transformer (TE01) and another (QS06)
operates the current from braking transformer
(TE02). Braking transformer takes input current
from station supply transformer as 380V and supply
72V while applying brake on rotor. QS05 is closed
under normal generator operation while QS06 is
closed for putting electrical brake to generator.
Four cubicles are located at generator floor, 728m
elevation. The electricity from braking cubicle goes
to rectifier cubicle. There are two rectifier cubicles
for redundancy. Rectifier cubicle has thyrister
bridge and absorption network. Thyrister Bridge
converts ac power to dc power. Absorption network
contains resistor, which absorbs the back flow
electricity induced in excitation coil while excitation
supply is cut off in rotor is rotating. The thyrister is
like switch, it is operated from gate. The gate gets
pulses from regulator cubicle. Regulator cubicle
gets ac power from electrical braking cubicle, which
is converted to dc by ac/dc converter to required
voltage. It also gets power from station dc power
supply and dc/dc converts it to required voltage.
The regulator is the main control unit of excitation
system. It sense terminal voltages of generator via
PTs TV01 & TV02, terminal current from CTs TA01
and transmission line voltages from PT TV03. It
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
also senses exciter current and voltage from field
circuit breaker cubicle via UT01 and UT02. It also
receives manually given commands. The regulator
processes the entire signal and generates commands
to operate thyrister.
When thyrister gate gets signal from regulator
cubicle, the processed dc current from the rectifier
cubicle goes to field circuit breaker cubicle. Field
circuit breaker cubicle gives supply to field windings
of rotor pole via slip rings. Since, the excitation
current is obtained from generator terminal itself,
but at initial starting, it needs the extra current
source. For this field flashing, dc 110 volt is obtained
from external dc supply. There is a diode VD01,
which blocks the back flow of excitation current
from field windings. For brief understanding, let us
discuss each cubicle of excitation system in details.
Electrical braking cubicle
(U01+CXE05)
Electrical braking cubicle is located at cable floor,
724m elevation. It has dc 110V and ac 220V control
power supply. There is ac/dc converter, which
converts 220V ac supply to 24V dc and also dc/
dc convertor to covert 110V dc supply to 24V dc
supply for control operation. In the cubicle, there
are indicators for following: 110V dc power supply;
electrical braking failed; open and close indication
of each breaker QS05 and QS06. There are switches
for opening and closing of each breaker QS05 and
QS06, but they are interconnected, operates once
at a time. There are also a plc, humidity controller,
&#
heater and maintenance light. There are relays: for
close and trip QS05, close and trip QE31, start up
electric braking signal and failure signal to LCU,
start up braking by AVR, start up braking from
LCU, quit electrical braking, generator failure signal
and dc 24V and dc 110V power supply monitoring.
The excitation transformer is 3 phase dry type with
450KVA rated capacity and 11KV/385V I/O voltage
with H level insulation. Similarly, the braking
transformer is 50KVA capacity with 400V/90V I/O
voltage and IP20 Protection grade. Fig 7 shows the
image of electrical braking cubicle and two excitation
transformer.Regulator cubicle (U01+CXE01)
Regulator cubicle is the control unit of excitation
system. It has T320 series 32 digits high-end
industrial control DSP chip; PSS2A module; power
and frequency PSS regulation unit; Dual micro-
computer with dual-voltage regulation channel of
“auto/manual”; Dual-channel for mutually thermal
standby, switching without interference; 12′HMI
with intelligent monitoring control unit. Power
supply system to different unit can be shown to fig
8.
There are data collection board (from CTs and
PTs); interface board (manual switches and push
button); pulse power supply (self-excitation output
is 15V and SCR excitation output is 24V, this pulse
mainly operates the gate); control power supply
(to operate control function, 12V and 15V); main
control board in regulator cubicle. Main control
&$
board has removal pulse push button (it stops to
send pulse to thyrister, if both regulators’ switch
are in removal pulse position, no excitation
current to excitation system); indicating lamps (all
indication); excitation control unit (it performs all
background function like man machine interface,
fault recording etc.); main interface (it gives access
for changing parameter with password, data display,
system command etc.). T320 series 32 digits high-
end industrial control DSP chip controls output of
switching value and output of various status signals
and control signals of power cubicle by conversion
and software control operations. For redundancy,
there is dual channel, and each channel gets power
from two plug-in, ac 220V and dc 110V. This power
supply is operated by non-self-resisting switch
(SA); it closes one at a time.
Rectifier cubicle
Rectifier cubicle converts the ac power from electrical
braking cubicle to dc power for excitation supply.
The conversion of power in thyrister is controlled
by pulses in thyrister gate from regulator cubicle.
It has 2 parallel Thyrister Bridge containing six
thyrister (KP1000A-2000V), two redundant cooling
fans, 1 set peak voltage absorption devices, six pulse
transformer, six fast fuses (RS4-800V/630A, to
protect thyrister from abnormal condition), six sets
of RC protection device and other control panels,
switches and indicators. There are two such cubicles
for redundancy.
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
In fig 13, excitation of braking current from
electrical braking cubicle enters to rectifier bridges
via breaker QS11. Here FU11 to FU16 are fast fuse to
protect rectifier at abnormal condition. R11 to R16
and C11 to C16 are protection elements for rectifier
VT11 to VT16. RS11 measures excitation current
and R17 absorbs the back flow current while de-
excitation. Breaker QS12 allows the excitation
current to go to field winding. There are similar two
rectifier cubicles.
Field circuit breaker cubicle
(FCB)
This cubicle is also called de-excitation and rotor
over voltage protection cubicle.
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
It has high performance de-excitation switch, ZNO
non linear resistance with insulation more than
200MΩ, dc 110V field flashing device, peak voltage
absorption and rotor over voltage protection device.
Rated current of FCB is 800A and rated voltage of
FCB is 600V and also fast de-excitation time is less
than 1 second.
Conclusion
Excitation system not only magnetizes the field
winding for electricity generations but also regulates
and protects the generator and generator output.
UT3A has used static excitation system. It produces
635A, 200V dc current by using thyrister bridge
rectifier, operated and control by regulator. It also
takes field flashing 110V dc supply from station
dc supply. Excitation current passes through field
circuit breaker to slip rings. Excitation system is
one of the impotent and sensitive components of
hydropower plant. Thus, the clear understanding of
excitation system is essential for engineer working
at hydropower stations.
indra.birat@gmail.com
Bibliography
Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, I. R. (2012). Selection of
Generators and Excitation Systems.
CGGC. (2019). Manuals, design documents and drawing .
Prof.M.L.Kothari. (2010). Lec-15 Excitation Systems-
Part-2. Retrieved 2019, from http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Society, I. P. (2006). IEEE Recommended Practice for
Excitation System Models for Power System Stability
Studies .
Sons, J. W. (2018). Handbook of large turbo-generator
operation and maintenance.
&%
 General Idea on Phasor
Measurement Unit Based SCADA
and its Scope in INPS

Deepa Subedi
Electrical Engineer, Project Management Directorate

Deeksha Sharma
Electrical Engineer, Lekhnath-Damauli 220 kV TL Project

According to IEEE Standard C37.118.1-2011, A simple representation of SCADA system is

Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), is a device
that produces synchronized phasor, frequency
and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF)
estimates from voltage and/or current signals
and a time synchronized signal. However,
before dealing with the details of PMU, it is
necessary to have an insight of Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
system.
SCADA
SCADA system is a collection of equipment that
will provide an operator at a remote location
with sufficient information to determine the
status of particular equipment and cause
action to take place regarding that equipment
without being physically present. The system
operates with the help of collective function of
four major components viz. Remote Terminal
Unit (RTU), Communication System, Master
Station and Human Machine Interface (HMI).
shown in the figure.
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) collects data
from the field devices, processes the data and
the sends the data to master station through
the communication system thus assisting
in monitoring of the power system. Further,
RTU receives control commands from the
master station and transmits these commands
to field devices. Back in the days when RTUs
where just emerging, it used to be a slave of
master station, but now RTUs are equipped
with internal computational and optimization
facilities. RTU itself has several subsystems
such as communication, logic, termination,

&^ jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

power supply and test/HMI that enables it to
perform the task of monitoring and controlling field
devices.
The SCADA master station is a collection of
computers, servers, peripherals and I/O systems
that help the operator to monitor the state of field and
initiate control actions at the appropriate moment.
Master station components can be classified as
hardware component and software component. The
master station software component can be basic
SCADA function and/or advanced application for
specific SCADA implementation such as generation
SCADA, transmission SCADA or distribution
SCADA. The main hardware in the master station
will be the computer and server systems used for
executing different tasks to be performed by master
station.
Human machine interface (HMI) also known as
User Interface (UI) is the space where interaction
between human operator and the system occurs.
This interaction causes effective operation and
control of the system being monitored and feedback
from the system lets the operator in making
operational decisions. In a SCADA system, the HMI
components include operator console, operator
dialogue, mimic diagram and peripheral devices.
SCADA communication refers to the communication
channels employed between field equipment and
master station. SCADA communication is analogous
to human nervous system, which runs from the
brain to every part of the body transporting data
and signals back and forth continuously i.e. the
communication channel makes it possible for
the remote center to access field data in real time
and transports control commands from control
center to appropriate equipment in the field for
implementation, to keep the power system stable
and secure.
SCADA system is responsible for overall operation,
control and monitoring of power system.
In generation, SCADA applications include
automatic generation control, economic dispatch
calculation, interchange transaction scheduling,
unit commitment, short term load forecasting,
etc. In transmission, its application ranges from
state estimation to contingency analysis, optimal
power flow, fault detection and isolation, etc. In
case of distribution, fault detection, isolation,
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
service restoration, network reconfiguration, load
management, active and reactive power control,
power factor control, etc. are performed by
SCADA.
The operation, control and monitoring of overall
electric power system depends upon the availability
of information and decision-making processes at
control centre. A number of measuring instruments
and apparatuses installed at various points in
the power system provide a set of measurements
consisting of conventional data such as real and
reactive power flows in the network branches,
real and reactive power injections, magnitude of
bus voltages and branch currents. With all these
data, SCADA performs state estimation of grid,
which should be done most accurately and fast for
smooth operation of power system. However, these
measurements might be unsynchronized and have
low sampling rates i.e. such system cannot capture
fast and dynamic phenomenon. Another drawback
of SCADA measurement is that they do not include
phase angle of bus voltages and line currents. All
these drawbacks lead to inaccurate state estimation.
To address these issues, Phasor Measurement Unit
(PMU) were developed which provides real time
and synchronized phasor measurements with the
use of Global Positioning System (GPS) only in
microseconds with great measurement accuracy,
which is faster than the speed of existing SCADA
technologies. Further, the introduction of PMU
makes state estimation able to be achieved via
linear estimators, significantly increasing efficiency
of solving state estimation problem. Traditionally,
state estimation is formulated as weighted least
square problem due to absence of measurements
which can measure phasors.
Development of PMU
PMU was introduced in 1988 by Arun G. Phadke
and James S. Throp at Virginia Tech as an enhanced
version of symmetrical component distance relay
(SCDR). The concept of SCDR was developed at
the time of mini computers, in 1970s. During that
period, computer technology had relatively slow
instruction execution time and accommodation of
required computations for a three phase distance
relay within one cycle of 60 Hz system was difficult.
To overcome this problem, a new relaying principle
was developed by Arun G. Phadke, based on using
&&
symmetrical component voltages and currents
instead of traditional phase quantities. This led to
the principle known as SCDR. The key development
in SCDR was the use of a single complex equation to
cover the protection of all possible faults on a three
phase transmission lines.
Later, when the computational capabilities of
computers were improved, one could go back
to traditional relaying algorithms using phase
quantities rather than symmetrical components.
However, it was soon realized that although the
SCDR was no longer needed, there was a great
advantage in salvaging the portion of SCDR which
computed the sequence components of voltages
and currents. Hence, the portion of SCDR up to
the computation of positive sequence voltages
and currents was pulled out as a stand-alone
measurement unit. This unit could measure positive
sequence currents and voltages in one period of
fundamental frequency with great accuracy. This
standalone unit, with the help of Global Positioning
System (GPS) to synchronize measurement across
power system, finally evolved as PMU.
The U.S.-Canadian blackout of August 14, 2003
was mainly due to lack of reliable real time data
gathering during the time of incident. This prevented
the necessary steps from being taken before the
incident happened, leading to the catastrophic
blackout affecting fifty million people in eight US
states and two Canadian provinces. Following that
incident, two major conclusions were drawn:
Wide Area Dynamic Monitoring is important
Clustering and aggregation are important
In recent years, as the need for best estimate of
power system’s state is recognized to be a crucial
&*
element in improving its performance and its
resilience in the face of catastrophic failures, phasor
measurement technology has gained great attention
and rapid development all over the world.
North America
In North America, after the installation of PMU, it
proved that synchronized measurement technology
is required to accurately analyze and control the
grid performance both in real time and offline.
PMU technology has been beneficial for post
disturbance data analysis and early warning to the
system for faster system restoration during the time
of disturbances. The PMU data captured during
2003 blackout were used for event analysis to
deploy wide area phasor network in power grid. In
parallel, the installed PMU helped in data analysis,
dynamic stability assessment and data visualization
application.
Mexico
PMUs have been in use in Mexico since the 1990s.
Data obtained after the installation of PMU in
Mexico helped in observing
underdamped low frequency
oscillations in the network
and improves the performance
of the protection systems
during the power system
disturbances. PMU also make
possible direct visualization of
the system frequency, voltage,
phase angle, active and reactive
power etc. Mexico is aiming to
implement PMU in offline to
detect risks of instability.
Brazil
Since late 2000, Brazil has launched two WAMS
related PMU projects i.e. a phasor recording system
to record system dynamics during long duration
wide-area disturbances and an application of
PMU data for real time system operation decision
making for control center real time application.
The main goal for implementation of PMU based
technology is to monitor system oscillations with
poor damping, monitor the stresses of the electric
power transmission system, resynchronize islands
and to close loops in parts of Brazilian National
Interconnect Power System Network.
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
Europe
Europe has PMU installed nearly in every country.
The characteristics of PMU installed there have
high time resolution (20-100ms), high accuracy
of voltage and current (class 0.2) and precise time
synchronization. Real time phase angle differences
of a region with the rest of the country are
monitored at the center. The tie lines of the region
will break off from the rest of the country once angle
separation exceeds the limits. Voltage phase angle
difference monitoring, line thermal monitoring,
voltage stability monitoring, and online monitoring
of the system damping functions are obtained from
installed WAMS technology.
China
China began installation of PMU in its grid in 1995.
The installed PMU successfully recorded dynamic
processes of low-frequency oscillations in the
Chinese power grid. Even the Chinese government
began to offer commercial PMUs. Additionally,
PMU helped in the function of state estimation,
security assessment, adaptive protection, and
emergency control.
India
With the rapid growth of demand of electricity and
development of power grids, it is important to know
the dynamic state of grid. To achieve this, the central
transmission utility, initiated the development of
an intelligent grid comprising a WAMS, adaptive
islanding, and self-healing aspects. In initial stage,
few PMUs were installed at critical buses in all
regional grid. PMUs are being installed in various
EHV and HVDC substations in India.
Integrated Nepal
Power System
In Nepal, the interconnected power system network
known as Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS),
is responsible for the operation of power system.
It consists of power generation, transmission and
distribution network and its primary function
is to smoothly evacuate power from generating
stations to consumers. INPS is hydro dominated
system where the base and intermediate demands
are supplied by run of river hydropower plants
and peak demand by seasonal storage and diesel
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
power plants. Till date, INPS has been charged
up to 220 kV voltage level. Due to energy deficit
in Nepal, Nepal has been importing power from
India through around 12 different active radial
points along Nepal India border. Out of these
transmission lines, the Dhalkebar-Muzzafarpur TL
is charged at 220 kV. The cross border transmission
lines Gandak-Ramnagar TL, Kusaha-Kataiya TL,
Mahendranagar-Tanakpur TL and Pawanipur-
Raxaul TL are operating at 132 kV. Remaining lines
are of 33 kV, the energy from which are used in the
areas near Nepal-India border.
System Operation Department (SOD) within
Transmission Directorate of Nepal Electricity
Authority (NEA) has the main responsibility of
managing and controlling reliable and quality of
power from distant generators to various load
centers through Load Dispatch Centre (LDC).
In future, NEA has plans to synchronize INPS
with Indian grid. In order to achieve this, NEA
is planning to install Special Protection Scheme
(SPS), communication and SCADA system within
the INPS for synchronous operation of INPS and
Indian Grid. As of now, LDC has been controlling
the operation of INPS using computer-based
SCADA. The data from remote generating stations
and transmission substations arrive at LDC with the
help of remote terminal equipment (RTU). The data
transmitted are real reactive power flow-injections,
magnitude of bus voltages and line currents. The
data transmission is done through optical fiber. The
data at the remote station is converted to optical
signal and transmitted to LDC via optical fiber. At
LDC, this optical data is converted back to electrical
data with the help of (Optical Line Termination
Equipment) OLTE. The Terminal Server (TS)
converts the electrical data into IP based data which
become available to the operator in SCADA master
station.
Requirement of PMU based
SCADA system in INPS
With the addition of power through different
mechanism in the network, complexity of INPS
is ever increasing. Injection of renewable energy
(mainly the solar power) into the system has
also been a major subject of concern. To reduce
substantial dependency of Nepal on imported
petroleum products, fossil fuel vehicles are being
&(
replaced by electric vehicle (EV). Few numbers
of charging stations have already been installed
and initiatives are being taken to establish several
charging stations in major highways and cities.
Replacement of cooking gas by electricity is being
promoted to reduce dependence on imported fuel.
The cross-border connection of INPS with India
allows the bidirectional flow of power. The 400kV
HVDC transmission project which will interconnect
the Chinese electricity system in INPS is also
progressing. However, in order to be able to achieve
these visions, NEA must upgrade the existing INPS
and one of the upgradations of system should be the
introduction of PMU based SCADA system.
Continuous monitoring and controlling of the
system is required to maintain the quality and
reliability of the electricity to its consumers. With
the introduction of renewables into the system,
the system will be running near the stability limit
which will make the system more critical. The more
critical the system is, the more will be the necessity
of supervision and control in order to prevent the
system from catastrophic effect and blackouts.
When the country becomes fully dependent upon
electricity, the reliability of the supply should be
increased. Failure of the system will leave the system
with huge loss. With the inter border connection
the electricity system, it necessitates the awareness
about condition of both interconnected system since
fault in one system may be transferred and affect
the other system leading to the major disturbances
in the system. Not just the steady state, dynamic
state of the system must be monitored immediately
and most accurately. Whenever there is need of
economic load dispatch and optimal power flow,
all the system information must be captured
accurately and transferred to the central system.
This way, central system can continuously monitor
the situation and appropriate action could be taken
whenever necessary. Further, State estimation is
necessary part of the underlying hardware and
*)
software structure which supports the power system
operation. The concept of security control cannot be
fully realized without complete information of the
system. PMU based state estimation is more reliable
than conventional SCADA based state estimation
since the data captured from PMU based system
includes both the magnitude and phase angles
of voltage and current. Considering all the future
possible developments in INPS and its growing
complexity, that PMU based SCADA system has
become a major requirement in context of INPS.
deepasubedi12@gmail.com
References
G. Anderson, P. Donalek, R. Farmer, N. Hatziargyriou, I.
Kamwa, P. Kundur, N. Martins, J. Paserba, P. Pourbeik,
J. Sanchez-Gasca, R. Schulz, A. Stankovic, C. Taylor and
V. Vittal, "Causes of the 2003 Major Grid Blackouts in
North America and Europe, and Recommended Means
to Improve System Dynamic Performance," IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1922-
1928, 2005.
C. 1. 1.-2. IEEE Std. , "IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor
Measurements for Power Systems," 2011.
A. G. Phadke and T. BI, "Phasor Measurement Units,
WAMS, and their applications in protection and control
of power systems," Journal of Modern Power System and
Clean Energy, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 619-629, 2018.
A. Monticelli, "Electric Power System State Estimation,"
Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 262-283, 2000.
R. B. Shrestha, "Power Sector and Hydropower
Development in Nepal," Hydro Nepal, no. 16, 2015
M. S. Thomas and J. D. McDonald, Power System SCADA
and Smart Grids, First ed., CRC Press, 2015.
NEA, "A Year in Review 2018/19," 2019.
S. Dhungel, "Nepal-India Cross-Border Power Trade:
Current Need and Future Scope," 15 April 2018. [Online].
Available: https://engineeringsarokar.com/nepal-india-
cross-border-power-trade-current-need-and-future-
scope/#. [Accessed 28 01 2020].
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
 Gearing up for
Electricity
Consumption in Nepal
Suresh Kumar Timalsina
Engineer , Electrical, Nepalgunj Distribution Centre, NEA
N epal has a huge potential for hydropower
production, its exploitation has been to a
very minimal, and therefore, significant amount
of energy supply comes from biomass and fossil
fuels. Nepal’s total primary energy consumption
share was 73.70 % biofuels and waste, 17.32%
petroleum products, 5.96 % coal, 3% hydro
and less than 1% other renewable sources(EIA,
2019). Accordingly, the import bills of petroleum
products have been substantial. In FY 2017/18,
about 33.41 % of the total major imports were
accounted by the import of petroleum product
(NRB, 2019). This clearly has implication of
external sector imbalance in addition to the
environmental cost to the economy.
By the end of FY 2018/19, the installed capacity
of the hydroelectricity has reached 1128.705
MW. The current demand for electricity during
peak hours has been around 1320.28 MW (Nepal
Electricity Authority (NEA) Annual Report for
FY 2018/19). Additional power is imported
from India to meet demand. Despite that
hydroelectricity is in short supply compared to
demand in recent years, there has been moderate
progress on the production of hydroelectricity.
A total of 8 new projects developed by the
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
independent power producers (IPPs) with a
combined installed capacity of 48.08 MW and
Trishuli 3A (60 MW) developed by NEA were
commissioned in the FY 2018/19. According to
department of electricity development (DOED),
generation license has been issued to 209
hydropower projects with combined capacity
of 7546.141 MW, 40 solar projects of combined
capacity 415.78 MW and 4 wind projects of
8 MW. A total of 120 projects to be developed
by IPPs, with a combined installed capacity of
2,613.90 MW and 9 projects to be developed by
NEA with combined installed capacity of 957.10
MW are under construction after financial
closure. Similarly, 137 IPP-owned projects with
a combined installed capacity of 2,869.38 MW
are at various stages of development. With
the commitment of Government of Nepal to
complete the under-construction hydropower
projects in the stipulated time, increase electricity
supply and emphasize overall development of
hydropower through the white paper published
by Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and
Irrigation in 2074, the total installed capacity of
hydropower projects would reach around 5000
MW within few years. If the business as usual
scenario prevails, then it can be anticipated an
*!
excess supply of hydroelectricity in coming years. Concerns over climate change, energy security and
Therefore the policy interventions have to be made economic impacts of the use of energy have led
and an enabling environment has to be created to many countries to put emphasis towards promotion
change energy consumption pattern, encourage the of efficient use of energy. Excessive dependence
usage of electricity instead of fossil fuels and expand on traditional cooking fuels is considered one of
domestic power market. the leading causes of deforestation and ecosystem
degradation in Nepal. Today’s clean cooking
Per capita electricity consumption of Nepal in FY
fuels are essential for combating the high level of
2018/19 was 245 kWh. Government of Nepal has set
emissions. Even though LPG is an alternative option
a target to achieve per capita electricity consumption
to firewood, kerosene, plants and animal residue,
of 700 kWh by FY 2021/22 and 1500 kWh by FY
it emits greenhouse gases to the environment. As
2026/27 in white paper published by Ministry of
per world energy council report-2019, in 2035,
Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation in 2074.
the demand for LPG in the cooking sector will
The government has set a target of 8.5 percent
have grown enormously, resulting in higher GHG
economic growth rate to make Nepal a middle-
emissions than for any other fuel types. Thus,
income country by 2030 (NRB, 2019). To deliver
one of the best mitigation options to reduce GHG
such a sustained economic growth rate, Nepal
emissions in the cooking sector is the replacement
needs to increase its electricity consumption. Due
of LPG fuel with electricity.
to the insufficient supply of electricity coupled with
low income, households with access to electricity In relation to electricity clean cooking policies, it
often consume it for only lighting purposes. has been observed that electric coil stoves are less
efficient and more power consuming in comparison
In the past, the crisis of electricity had received the
to other electric devices. For this reason electric
most attention from among government and policy
coil stoves are not a good cooking alternative in
makers. However, with several hydropower projects
an efficient cooking. However, induction stoves
nearing its completion and current slow growth
present a few advantages when they are compared to
rate of electricity consumption, attention has now
traditional liquid petroleum gas (LPG), biomass or
turned to increase the electricity consumption
electric coil based stoves, which can be listed below:
exponentially by substituting electricity with other
(i) Increased energy efficiency, as the magnetic field
energy sources. The current status of energy
is induced in the cookware and there is absence of
consumption reveals that residential sector has
calorific focus of high temperature, which reduces
highest share (79.86%) followed by industrial
heat losses to the environment; (ii) a higher speed
sector (8.16%) and transportation sector (7.31%)
in heating, because the ferromagnetic material of
respectively (CBS Nepal, 2019). Given the
the base of the pan has the ability to attract and
importance of the residential sector in the total
pass electricity through the magnetic fields, as
energy consumption, it comes as no surprise that
soon as it flows through the coil, which causes that
this sector has received a lot of attention. Traditional
the cookware is heated directly; (iii) higher safety
fuels such as firewood, agricultural residue, animal
because there is no risk to get burned when using
wastes and other biomass predominate energy
the kitchen, or explosions, as no flame is produced;
consumption in residential sector accounting as
(iv) more hygienic and easy to clean, while having
high as 93.10 % compared to modern biomass 2.99
a smooth surface of vitroceramic; (v) easy to
%, LPG 2.05 %, electricity 1.72%, kerosene 0.13 %
operate with digital controls. On the contrary, the
and other renewables less than 0.01 %. Share of
main disadvantages are: (i) A more sophisticated
electricity in energy consumption of residential
technology than electrical coil and GLP stoves; (ii)
sector is mainly limited to lighting purpose. Most
fragile use, as vitroceramic can get scratches.
of the households in urban area of Nepal use LPG
for cooking and heating. Meanwhile in rural areas, Cooking with LPG is strongly rooted in the habits
mainly traditional biomass is used for cooking. of Nepalese people in urban area, thus effective
Electricity consumption in country can be increased incentives are required to achieve the transition
by replacing LPG and traditional biomass with of this energy source to electricity. Government of
electricity for cooking and heating. Nepal should work in a subsidy substitution of LPG

*@ jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

for electricity subsidies in residential sector. This
can endorse switching to electricity from LPG and
traditional energy sources.
The foremost criterion to introduce induction stoves
at massive level in residential sector is the availability
of reliable power supply. Realizing the fact that
the necessary criteria to have reliable supply is
existence of adequate generation, transmission and
distribution facilities to satisfy customer demand,
government has set the target to generate 10,000
MW electricity within coming five years and connect
it to the national grid. Likewise, the white paper by
Ministry of Energy, Water resources and Irrigation
has come up with the policy to make every Nepali
citizen a share holder of hydropower projects. The
government is set to mark the year from 2075 to
2085 BS as the ‘Decade of Energy and Hydropower’
so as to realize the dream of ‘Prosperous Nepal,
Happy Nepalis’.
In the long term, fuel switching with hydropower
is the most flexible option due to country’s huge
hydropower potential and lower power generation
costs, which will help cut out LPG subsidies and
reduce both the economic trade deficit as well as the
energy import dependency on India. According to
the electricity demand forecast report (2015-2040)
by Water and Energy Commission Secretariat
(WECS), the total installed capacity requirement of
hydropower to fulfill growing electricity demand for
cooking and transportation by 2025 is 10803 MW.
Economic analysis of saving to government has to
be done properly if LPG demand is substituted by
electricity. It could be used to develop large-scale
hydropower projects in the long term. Substitution
of LPG with electricity is the most flexible option to
increase the electricity consumption.
The transmission and distribution network should
be strengthened and modernized to provide secure
and reliable services. The electric grid should
not present problems in its operation regarding
the behavior of the main parameters such as
voltage, power factor and harmonics. The electric
distribution network requires an adjustment,
especially at the level of distribution transformers,
primary feeders and connections. The highest
increase in demand of integrated Nepal power
system (INPS) is observed between 16:00 and
20:00. If we replace LPG with induction stoves,
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
then the new demand associated to the induction
stoves is likely to further increase in demand during
currently observed peak time. Therefore induction
stoves will have negative impact in the operation of
the electric grids and eventually large investments
is required to adapt networks to larger power flows.
The remedy to this is to adopt a dual-tariff system,
to induce other customer classes to shift their load
when this causes less impact to the system both
from the technical and economical points of view.
If no incentives are adopted, situation can be very
undesirable, since it implies having no control on
the electricity usage period that becomes decided
only by consumers. Therefore, the replacement of
existing energy meters with smart meters especially
in urban areas is urgent.
Induction stoves increase the demand for only
few hours of a day. This will give rise to peaks and
valleys in daily load curve. NEA has already signed
power purchase agreement in take or pay basis with
run of river (ROR) hydropower plants of installed
capacity of 5250 MW. With ROR hydropower
occupying the major part of power generation mix,
inflexibility of residential load, and slow growth of
electricity consumption in other sectors may result
into the large amount of hydropower spillage. It
finally deteriorates the financial health of NEA. The
large scale application of electric vehicles (EVs) is
solution to the problem of low growth in electricity
consumption and peaks and valleys in demand
caused by residential loads.
Currently Nepal ranks 107th in global CO2 emission.
The volume of carbon emitted by Nepal might be
small, but the rate at which we are increasing it is
even higher than the industrialized West. Nepal’s
Climate Change Policy 2011 and the Environment-
friendly Vehicle and Transport Policy 2014 aimed
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by steadily
reducing imports of petrol, diesel and LPG. Nepal
should immediately declare a peak emission year,
pass a policy to gradually replace all government
vehicles with electric ones and impose a tax on fuel
that can be used to subsidize electric vehicles.
To sum up, tariff structure, implementation of
smart meters, quality and continuity of supply
play an important role to gear up the electricity
consumption in Nepal.
yesyourace@gmail.com
*#
 Different Technical
Problems Faced in Loss
Reduction in System
Beni Nepali
Supervisior, Tanahu Distribution Centre, NEA
D istribution and Consumer Service
Directorate (DCS) is the largest directorate
of NEA in terms of number of employees
and business activities. This directorate
is responsible for overall management of
electricity distribution services and networks of
NEA and also deals with planning, expansion,
operation, maintenance and rehabilitation of
the electricity distribution networks including
substations up to 33 KV voltage level and
consumer services activities such as new
consumer connection, meter reading. This is
one directorate that directly deals with public
and their problems so it can also be considered
as face of NEA. It is impossible to create an ideal
system where interruption is a null set because
occurrence of fault is inevitable but in DCS, it
is considered necessary to provide smooth and
good voltage regulated electricity with less
number of interruption as possible. DCS is also
responsible for billing and collection of revenue
so in order to have high collection, large amount
of unit should be consumed which is possible
a) by increasing rate of unit consumption
b) by increasing number of consumers c) by
minimizing the power outage and interruptions.
That is why study of technical problem that arise
in the DCS seem mandatory in order to foresee
the problems and to minimize it.
*$
Below given are the few technical problem faced
while working in DCS
Neutral floating and
Neutral shifting
Neutral floating is one of the major problem
occurred in transformer or LT line which is
caused due to break of neutral conductor or due
to poor earthing of neutral conductor
which causes neutral shifting in transformer
also. Neutral shifting is a problem of unbalanced
voltage level at unbalanced load. In neutral
floating, voltage shifts in such a way that high
voltage appears in low load line and vice versa.
During this floating, voltage can reach up to line
voltage which is 1.73 times the phase voltage
which can damage the household appliances
that is why neutral floating is considered one of
the major and dangerous problem in DCS. Some
various factor that causes Neutral floating can
be summarized as below.
l Failure of Neutral bushing of transformer.
l Broken overhead neutral in LT line.
l Broken of Service neutral conductor.
l High earthing resistance of neutral at
distribution transformer.
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^
l Overloading or Unbalanced loading.
l Shared neutral.
l Poor maintenance
This type of problem can be minimized by doing
proper earthing of neutral and by keeping load as
balance as possible which makes less flow of current
in neutral conductor so protect it from melting and
in case of floating, balance load shares the voltage
equally so phase voltage does not reach up to line
voltage.
Unsatisfactory Sensitivity of
circuit breaker
In DCS, single feeder reach up to very far distance
because it is not economically viable to build another
feeder just for less populated area and because of it, a
problem arises in which circuit breaker in substation
does not operate satisfactorily. Sensitivity of circuit
breaker can be changed as per our requirement by
changing the parameter value in circuit breaker
panel but not a single current setting can satisfy both
the long distance problem (does not trip on fault)
and short distance problem (frequent trip even in
small disturbances). If Sensitivity of breaker is made
high in order to operate during long distance fault,
even small disturbance can cause the breaker to
operate resulting larger number of interruption and
if sensitivity of breaker is made low then breaker
may not operate even in occurrence of fault in long
distance which can cause the accident such as fire,
electrocution to animal, human being. In order to
reduce this problem, HT and LT fuse are kept as
rating of transformer and fuses can be installed in
different branches so that fuse melts in fault leaving
the unharmed part completely operational and
faulty part isolated.
Poor voltage regulation
According to NEA standard, voltage level for single
phase supply is 230 volts and 400 volts for three
phase supply. Voltage fluctuation can go up to
10%. Voltage level can go up during neutral floating
as mentioned earlier likewise Voltage level can go
down due to successive voltage drop and occurs
usually at farthest point in long length feeder line.
As the voltage level goes on decreasing, performance
of appliances in house goes on decreasing such as
low intensity of light, take long time to cook in rice
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
cooker and below certain voltage level, appliances
stops working. This problem is called poor voltage
regulation. It is one major problem in DCS because
we are using very lengthy feeder to supply the
electricity especially to rural area and they are facing
this problem. This problem can be minimized by
creating more load center in poor voltage area.
V.R. = (VNL-VFL)/VFL
Where,
V.R. = Voltage regulation
VNL = Voltage at no load
VFL = Voltage at full load
Unbalanced Load in
Transformer
Transformer operates smoothly with efficient if
load in all three phases can be made equal which
means zero neutral current flow and equal voltage
in each phase however balancing load is quite
difficult task due to the sparse nature of load.
Nepal Electricity Authority has also started to
use the transformer that trips automatically with
exceeding certain percentage of unbalance. This
type of transformer can be implemented in the city
area where population density is high. Unbalance
in load cause asymmetry in current flow that results
in asymmetrical voltage drop. This increases the
neutral return current which increases the line loss
so efficiency of transformer decreases. The reason
of unbalanced load are
l A large single phase load connected to one
phase only.
l Switching of three phase heavy load can result
in current and voltage surges which introduced
the unbalance in system.
Due to geographical reasons, people are
l
inhabiting in sparse manner.
Technical Losses
There always exist some void in supplied energy
and energy received by consumers or the energy
indicated by energy meters. This difference is known
as losses. This loss can be categorized mainly in two
types. First type of losses occurred in transmission
line, Transformer due to heat production, leakage
from bush or tree contact, Improper reading from
energy meter, transformer loss etc. The second
*%
type of losses are due to direct hooking which is
illegal. Consumer sometimes bypasses the MCB or
sometimes energy meter also in order to get less
charge of electricity which shows less gross energy
consumption which increases the loss. According to
the Annual report 2018/2019 published by Nepal
Electricity Authority, Total System loss of this fiscal
year is 15.32% which is improving as compared to
previous year loss but it is still tremendous amount
of loss.
l Some steps to minimize the loss are given
below
l Proper Bush Cutting.
l Use of Proper sized conductor, Transformer.
l Use of seal on every energy meter to reduce
bypassing of MCB and Meter.
l Change of Malfunctioned energy meter.
Conclusion
Distribution and Consumer Service Directorate is
the most sensitive directorate among other because
of its direct relation to public and major way of
collecting revenue. The problems that are seen on
DCS is reflected on whole NEA so it will be best if it
is kept healthy and healthy means less interruption,
clean and fast service to consumers. The problems
described above are most occurring problems so it
will be better if prevention methods are developed
to cope on event of occurrence. We cannot stop such
problem but we can create an environment of less
occurring and of course less loss after occurrence.
beninepali9@gmail.com
References
Grainger, J.J, Power System Analysis, McGraw Hill
Education Private Limited, New Delhi,
Gupta, B.R., Power System Analysis and Design, S. Chand
and Company Private Limited, New Delhi, 1998.
NEPAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY, A Year in Review
2018/2019.
https://www.ato.com/what-is-the-harm-of-
transformer-three-phase-imbalance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulation

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*^ jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

 NEPAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY
POWER TRADE DEPARTMENT
IPPs' Hydro Power Projects (Operation) as of Poush 29, 2076
Installed Commercial
S.N. Developer Projects Location Capacity PPA Date Operation
(kW) Date
1 Himal Power Ltd. Khimti Khola Dolkha 60000 2052.10.01 2057.03.27
Bhotekoshi Power
2 Bhotekoshi Khola Sindhupalchowk 45000 2053.04.06 2057.10.11
Company Ltd.
Syange Electricity
3 Syange Khola Lamjung 183 2058.10.03 2058.10.10
Company Limited
National Hydro Power
4 Indrawati - III Sindhupalchowk 7500 2054.09.15 2059.06.21
Company Ltd.
Chilime Hydro Power
5 Chilime Rasuwa 22100 2054.03.11 2060.05.08
Company Ltd.
Butwal Power Company
6 Jhimruk Khola Pyuthan 12000 2058.03.29 1994
Ltd.
Butwal Power Company
7 Andhi Khola Syangza 9400 2058.03.29 2071.12.22
Ltd.
Arun Valley Hydropower
8 Piluwa Khola Small Sankhuwasabha 3000 2056.10.09 2060.06.01
Development Co. (P.) Ltd.
Rairang Hydro Power
9 Rairang Khola Dhading 500 2059.08.27 2061.08.01
Development Co. (P) Ltd.
Sanima Hydropower (Pvt.)
10 Sunkoshi Small Sindhupalchok 2500 2058.07.28 2061.12.11
Ltd.
Alliance Power Nepal Pvt.
11 Chaku Khola Sindhupalchok 3000 2056.11.03 2062.03.01
Ltd.
12 Khudi Hydropower Ltd. Khudi Khola Lamjung 4000 2058.03.04 2063.09.15
13 Unique Hydel Co. Pvt.Ltd. Baramchi Khola Sindhupalchowk 4200 2058.12.14 2063.09.27
Thoppal Khola Hydro
14 Thoppal Khola Dhading 1650 2059.11.23 2064.07.13
Power Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Gautam Buddha
15 Sisne Khola Small Palpa 750 2061.04.29 2064.06.01
Hydropower (Pvt.) Ltd.
Kathmandu Small
16 Hydropower Systems Pvt. Sali Nadi Kathmandu 250 2062.04.24 2064.08.01
Ltd.
Khoranga Khola
17 Hydropower Dev. Co. Pvt. Pheme Khola Panchtar 995 2057.12.31 2064.08.05
Ltd.

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ *&

 Unified Hydropower (P.)
18 Pati Khola Small Parbat 996 2062.10.28 2065.10.27
Ltd.
Task Hydropower
19 Seti-II Kaski 979 2063.06.08 2065.11.14
Company (P.) Ltd.
Ridi Hydropower
20 Ridi Khola Gulmi 2400 2063.05.08 2066.07.10
Development Co. (P.) Ltd.
Centre for Power Dev. And
21 Upper Hadi Khola Sindhupalchowk 991 2064.04.07 2066.07.22
Services (P.) Ltd.
Gandaki Hydro Power Co.
22 Mardi Khola Kaski 4800 2060.07.07 2066.10.08
Pvt. Ltd.
Himal Dolkha Hydropower
23 Mai Khola Ilam 4500 2063.11.19 2067.10.14
Company Ltd.
Baneswor Hydropower
24 Lower Piluwa Small Sankhuwasabha 990 2064.07.21 2068.04.01
Pvt. Ltd.
Barun Hydropower
25 Hewa Khola Sankhuwasabha 4455 2061.04.02 2068.04.17
Development Co. (P.) Ltd.
Bhagawati Hydropower
26 Bijayapur-1 Kaski 4410 2066.03.30 2069.05.04
Development Co. (P.) Ltd.
Kathmandu Upatyaka
27 Khanepani bewasthapan Solar Lalitpur 680.4 2069.06.12 2069.07.15
Board
28 Nyadi Group (P.) Ltd. Siuri Khola Lamjung 4950 2064.04.17 2069.07.30
United Modi Hydropwer
29 Lower Modi 1 Parbat 10000 2065.10.20 2069.08.10
Pvt. Ltd.
Synergy Power
30 Sipring Khola Dolkha 9658 2065.10.20 2069.10.03
Development (P.) Ltd.
Laughing Buddha Power
31 Middle Chaku Sindhupalchowk 1800 2066.11.03 2069.11.15
Nepal (P.) Ltd.
Aadishakti Power Dev. Tadi Khola
32 Nuwakot 5000 2061.12.15 2069.12.14
Company (P.) Ltd. (Thaprek)
Ankhu Khola Jal Bidhyut
33 Ankhu Khola - 1 Dhading 8400 2066.02.22 2070.05.05
Co. (P.) Ltd.
Nepal Hydro Developer
34 Charanawati Khola Dolakha 3520 2067.01.13 2070.02.24
Pvt. Ltd.
Laughing Buddha Power
35 Lower Chaku Khola Sindhupalchowk 1800 2063.07.02 2070.04.24
Nepal Pvt. Ltd.
Bhairabkunda
36 Bhairab Kunda Sindhupalchowk 3000 2065.08.02 2071.02.22
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Radhi Bidyut Company
37 Radhi Khola Lamjung 4400 2066.10.18 2071.02.31
Ltd.
Pashupati Environmental
38 Chhote Khola Gorkha 993 2067.11.09 2071.03.09
Eng. Power Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Mailung Khola Hydro
39 Mailung Khola Rasuwa 5000 2058.04.09 2071.03.19
Power Company (P.) Ltd.
Joshi Hydropower
40 Development Company Upper Puwa -1 Illam 3000 2066.01.23 2071.10.01
Limited
Sanima Mai Hydropower
41 Mai Khola Ilam 22000 2067.01.08 2071.10.14
Limited
Bojini Company Private
42 Jiri Khola Small Dolkha 2200 2065.10.23 2071.11.01
Limited
Ruru Hydropower Project
43 Upper Hugdi Khola Gulmi 5000 2066.04.04 2071.12.09
(P) Ltd.
Prime Hydropower Co.
44 Belkhu Dhading 518 2064.04.04 2071.12.30
Pvt. Ltd.

** jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

 Api Power Company Pvt.
45 Naugadh gad Khola Darchula 8500 2067.01.19 2072.05.02
Ltd.
Kutheli Bukhari Small
46 Suspa Bukhari Dolakha 998 2069.04.32 2072.06.03
Hydropower (P).Ltd
Sanima Mai Hydropower
47 Mai Cascade Ilam 7000 2069.10.12 2072.10.29
Ltd.
Chhyangdi Hydropower
48 Chhandi Lamjung 2000 2068.12.23 2072.12.13
Limited
Panchakanya Mai
Hydropower Ltd.
49 Upper Mai Khola Ilam 9980 2061.12.19 2073.03.09
(Previously Mai Valley and
prior to that East Nepal)
Sayapatri Hydropower
50 Daram Khola A Baglung 2500 2068.12.19 2073.03.12
Private Limited
Electro-com and Research
51 Jhyadi Khola Sindhupalchowk 2000 2067.01.30 2073.05.31
Centre Pvt. Ltd.
Khani Khola Hydropower
52 Tungun-Thosne Lalitpur 4360 2069.04.05 2073.07.09
Company Pvt. Ltd.
Daraudi Kalika Hydro Pvt.
53 Daraudi Khola A Gorkha 6000 2068.05.19 2073.08.13
Ltd.
Khani Khola Hydropower
54 Khani Khola Lalitpur 2000 2069.04.05 2073.08.20
Company Pvt. Ltd.
Sapsu Kalika Hydropower
55 Miya Khola Khotang 996 2069.08.10 2073.09.03
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Sinohydro-Sagarmatha Upper Marsyangdi
56 Lamjung 50000 2067.09.14 2073.09.17
Power Company (P) Ltd. "A"
57 Madi Power Pvt. Ltd. Upper Madi Kaski 25000 2066.05.21 2073.09.25
Panchthar Power
58 Hewa Khola A Panchthar 14900 2068.05.30 2073.10.22
Company Pvt. Ltd.
59 Sanvi Energy pvt. Ltd. Jogmai Ilam 7600 2069.08.07 2074.01.18
Bhugol Energy Dev
60 Dwari Khola Dailekha 3750 2069.12.30 2074.1.23
Compay (P). Ltd
Mai Valley Hydropower
61 Upper Mai C Ilam 5100 2068.12.23 2074.04.09
Private Limited
Dronanchal Hydropower
62 Dhunge-Jiri Dolakha 600 2068.09.25 2074.06.01
Co.Pvt.Ltd
Dibyaswari Hydropower
63 Sabha Khola Sankhuwasabha 4000 2068.11.17 2074.06.02
Limited
Puwa Khola-1 Hydropower
64 Puwa Khola -1 Ilam 4000 2070.10.09 2074.06.23
P. Ltd.
Shibani Hydropower Co.
65 Phawa Khola Taplejung 4950 2063.12.01 2074.07.14
Pvt. Ltd.
Mount Kailash Energy Pvt.
66 Thapa Khola Myagdi 13600 2067.10.11 2074.08.22
Ltd.
Mandakini Hydropower
67 Sardi Khola Kaski 4000 2068.11.11 2074.08.23
Limited
Garjang Upatyaka
68 Chake Khola Ramechhap 2830 2065.11.06 2074.08.28
Hydropower (P.) Ltd.
Union Hydropower Pvt
69 Midim Karapu Lamjung 3000 2069.10.28 2074.10.15
Ltd.
Syauri Bhumey
70 Syauri Bhumey Nuwakot 23 2072.11.16 2074.10.18
Microhydro Project
Molung Hydropower
71 Molung Khola Okhaldhunga 7000 2069.11.21 2074.12.12
Company Pvt. Ltd.

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ *(

 Sikles Hydropower Pvt.
72 Madkyu Khola Kaski 13000 2066.08.03 2074.12.19
Ltd.
Himal Dolkha Hydropower
73 Mai sana Cascade Ilam 8000 2069.11.14 2074.12.26
Company Ltd.
74 Barahi Hydropower Pvt.ltd Theule Khola Baglung 1500 2066.12.16 2075.03.24
Leguwa Khola Laghu
75 Jalbidhyut Sahakari Leguwa Khola Dhankuta 40 2072.11.21 2075.03.28
Sastha Ltd.
Super Mai Hydropower
76 Super Mai Illam 7800 2073.12.06 2075.07.11
Pvt. Ltd.
Chimal Gramin Bidhyut Sobuwa Khola-2
77 Taplejung 90 2074.11.15 2075.07.14
Sahakari Sanstha Ltd. MHP
Surya Power Company Pvt. Bishnu Priya Solar
78 Nawalparasi 960 2074.04.08 2075.08.13
Ltd. Farm Project
Deurali Bahuudesiya
79 Midim Khola Lamjung 100 2070.02.20 2075.09.04
Sahakari Sanstha Ltd.
Bindhyabasini
Lamjung and 2069.10.28
80 Hydropower Development Rudi Khola A 8800 2075.12.04
Kaski 2073.02.13
Co. (P.) Ltd.
Bagmati Khola Makawanpur/
81 Mandu Hydropower Ltd. 22000 2069.10.07 2075.12.19
Small Lalitpur
Salmanidevi Hydropower
82 Kapadi Gad Doti 3330 2069.12.11 2076.02.25
(P). Ltd
Eastern Hydropower Pvt.
83 Pikhuwa Khola Bhojpur 5000 2066.07.24 2076.02.27
Ltd.
Mountain Hydro Nepal 2071.04.09
84 Tallo Hewa Khola Panchthar 22100 2076.04.21
Pvt. Ltd. 2075.10.16
Pashupati Environmental Lower Chhote
85 Gorkha 997 2072.08.04 2076.05.15
Power Co. Pvt. Ltd. Khola
Rairang Hydropower
86 Development Company Iwa Khola Taplejung 9900 2070.01.29 2076.06.20
Ltd.
United Idi Mardi and R.B.
87 Upper Mardi Kaski 7000 2073.02.25 2076.06.20
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Api Power Company Pvt.
88 Upper Naugad Gad Darchula 8000 2073.07.12 2076.07.13
Ltd.
Taplejung,
89 Arun Kabeli Power Ltd. Kabeli B-1 25000 2069.03.29 2076.07.23
Panchthar
Jeuligad Small
Rangoon Khola
90 Hydropower Bajhang 996 2071.10.20 2076.08.27
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Project
Dolti Power Company Pvt.
91 Padam Khola Dailekh 4800 2074.08.01 2076.09.08
Ltd.
      TOTAL 639,568.40    

() jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

 NEPAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY
POWER TRADE DEPARTMENT
IPPs' Hydropower Projects (Under Construction) as of Poush 29, 2076
(Financial Closure concluded projects)
Installed Required
S.N. Developers Projects Location Capacity PPA Date Commercial
(kW) Operation Date
Upper Tamakoshi 2072.9.10 - 4 Units,
1 Upper Tamakoshi Dolkha 456000 2067.09.14
Hydropower Ltd. 2073.3.30 - 2 Units
Nama Buddha Tinau Khola 2066.11.1 (990kw)
2 Palpa 1665 2065.03.31
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Small 2077.09.15 (675kw)
Himalayan
3 Namarjun Madi Kaski 11800 2066.05.30 2071.4.1
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Jumdi Hydropower
4 Jumdi Khola Gulmi 1750 2066.10.21 2069.10.11
Pvt. Ltd.
Hira Ratna
5 Tadi Khola Nuwakot 5000 2067.01.09 2075.10.01
Hydropower P.ltd
Energy Engineering
6 Upper Mailung A Rasuwa 6420 2067.03.25 2075.10.01
Pvt. Ltd.
Shiva Shree
7 Upper Chaku A Sindhupalchowk 22200 2067.05.22 2073.01.25
Hydropower (P.) Ltd.
Greenlife Energy Pvt. 2067.06.24 2074.12.17 (25MW)
8 Khani khola-1 Dolakha 40000
Ltd. 2074.02.21 2076.09.03 (15MW)
Himalaya Urja Bikas
9 Upper Khimti Ramechhap 12000 2067.10.09 2075.3.32
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Green Ventures Pvt.
10 Likhu-IV Ramechhap 52400 2067.10.19 2077.06.30
Ltd.
11 Robust Energy Ltd. Mistri Khola Myagdi 42000 2067.10.20 2076.05.14
Manang Trade Link
12 Lower Modi Parbat 20000 2068.05.20 2074.3.31
Pvt. Ltd.
Mathillo Mailung
Khola Jalbidhyut Ltd.
13 Upper Mailun Rasuwa 14300 2068.05.23 2075.10.01
(Prv. Molnia Power
Ltd.)
Sanjen Hydropower
14 Upper Sanjen Rasuwa 14800 2068.06.23 2075.10.01
Co.Limited
Middle Bhotekoshi
Middle
15 Jalbidhyut Company Sindhupalchowk 102000 2068.07.28 2076.12.28
Bhotekoshi
Ltd.

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ (!

 Chilime Hydro Power
16 Rasuwagadhi Rasuwa 111000 2068.07.28 2075.10.01
Company Ltd.
Water and Energy
17 Badi Gad Baglung 6600 2068.08.13 2072.2.14
Nepal Pvt. Ltd.
Sanjen Hydropower
18 Sanjen Rasuwa 42500 2068.08.19 2075.10.01
Company Limited
Gelun Hydropower
19 Gelun Sindhupalchowk 3200 2068.09.25 2074.06.14
Co.Pvt.Ltd
Dariyal Small
20 Upper Belkhu Dhading 750 2068.11.28 2071.7.16
Hydropower Pvt.Ltd
Suryakunda
21 Upper Tadi Nuwakot 11000 2068.12.03 2075.10.01
Hydroelectric Pvt. Ltd.
Himalayan Power
22 Dordi Khola Lamjung 27000 2069.03.01 2076.05.14
Partner Pvt. Ltd.
Sasha Engingeering Khani
23 Dolakha 30000 2069.03.25 2074.12.17
Hydropower (P). Ltd Khola(Dolakha)
Rising Hydropower
24 Selang Khola Sindhupalchowk 990 2069.03.31 2071.6.15
Compnay Ltd.
Liberty Hydropower
25 Upper Dordi A Lamjung 25000 2069.06.02 2076.05.14
Pvt. Ltd.
Hydro Innovation Pvt.
26 Tinekhu Khola Dolakha 990 2069.06.08 2074.12.30
Ltd.
Salankhu Khola
27 Salankhu Khola Nuwakot 2500 2069.06.14 2071.11.30
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Moonlight
28 Balephi A Sindhupalchowk 10600 2069.07.14 2076.12.28
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Middle Modi
29 Middle Modi Parbat 15100 2069.08.21 2077.03.31
Hydropower Ltd.
Reliable Hydropower
30 Khorunga Khola Terhathum 4800 2069.08.26 2077.08.16
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Rara Hydropower
Upper Parajuli
31 Development Co. Pvt. Dailekh 2150 2069.08.28 2071.12.17
Khola
Ltd.
Lohore Khola
32 Hydropower Co. Pvt. Lohore Khola Dailekh 4200 2069.09.08 2073.06.20
Ltd.
2069.09.16
Beni Hydropower 2073.07.25
33 Upper Solu Solukhumbu 18000 2074.10.01
Project Pvt. Ltd. (PPA
Revived)
Dudhkoshi Power
34 Rawa Khola Khotang 6500 2069.09.26 2073.05.31
Company Pvt. Ltd.
2074.9.16 (8.26MW)
Universal Power
35 Lower Khare Dolakha 11000 2069.10.22 2076.04.03
Company Ltd.
(2.74MW)
Madhya Midim
36 Jalbidhyut Company Middle Midim Lamjung 3100 2069.10.23 2072.5.1
P. Ltd.
Volcano Hydropower
37 Teliya Khola Dhankuta 996 2069.10.25 2071.7.24
Pvt. Ltd.
Betrawoti Hydropower
38 Phalankhu Khola Rasuwa 13700 2069.12.06 2075.10.01
Company (P).Ltd

(@ jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

 Himalaya Urja Bikas
39 Upper Khimti II Ramechhap 7000 2069.12.09 2075.12.01
Co. Ltd.
Dovan Hydropower
40 Junbesi Khola Solukhumbu 5200 2069.12.29 2076.08.30
Company Pvt. Ltd.
Ghalemdi Hydro
Limited (Previously, 2074.07.30 (4MW)
41 Ghalemdi Khola Myagdi 5000 2069.12.30
Cemat Power Dev 2077.05.03(1MW)
Company (P). Ltd.)
Tallo Midim Jalbidhut
42 Lower Midim Lamjung 996 2070.01.19 2071.8.1
Company Pvt. Ltd.
Tangchhar Hydro Pvt.
43 Tangchhahara Mustang 2200 2070.02.20 2073.7.1
Ltd
Abiral Hydropower Co.
44 Upper Khadam Morang 990 2070.02.21 2071.08.01
Pvt. Ltd.
Manakamana
45 Engineering Ghatte Khola Dolakha 5000 2070.04.28 2075.03.16
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Essel-Clean Solu
46 Lower Solu Solukhumbu 82000 2070.07.15 2076.8.30
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Consortium Power
47 Khare Khola Dolakha 24100 2070.07.15 2075.08.15
Developers Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Solu
48 Hydroelectric Solu Khola Solukhumbu 23500 2070.07.24 2075.4.1
Company Pvt. Ltd
Singati Hydro Energy 2075.05.31 (16MW)
49 Singati Khola Dolakha 25000 2070.07.27
Pvt. Ltd. 2077.04.01 (9MW)
Maya Khola
50 Hydropower Co. Pvt. Maya Khola Sankhuwasabha 14900 2070.08.30 2076.9.1
Ltd.
Idi Hydropower Co.
51 Idi Khola Kaski 975 2070.09.01 2074.09.16
P. Ltd.
Buddha Bhumi Nepal
52 Hydro Power Co. Pvt. Lower Tadi Nuwakot 4993 2070.12.10 2075.10.01
Ltd.
Bindhyabasini
Hydropower Lamjung and
53 Rudi Khola B 6600 2071.4.20 2076.02.32
Development Co. (P.) Kaski
Ltd.
2071.07.19
2076.08.16 (10.3
Dordi Khola Jal Bidyut (10.3 MW)
54 Dordi-1 Khola Lamjung 12000 MW) 2077.04.02 (1.7
Company Ltd. 2075.11.21
MW)
(1.7 MW)
River Falls
55 Hydropower Down Piluwa Sankhuwasabha 9500 2071.10.18 2076.09.01
Development Pvt. Ltd.
Peoples' Hydropower
56 Super Dordi 'Kha' Lamjung 54000 2071.11.13 2077.03.29
Company Pvt. Ltd.
Hydro Venture Private Solu Khola
57 Solukhumbu 86000 2071.11.13 2077.06.10
Limited (Dudhkoshi)
Global Hydropower Solukhumbu/
58 Likhu-2 33400 2071.11.19 2077.04.01
Associate Pvt. Ltd. Ramechap

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ (#

 Paan Himalaya Energy Solukhumbu/
59 Likhu-1 51400 2071.11.19 2077.04.01
Private Limited Ramechap
Numbur Himalaya Solukhumbu/
60 Likhu Khola A 24200 2071.11.22 2077.04.01
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Ramechap
Dipsabha Hydropower
61 Sabha Khola A Sankhuwasabha 9990 2071.12.02 2076.07.15
Pvt. Ltd.
Research and
62 Development Group Rupse Khola Myagdi 4000 2071.12.17 2076.08.02
Pvt. Ltd.
Hydro Empire Pvt.
63 Upper Myagdi Myagdi 20000 2071.12.17 2077.05.30
Ltd.
Chandeshwori
64 Mahadev Khola MH. Chulepu Khola Ramechhap 8520 2071.12.23 2075.04.15
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Nyadi Hydropower
65 Nyadi Lamjung 30000 2072.02.12 2077.01.06
Limited
Suri Khola
66 Suri Khola Dolakha 6400 2072.02.20 2074.12.30
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Bungal Hydro Pvt. Ltd.
67 (Previously Sanigad Upper Sanigad Bajhang 10700 2072.03.15 2076.05.29
Hydro Pvt. Ltd.)
Kalanga Hydro Pvt.
68 Kalangagad Bajhang 15330 2072.03.15 2076.05.29
Ltd.
Sanigad Hydro Pvt. Upper
69 Bajhang 38460 2072.03.15 2077.04.15
Ltd. Kalangagad
Dhaulagiri Kalika
70 Darbang-Myagdi Myagdi 25000 2072.04.28 2075.12.25
Hydro Pvt. Ltd.
Menchhiyam Upper Piluwa
71 Sankhuwasabha 4720 2072.05.11 2076.04.01
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Khola 2
Panchthar and
72 Kabeli Energy Limited Kabeli-A 37600 2072.06.07 2076.11.03
Taplejung
Upper Syange Upper Syange
73 Lamjung 2400 2072.06.14 2075.10.01
Hydropower P. Ltd. Khola
Peoples Energy Ltd.
(Previously Peoples Dolakha and
74 Khimti-2 48800 2072.06.14 2078.04.01
Hydro Co-operative Ramechhap
Ltd.)
Kavrepalanchowk, 2072.06.14
Chauri Hydropower Ramechhap, (5 MW) 2075.12.30 (5 MW)
75 Chauri Khola 6000
(P.) Ltd. Sindhupalchowk, 2076.01.06 2078.08.03 (1 MW)
Dolakha (1 MW)
Huaning Development
76 Upper Balephi A Sindhupalchowk 36000 2072.08.29 2075.10.06
Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Hewa Khola
Upper Hewa
77 Hydropower Co. Pvt. Sankhuwasabha 8500 2072.09.23 2076.03.17
Khola Small
Ltd.
Multi Energy 2076.12.30 (10MW)
78 Langtang Khola Rasuwa 20000 2072.09.29
Development Pvt. Ltd. 2078.04.03 (10MW)
Ankhu Hydropower
79 Ankhu Khola Dhading 34000 2073.01.30 2076.12.30
(P.) Ltd.

($ jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

 2076.08.30 (8.3
Myagdi Hydropower
80 Ghar Khola Myagdi 14000 2073.02.11 MW) 2078.10.17 (5.7
Pvt. Ltd.
MW)
Richet Jalbidhyut
81 Richet Khola Gorkha 4980 2073.02.23 2075.07.30
Company Pvt. Ltd.
Rapti Hydro and
82 General Construction Rukumgad Rukum 5000 2073.03.07 2076.09.01
Pvt. Ltd.
Rawa Energy
83 Upper Rawa Khotang 3000 2073.04.24 2076.03.30
Development Pvt. Ltd.
Siddhi Hydropower
84 Siddhi Khola Illam 10000 2074.05.29 2077.03.31
Company Pvt. Ltd.
Terhathum Power
85 Upper Khorunga Terhathum 7500 2073.07.29 2076.09.01
Company Pvt. Ltd.
Nilgiri Khola
86 Nilgiri Khola Myagdi 38000 2073.11.30 2080.08.30
Hydropower Co. Ltd.
Siuri Nyadi Power Pvt.
87 Super Nyadi Lamjung 40270 2074.02.19 2079.04.01
Ltd.
Swet-Ganga
88 Hydropower and Lower Likhu Ramechhap 28100 2073.09.14 2078.08.15
Construction Ltd.
Nilgiri Khola
89 Nilgiri Khola-2 Myagdi 62000 2074.03.05 2081.08.30
Hydropower Co. Ltd.
Sano Milti Khola Ramechhap and
90 Sano Milti 3000 2073.01.13 2075.08.01
Hydropower Ltd. Dolakha
Diamond Hydropower
91 Upper Daraudi-1 Gorkha 10000 2072.08.14 2075.09.17
Pvt. Ltd.
Chhyangdi Upper Chhyangdi
92 Lamjung 4000 2074.03.22 2078.4.05
Hydropower Limited Khola
Taksar-Pikhuwa
93 Taksar Pikhuwa Bhojpur 8000 2073.09.01 2076.10.23
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Rasuwa Hydropower
94 Phalanku Khola Rasuwa 5000 2071.08.24 2076.8.01
Pvt. Ltd
Civil Hydropower Pvt. Bijayapur 2 Khola
95 Kaski 4500 2072.09.12 2075.03.32
Ltd. Small
Makari Gad
96 Makarigad Darchula 10000 2072.08.29 2076.02.32
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Super Madi
Hydropower Ltd.
97 (Previously Himal Super Madi Kaski 44000 2073.10.27 2078.02.28
Hydro and General
Construction Ltd.)
Mount Nilgiri
98 Hydropower Company Rurubanchu-1 Kalikot 13500 2074.05.08 2077.11.03
Pvt. Ltd.
Trishuli Jal Vidhyut
99 Upper Trishuli 3B Rasuwa 37000 2074.05.06 2078.11.17
Company Ltd.
Century Energy Pvt. Hadi Khola
100 Sindhupalchowk 997 2074.05.05 2076.11.03
Ltd. Sunkoshi A
Sindhujwala
101 Upper Nyasem Sindhupalchowk 41400 2073.07.24 2077.03.30
Hydropower Ltd.

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ (%

 Samling Power
102 Mai Beni Illam 9510 2073.07.26 2078.08.02
Company Pvt. Ltd.
Energy Venture Pvt.
103 Upper Lapche Dolakha 52000 2073.04.20 2078.12.30
Ltd.
Orbit Energy Pvt. Ltd.
(Previously Pokhari
104 Sabha Khola B Sankhuwasabha 15100 2074.03.26 2078.2.31
Hydropower Company
Pvt. Ltd.)
Eco Power
Mithila Solar PV
105 Development Dhanusha 10000 2075.09.16 2076.01.17
Electric Project
Company Pvt. Ltd
Daram Khola Hydro Baglung and
106 Daram Khola 9600 2073.10.09 2076.09.08
Energy Ltd. Gulmi
Sagarmatha
107 Jalabidhyut Company Super Mai 'A' Illam 9600 2074.11.14 2077.09.29
Pvt. Ltd.
Sagarmatha Energy
Dhalkebar Solar
108 and Construction Pvt. Dhanusha 3000 2075.06.24 2076.12.23
Project
Ltd.
Gorkha Congenial
Lamahi Solar
109 Energy and Dang 3000 2075.06.24 2076.12.23
Project
Investment Pvt. Ltd.
Global Energy and Duhabi Solar
110 Sunsari 8000 2075.06.25 2076.12.24
Construction Pvt. Ltd. Project
Ridi Hydropower Butwal Solar
111 Rupandehi 8500 2075.06.09 2076.04.08
Development Co. Ltd. Project
Him River Power Pvt.
112 Liping Khola Sindhupalchowk 16260 2073.02.28 2077.01.22
Ltd.
Madhya Tara Khola
Hydropower P. Ltd.
Madhya Tara
113 (Prv. Pahadi Hydro Baglung 1700 2073.10.26 2075.08.29
Khola Small
Power Company (P.)
Ltd.)
Nepal Water and
114 Energy Development Upper Trishuli - 1 Rasuwa 216000 2074.10.14 2080.12.18
Company Pvt. Ltd.
Mewa Developers Pvt.
115 Middle Mewa Taplejung 49000 2075.05.04 2080.06.06
Ltd.

       
TOTAL 2,804,902  

(^ jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

 NEPAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY
POWER TRADE DEPARTMENT
IPPs' Hydropower Projects in Different Stages of Development as of Poush 29, 2076
(Without Financial Closure)
Required
Installed
Commercial
S.N. Developers Projects Location Capacity PPA Date
Operation
(kW)
Date
1 Balephi Jalbidhyut Co. Ltd. Balephi Sindhupalchowk 23520 2067.09.08 2077.06.30
Upper Ingwa
2 Ingwa Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd Taplejung 9700 2068.03.10 2073.04.01
khola
Yambling Hydropower Pvt.
3 Yambling Khola Sindhupalchowk 7270 2072.09.29 2077.03.17
Ltd.
4 United Modi Hydropwer Ltd. Lower Modi 2 Parbat 10500 2072.11.14 2076.03.17
5 Salasungi Power Limited Sanjen Khola Rasuwa 78000 2072.12.02 2077.03.08
Nuwakot and
6 Siddhakali Power Limited Trishuli Galchi 75000 2073.02.20 2077.02.01
Dhading
Chirkhwa Hydropower Pvt.
7 Upper Chirkhwa Bhojpur 4700 2073.03.01 2077.04.01
Ltd.
Sanima Middle Tamor
Hydropower Ltd. (Prv.
8 Middle Tamor Taplejung 73000 2073.09.26 2078.05.28
Tamor Sanima Energy Pvt.
Ltd.)
Sisa Hydro Electric Company
9 Sisa Khola A Solukhumbu 2800 2073.10.28 2077.12.12
Pvt. Ltd.
Chirkhwa Hydropower Pvt.
10 Lower Chirkhwa Bhojpur 4060 2074.01.20 2078.04.01
Ltd.
11 Him Consult Pvt. Ltd. Rele Khola Myagdi 6000 2074.01.28 2077.02.19
Himali Rural Electric Co- Leguwa Khola
12 Dhankuta 640 2074.02.08 2075.12.28
operative Ltd. Small
Sabha Pokhari Hydro Power
13 Lankhuwa Khola Sankhuwasabha 5000 2074.02.21 2077.09.14
(P.) Ltd.
United Mewa Khola
14 Mewa Khola Taplejung 50000 2074.02.21 2078.04.01
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Parbat Paiyun Khola
15 Hydropower Company Pvt. Seti Khola Parbat 3500 2074.02.22 2076.12.30
Ltd.

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ (&

16 Sewa Hydro Ltd. Lower Selang Sindhupalchowk 1500 2074.02.22 2075.12.30
Gorakshya Hydropower Pvt. Super Ankhu
17 Dhading 23500 2074.03.15 2080.09.15
Ltd. Khola
Nyam Nyam Hydropower Nyam Nyam
18 Rasuwa 6000 2074.03.27 2077.12.31
Company Pvt. Ltd. Khola
Saptang Hydro Power Pvt.
19 Saptang Khola Nuwakot 2500 2074.04.08 2076.04.12
Ltd.
Jhyamolongma Hydropower
20 Development Company Pvt. Karuwa Seti Kaski 32000 2074.04.20 2079.01.12
Ltd.
21 People's Power Limited Puwa - 2 Illam 4960 2074.05.05 2078.06.11
Bhujung Hydropower Pvt.
22 Upper Midim Lamjung 7500 2074.05.29 2078.04.01
Ltd.
Himalayan Water Resources
23 and Energy Development Co. Upper Chauri Kavrepalanchowk 6000 2074.07.27 2078.04.04
Pvt. Ltd.
24 Nasa Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Lapche Khola Dolakha 99400 2074.07.29 2079.04.14
25 IDS Energy Pvt. Ltd. Lower Khorunga Terhathum 5400 2074.08.24 2078.04.01
Langtang Bhotekoshi
Rasuwa
26 Hydropower Company Pvt. Rasuwa 120000 2074.09.07 2078.09.07
Bhotekoshi
Ltd.
Upper Richet Hydropower
27 Upper Richet Gorkha 2000 2074.09.20 2077.04.01
Pvt. Ltd.
Okhaldhunga
28 Him Star Urja Co. Pvt. Ltd. Buku Kapati and 5000 2074.10.11 2077.04.15
Solukhumbu
Khechereswor Jal Vidhyut
29 Jadari Gad Small Bajhang 1000 2074.10.12 2077.07.30
Pvt. Ltd.
Khechereswor Jal Vidhyut Salubyani Gad
30 Bajhang 233 2074.10.12 2077.09.29
Pvt. Ltd. Small
Gaughar Ujjyalo Sana Ghatte Khola
31 Sindhupalchowk 970 2074.11.11 2077.03.01
Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd. Small
Unitech Hydropower Co. Pvt.
32 Upper Phawa Taplejung 5800 2074.11.11 2078.04.16
Ltd.
Seti Khola Hydropower Pvt.
33 Seti Khola Kaski 22000 2074.11.11 2079.04.15
Ltd.
Vision Energy and Power
34 Nupche Likhu Ramechhap 57500 2074.11.28 2080.05.02
Pvt. Ltd.
Omega Energy Developer
35 Sunigad Bajhang 11050 2074.11.30 2080.02.07
Pvt. Ltd.
Mai Khola Hydropower Pvt. Super Mai
36 Illam 3800 2074.12.07 2078.04.01
Ltd. Cascade
37 Asian Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Lower Jogmai Illam 6200 2074.12.07 2078.04.01
Gaurishankar Power Middle Hyongu
38 Solukhumbu 22900 2074.12.08 2079.04.01
Development Pvt. Ltd. Khola B
Upper Lohore Khola
39 Upper Lohore Dailekh 4000 2074.12.08 2077.04.11
Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.

(* jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

 Super Hewa Power Company
40 Super Hewa Sankhuwasabha 5000 2074.12.27 2078.04.01
Pvt. Ltd.
Khimti Gramin Bidhyut Jhankre Khola
41 Dolakha 600 2075.02.04 2076.05.14
Sahakari Sanstha Ltd. Small
42 Baraha Multipower Pvt. Ltd. Irkhuwa Khola B Bhojpur 15524 2075.02.14 2079.04.15
Chepe Khola
43 Aashutosh Energy Pvt. Ltd. Lamjung 8630 2075.02.15 2078.11.09
Small
Lower Irkhuwa Hydropower
44 Lower Irkhuwa Bhojpur 13040 2075.02.16 2079.04.03
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Sungava Foundation Pvt.
45 Thulo Khola Myagdi 21300 2075.02.17 2079.04.15
Ltd.
Jhilimili Hydropower Co.
46 Gulangdi Khola Gulmi 980 2075.02.24 2078.01.14
Pvt. Ltd.
North Summit Hydro Pvt.
47 Nyadi Phidi Lamjung 21400 2075.02.24 2079.12.15
Ltd.
48 Himali Hydro Fund Pvt. Ltd. Sona Khola Taplejung 9000 2075.03.14 2080.07.30
49 Tanahun Hydropower Ltd. Tanahun Tanahun 140000 2075.03.15 2080.12.30
Sailung Power Company Pvt.
50 Bhotekoshi-1 Sindhupalchowk 40000 2075.03.15 2079.07.01
Ltd.
Jalshakti Hydro Company
51 Ilep (Tatopani) Dhading 23675 2075.03.25 2081.08.25
Pvt. Ltd.
Three Star Hydropower
52 Sapsup Khola Khotang 6600 2075.03.25 2078.06.31
Company Ltd.
Rahughat
53 Tundi Power Pvt.Ltd Myagdi 35500 2075.03.29 2079.08.29
Mangale
54 Tundi Power Pvt.Ltd Upper Rahughat Myagdi 48500 2075.03.29 2080.08.29
55 Arati Power Company Ltd. Upper Irkhuwa Bhojpur 14500 2075.04.01 2079.08.01
Mount Everest Power Dudhkunda
56 Solukhumbu 12000 2075.04.01 2079.06.30
Development Pvt. Ltd. Khola
Shaileshwari Power Nepal
57 Upper Gaddigad Doti 1550 2075.04.06 2077.12.19
Pvt. Ltd.
Palun Khola Hydropower
58 Palun Khola Taplejung 21000 2075.04.06 2080.06.21
Pvt. Ltd.
Makar Jitumaya Hydropower
59 Upper Suri Dolakha 7000 2075.04.10 2079.12.30
Pvt. Ltd.
Him Parbat Hydropower Pvt.
60 Sagu Khola-1 Dolakha 5500 2075.04.10 2079.12.30
Ltd.
Him Parbat Hydropower Pvt.
61 Sagu Khola Dolakha 20000 2075.04.10 2079.12.30
Ltd.
Annapurna Bidhyut Bikas
62 Landruk Modi Kaski 86590 2075.04.13 2081.09.15
Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Madame Khola Hydropower
63 Madame Khola Kaski 24000 2075.04.15 2080.12.30
Pvt. Ltd.
Mid Solu Hydropower
64 Mid Solu Khola Solukhumbu 9500 2075.04.21 2079.05.14
Company Pvt. Ltd.
2070.02.02
65 Apolo Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Buku Khola Solukhumbu 6000 2075.04.22 2074.04.01
(Revived)

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ ((

 Belchautara Solar
66 Solar Farm Pvt. Ltd. Tanahun 5000 2075.04.23 2076.04.03
Project
Thulo Khola Hydropower Upper thulo
67 Myagdi 15000 2075.04.24 2080.06.30
Pvt. Ltd. Khola-A
68 Kalika Energy Ltd. Bhotekoshi-5 Sindhupalchowk 62000 2075.04.25 2080.09.15
Chandranigahpur
69 Api Power Company Ltd. Rautahat 4000 2075.04.27 2076.02.26
Solar Project
Parwanipur Solar
70 Api Power Company Ltd. Parsa 8000 2075.04.27 2076.02.26
Project
Dhalkebar Solar
71 Api Power Company Ltd. Dhanusha 1000 2075.05.03 2076.03.02
Project
Simara Solar
72 Api Power Company Ltd. Bara 1000 2075.05.03 2076.03.02
Project
Super Ghalemdi Hydropower
73 Super Ghalemdi Myagdi 9140 2075.05.05 2080.12.12
Pvt. Ltd.
74 Sanvi Energy Pvt. Ltd. Jogmai Cascade Illam 6000 2075.05.07 2078.04.07
Dibyajyoti Hydropower Pvt.
75 Marsyangdi Besi Lamjung 50000 2075.05.10 2079.06.06
Ltd.
Amar Jyoti Hydro Power Pvt.
76 Istul Khola Gorkha 1506 2075.05.13 2079.10.25
Ltd.
Apex Makalu Hydro Power Middle Hongu
77 Solukhumbu 22000 2075.05.14 2079.04.01
Pvt. Ltd. Khola A
Ichowk Hydropower Pvt.
78 Gohare Khola Sindhupalchowk 950 2075.05.25 2076.07.29
Ltd.
Ramechhap and
79 Pike Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Likhu Khola 30000 2075.05.26 2082.02.17
Okhaldhunga
Sita Hydro Power Co. Pvt.
80 Nyasim Khola Sindhupalchowk 35000 2075.05.26 2080.03.15
Ltd.
81 Sushmit Energy Pvt. Ltd. Kunaban Khola Myagdi 20000 2075.05.29 2080.11.03
Masina Paryatan Sahakari Kaski and
82 Masina 891 2075.06.02 2076.10.29
Sanstha Ltd. Tanahu
83 Hydro Village Pvt. Ltd. Myagdi Khola Myagdi 57300 2075.06.04 2080.05.29
Shikhar Power Development
84 Bhim Khola Baglung 4960 2075.06.10 2078.06.05
Pvt. Ltd.
Indushankar
Indushankar Chini Udhyog
85 Chini Udhyog Sarlahi 3000 2075.06.10 2076.12.09
Ltd.
Ltd.
Dhading Ankhu Khola Hydro
86 Upper Ankhu Dhading 38000 2075.06.14 2079.09.15
Pvt. Ltd.
Everest Sugar
Everest Sugar and Chemical
87 and Chemical Mahottari 3000 2075.06.17 2076.12.30
Industries Ltd.
Industries Ltd.
Phedi Khola Hydropower Phedi Khola
88 Bhojpur 3520 2075.06.21 2079.12.01
Company Pvt. Ltd. (Thumlung)
Dolakha Nirman Company
89 Isuwa Khola Sankhuwasabha 97200 2075.06.26 2080.04.01
Pvt. Ltd.

!)) jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

 Bikash Hydropower Upper Machha
90 Gorkha 4550 2075.07.11 2080.03.30
Company Pvt. Ltd. Khola Small
Sita Hydropower Co. Pvt.
91 Dudh Khola Manang 65000 2075.07.11 2080.03.15
Ltd.
Gorkha and
92 Blue Energy Pvt. Ltd. Super Trishuli 70000 2075.07.11 2080.11.17
Chitwan
93 Vision Lumbini Ltd. Seti Nadi Kaski 25000 2075.08.06 2079.04.05
Kalinchowk Hydropower Pvt.
94 Sangu (Sorun) Dolakha 5000 2075.08.09 2079.12.30
Ltd.
Arun Valley Hydropower Kabeli B-1
95 Panchthar 9940 2075.08.09 2078.06.01
Development Company Ltd. Cascade
Kasuwa Khola Hydropower
96 Kasuwa Khola Sankhuwasabha 45000 2075.08.13 2082.04.06
Ltd.
Ruru Hydroelectric Company Rurubanchu
97 Kalikot 12000 2075.08.20 2079.05.25
Pvt. Ltd. Khola-2
Gumu Khola Bhyakure
98 Gumu Khola Dolakha 950 2075.08.21 2078.05.30
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Alliance Energy Solutions
99 Upper Sit Khola Argakhanchi 905 2075.08.23 2077.05.04
Pvt.Ltd.
Ekikrit Byapar Company Pvt.
100 Brahamayani Sindhupalchowk 35470 2075.08.24 2080.04.13
Ltd.
Integrated Hydro Fund Upper
101 Sindhupalchowk 15150 2075.08.24 2080.04.13
Nepal Pvt. Ltd. Brahamayani
Perfect Energy Development Middle Trishuli
102 Nuwakot 19410 2075.09.03 2080.02.17
Pvt. Ltd Ganga
Kabeli Hydropower
103 Kabeli-3 Taplejung 21930 2075.10.03 2079.09.01
Company Pvt.Ltd.
104 Union Mewa Hydro Ltd. Mewa Khola Taplejung 23000 2075.10.04 2080.09.15
North Summit Hydro Pvt.
105 Hidi Khola Lamjung 6820 2075.10.04 2080.05.15
Ltd.
Sajha Power Development
106 Lower Balephi Sindhupalchowk 20000 2075.10.06 2080.07.18
Pvt. Ltd.
Sindhujwala Hydropower Upper Nyasem
107 Sindhupalchowk 21000 2075.10.06 2079.03.30
Ltd. Khola A
Mount Rasuwa Hydropower
108 Midim 1 Khola Lamjung 13424 2075.10.07 2080.04.04
Pvt. Ltd.
Habitat Power Company Pvt.
109 Hewa Khola “A” Panchthar 5000 2075.10.07 2078.04.01
Ltd
Ruby Valley Hydropower
110 Menchet Khola Dhading 7000 2075.10.15 2080.02.13
Company Ltd
Dudhpokhari Chepe Dudhpokhari
111 Gorkha 8800 2075.10.15 2080.01.28
Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Chepe
Maa Shakti Engineering &
112 Luja Khola Solukhumbu 23550 2075.10.16 2080.11.14
hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Sankhuwasabha Power Super Sabha
113 Sankhuwasabha 4100 2075.10.23 2080.06.03
Development Pvt. Ltd. Khola

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ !)!

 Hilton Hydro Energy Pvt.
114 Super Kabeli Taplejung 12000 2075.11.02 2079.10.04
Ltd.
115 Snow Rivers Pvt. Ltd. Super Kabeli A Taplejung 13500 2075.11.02 2080.01.01
116 Jal Urja Pvt. Ltd. Nuagad Darchula 1000 2075.11.03 2078.10.22
Champawati Hydropower
117 Chepe khola A Lamjung 7000 2075.11.07 2079.04.04
Pvt. Ltd
118 Api Power Company Ltd. Upper Chameliya Darchula 40000 2075.11.15 2079.11.13
Barpak Daruadi Hydropower Middle Super
119 Gorkha 10000 2075.11.23 2080.03.01
Pvt. Ltd. Daraudi
Helambu Construction Pvt.
120 Ksumti khola Sindhupalchowk 683 2075.11.29 2078.03.04
Ltd
River Side Hydro Energy Pvt.
121 Tamor Khola-5 Taplejung 37520 2075.12.04 2080.04.10
Ltd.
122 Hydro Connection Pvt. Ltd. Rauje Khola Solukhumbu 17712 2075.12.04 2080.10.15
Milke Jaljale Hydropower Upper Piluwa
123 Sankhuwasabha 4990 2075.12.04 2081.04.04
Pvt.Ltd. Hills
124 Ambe Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Upper Bhurundi Parbat 3750 2075.12.10 2079.04.16
125 Orbit Energy Pvt. Ltd. Sabha Khola C Sankhuwasabha 4196 2075.12.10 2079.04.02
Upper Piluwa
126 Mabilung Energy (P.) Ltd Sankhuwasabha 4950 2075.12.12 2078.11.16
Khola -3
Raghuganga Hydropower
127 Rahughat Myagdi 40000 2075.12.18 2079.10.17
Ltd.
128 Ridge Line Energy Pvt. Ltd. Super Chepe Gorkha Lamjung 9050 2075.12.19 2079.05.20
Dhaulagiri Civil Electrical
Madhya Daram
129 and Mechanical Engineering Baglung 3000 2075.12.26 2077.12.31
Khola A
Pvt. Ltd.
Dhaulagiri Civil Electrical
Madhya Daram
130 and Mechanical Engineering Baglung 4500 2075.12.26 2078.02.31
Khola B
Pvt. Ltd.
Bhalaudi Khola Hydropower
131 Bhalaudi Khola Kaski 2645 2076.01.06 2080.04.16
Pvt. Ltd.
132 Kalika Construction Pvt. Ltd. Upper Daraudi B Gorkha 8300 2076.01.09 2080.09.15
133 Kalika Construction Pvt. Ltd. Upper Daraudi C Gorkha 9820 2076.01.09 2080.09.15
Super Khudi Hydropower
134 Upper Khudi Lamjung 21210 2076.01.11 2080.10.09
Pvt. Ltd.

   
  Total 2,599,584    

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2 wgr 7236 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ a^"s[i)f Gof}kfg] 2076.04.02 clgjfo{ k"Nrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|
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15 %hem`^ 11358 11 lgb]{zs uf]kfns"df/ nf]lxof 2076.04.12 clgjfo{ cfof]hgf ljsf; ljefu
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22 b#ª 5803 5 a=;=÷ld=l/=;"=ef= ;"j)f{/fh lu/L 2076.04.15 clgjfo{ lj/f^gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
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24 %hem`^& 11525 12 pk-sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;"lgns"df/ ("é]n 2076.04.16 clgjfo{ pTkfbg lgb]{zgfno
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29 uwg 2798 5 ;"k/efOh/ x/L axfb"/ kf}*]n 2076.04.20 clgjfo{ lqz"nL hnljB"t s]Gb|

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31 b#ª 6078 5 n]vfkfn ?s" l/dfn 2076.04.21 clgjfo{ dxf/fhu~h ljt/)f s]Gb|
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41 vuw 1010 4 kmf]/d]g s[i)f axfb"/ yfkf 2076.05.04 clgjfo{ s"n]vfgL k|yd hnljB"t s]Gb|
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42 tyb 4845 3 ld^/ l/*/ ;fksf]^f 2076.05.05 clgjfo{ e/tk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
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43 12776 12 {zs zflGt nIdL zfSo 2076.05.05 clgjfo{ k|zf;g lgb]{zgfno
44 sv 1088 2 x]Nk/ z+s/ kf;jfg 2076.05.06 clgjfo{ lj/f^gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
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46 svuw 280 4 kmf]/d]g sf]dnaxfb"/ a:g]t 2076.05.08 clgjfo{ lj/f^gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
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61 uw 3617 4 kmf]/d]g ;/nf kf]v\]n 2076.05.18 clgjfo{ b"xjL ljt/)f s]Gb|
62 b#ª 5564 5 n]vfkfn cf]dk|sfz e§/fO{ 2076.05.18 clgjfo{ b"xjL lu|* zfvf
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78 vuw 1812 4 kmf]/d]g wf}n rGb 2076.06.04 clgjfo{ a}t*L ljt/)f s]Gb|
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80 %hem` 11630 10 k|jGws ;"/]zaxfb"/ If]qL 2076.06.06 clgjfo{ r"xfj^ lgoGq)f dxfzfvf
81 gr% 7848 7 OlGhlgo/ -d]sf=+ /d]zs"df/ ltjf/L 2076.06.10 clgjfo{ s"n]vfgL t]>f] hnljB"t
82 svu 777 3 O{n]lS^l;og /jL nfdf l^^"é 2076.06.14 clgjfo{ ndxL ljt/)f s]Gb|
83 tyb 5105 3 ld^/ l/*/ wg axfb"/ yfkf 2076.06.14 clgjfo{ n]vgfy ljt/)f s]Gb|
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84 %hem`^ 11650 11 lgb]{zs lzjfsf]^L 2076.06.14 clgjfo{ pTkfbg ljsfz ljefu
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86 #ªk 3506 6 clws[t ;/:jtL >]i& 2076.06.16 clgjfo{ cfof]hgf
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90 b#ªk 5676 6 clws[t /fh"k|;fb zdf{ 2076.06.18 clgjfo{ lhlG; Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf

91 svu 1368 3 O{n]lS^l;og df]ltk|;fb cfrfo{ 2076.06.20 clgjfo{ ;"v]{t ljt/)f s]Gb|
92 gr% 7857 7 OlGhlgo/-l;len_ cGhnL dfgGw/ 2076.06.20 clgjfo{ lgdf{)f ;xfotf dxfzfvf
93 vuw 1721 4 kmf]/d]g dfwj k|;fb ;"j]bL 2076.06.22 clgjfo{ /Tgkfs{ ljt/)f s]Gb|
94 vuwg 1499 5 ;"k/efOh/ ;fg"efO{ s]=;L= 2076.06.26 clgjfo{ sf&df)*F} u|L* dxfzfvf
95 v 120011 2 x]Nk/ hgs s"df/ >]i& 2076.06.28 clgjfo{ nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|
96 %hem 11652 9 pk-k|jGws OGbLj/ l#ld/] 2076.06.29 clgjfo{ lqz"nL hnljB"t sDkgL lnld^]*
;xfos n]vf
97 #ªk 3643 6 clws[t df]xg eut k|wfgfé 2076.07.01 clgjfo{ cy{ dxfzfvf
98 b#ª 6080 5 n]vfkfn ljgf zfSo jh|frfo{ 2076.07.02 clgjfo{ nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|
99 b#ª 6332 5 j=;=÷ld=l/=;"=ef= ;"/]Gb|axfb"/ kf)*] 2076.07.03 clgjfo{ cfly{s ljZn]if)f ljefu

100 svu 1252 3 O{n]lS^l;og n]vaxfb"/ lwtfn 2076.07.11 clgjfo{ g"jfsf]^ ljt/)f s]Gb|
pk-sfo{sf/L of]hgf cg"udg tyf ;"rgf
101 %em`^& 11372 12 lgb]{zs hulbZj/ dfg l;+x 2076.07.15 clgjfo{ k|ljlw lgb]{zgfno
102 ªkkmaed 8591 10 ;x-lgb]{zs uf]s"n/fh vqL 2076.07.15 clgjfo{ sd{rf/L sNof)f dxfzfvf
;xfos sDKo"^/ df^f], ("+uf tyf s+qmL^ k|of]
103 #ªk 3788 6 clws[t ;"lgns"df/ sf/l~ht 2076.07.15 clgjfo{ uzfnf
104 vu 2412 3 O{n]lS^l;og lzjnfn ;"j]bL 2076.07.17 clgjfo{ k"jfvf]nf hnljB"t s]Gb|
105 vu 2244 3 O{n]lS^l;og /]jtL/dg l#ld/] 2076.07.17 clgjfo{ sfjf;f]tL ljt/)f s]Gb|
106 b#ª 5609 5 n]vfkfn ;"ldg >]i& 2076.07.17 clgjfo{ dxf/fhu~h ljt/)f s]Gb|
107 s 1807 1 h"lgo/ x]Nk/ k|sfz lu/L 2076.07.18 clgjfo{ eQmk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
108 ty 5054 2 sfof{no ;xof]uL dltdfof yfkf 2076.07.20 clgjfo{ tftf]kfgL ljt/)f s]Gb|
109 uwg 3224 5 ;"k/efOh/ jb|Lk|;fb Gof}kfg] 2076.07.24 clgjfo{ b"xjL dN^Lkm\o'n l*h]n s]Gb|
110 vuw 1808 4 kmf]/d]g dfw]Zj/ l;+x 2076.07.28 clgjfo{ hgsk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
/fdrGb|k|;fb
111 tyb 4625 3 ld^/ l/*/ pkfWofo 2076.07.28 clgjfo{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dxfzfvf
l;lgo/ x]eL
112 uwg 3098 5 OSo"Kd]G^ ck/]^/ /fhg s"df/ yfkf 2076.08.03 clgjfo{ ;jf/L zfvf
113 b#ª 6075 5 n]vfkfn zf]ef /fo d"gsdL{ 2076.08.04 clgjo{ nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|
114 wg 7021 5 ;"k/efOh/ d]g]h/ jdf{ 2076.08.06 clgjfo{ u)*s hnljB"t s]Gb|
n]vfkfn÷:^f]/
115 b#ª 5700 5 lsk/ s"df/ sfsL{ 2076.08.07 clgjfo{ cfGtl/s n]vf kl/If)f ljefu
116 svu 19 3 O{n]lS^l;og /fds[i)f vqL 2076.08.07 clgjfo{ s]Gb|Lo ld^/ ^]li^é k|of]uzfnf

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ !)(

117 v 120145 2 x]Nk/ lji)f"axfb"/ sfsL{ 2076.08.08 clgjfo{ l;Gw"kfNrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|
118 uwg 2781 5 ;"k/efOh/ sdfgGb nf}uL 2076.08.13 clgjfo{ sGrgk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
119 vuw 1024 4 kmf]/d]g dfgaxfb"/ yfkf 2076.08.14 clgjfo{ s"n]vfgL k|yd hn ljB"t s]Gb|
120 uwg 2413 5 ;"k/efOh/ af;"b]j #tL{du/ 2076.08.14 clgjfo{ s"n]vfgL k|yd hn ljB"t s]Gb|
121 uwg 2991 5 ;"k/efOh/ nIdLaxfb"/ dxt 2076.08.15 clgjfo{ b"xjL dlN^km\o"n l*h]n s]Gb|
122 wgr 7281 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ d"lQmgfy nD;fn 2076.08.15 clgjfo{ u)*sL k|fb]lzs sfof{no kf]v/f
123 b#ª 5774 5 jl/i& ;xfos nIdLk|;fb (sfn 2076.08.16 clgjfo{ bds ljt/)f s]Gb|
124 kkmaedo 12770 11 lgb]{zs ljb"/axfb"/ (+"ufgf 2076.08.16 clgjfo{ cfof]hgf Aoj:yfkg lgb]{zgfno
125 sv 1100 2 x]Nk/ hf]vg d)*n 2076.08.16 clgjfo{ lj/f^gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
126 svu 630 3 O{n]lS^l;og e/t /fo e"ldxf/ 2076.08.18 clgjfo{ hn]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
/fdafns dxQf]
127 svuw 472 4 kmf]/d]g g"lgof 2076.08.18 clgjfo{ kf]vl/of ljt/)f s]Gb|
128 uwg 3048 5 ;"k/efOh/ ofdnfn kf}*]n 2076.08.18 clgjfo{ g]kfnu+h ljt/)f s]Gb|
;xfos k|zf;sLo
129 #ªk 3411 6 clws[t s[i)f rGb| e§/fO{ 2076.08.18 clgjfo{ tgx"¤ xfO*«f]kfj/ lnld^]*
;xfos k|zf;g k|b]z g+=5, k|fb]lzs sfof{no,
130 #ªk 3656 6 clws[t lai)f"x/L !jfnL 2076.08.20 clgjfo{ a"^jn
131 b#ª 6004 5 j=;=÷ld=l/=;"=ef= /fdcf}tf/ l;+x 2076.08.21 clgjfo{ hgsk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
132 sv 1486 2 x]Nk/ t]h axfb"/ a?jfn 2076.08.22 clgjfo{ afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
133 b#ª 5588 5 j=;=÷ld=l/=;"=ef= cDj/ axfb"/ e"h]n 2076.09.01 clgjfo{ l;Gw"nL ljt/)f s]Gb|
;xfos k|zf;sLo b"wsf]zL hnfzoo"Qm hnljB"t
134 #ªk 3729 6 clws[t cf]d k|sfz l#ld/] 2076.09.03 clgjfo{ cfof]hgf
135 tyb 5110 3 ld^/ l/*/ Ps axfb"/ u"?é 2076.09.04 clgjfo{ a"^jn lu|* dxfzfvf
136 uwg 2978 5 ;"k/efOh/ s[kfgGb emf 2076.09.04 clgjfo{ dWo d:of{ébL hn ljB"t s]Gb|
phf{ bIftf tyf r"xfj^
137 %hem`^ 11562 11 lgb]{zs lt/k]Zj/ k'j]{ 2076.09.04 clgjfo{ lgoGq)f ljefu
138 gr% 7990 7 O{lGhlgo/ hubLz kf)*]] 2076.09.05 clgjfo{ hn]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
139 b#ª 5894 5 j=;=÷ld=l/=;"=ef= b]j s"df/L >]i& 2076.09.06 clgjfo{ w/fg ljt/)f s]Gb|

140 uwg 3137 5 ;"k/efOh/ k')f{ s"df/ ltdlN;gf 2076.09.09 clgjfo{ ;"gsf]zL hn ljB"t s]Gb|
;xfos k|zf;sLo
141 #ªk 3758 6 clws[t gu]Gb| k|;fb lu/L 2076.09.09 clgjfo{ #f]/fxL ljt/)f s]Gb|
k|b]z g+=2, k|fb]lzs sfof{no,
142 b#ª 5896 5 n]vfkfn÷:^f]/lsk/ bLk gf/fo)f d)*n 2076.09.10 clgjfo{ hgsk"/
143 svu 640 3 O{n]lS^l;og avtaxfb"/ du/ 2076.09.13 clgjfo{ dnéjf ljt/)f s]Gb|
;xfos n]vf
144 b#ªk 5634 6 clws[t g/]Gb|axfb"/ s+*]n 2076.09.19 clgjfo{ ;"gsf]zL hn ljB"t s]Gb|
145 uwg 2855 5 ;"k/efOh/ wd{gf/fo)f emf 2076.09.20 clgjfo{ /fhlj/fh ljt/)f s]Gb|
146 tyb 5162 3 ld^/ l/*/ /fhlszf]/ ;fx 2076.09.21 clgjfo{ uf}zfnf ljt/)f s]Gb|
147 b#ª 6229 5 n]vfkfn÷:^f]/lsk/ /fdafa" nfld%fg] 2076.09.21 clgjfo{ afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
148 ty 5385 2 sfof{no ;xof]uL tf]ofgfy lg/f}nf 2076.09.22 clgjfo{ Onfd -k'jfvf]nf_ hnljB"t s]Gb|
149 vuw 1903 4 kmf]/d]g lagf]b kf)*]o 2076.09.22 clgjfo{ hn]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
150 tyb 5273 3 ld^/ l/*/ k')f}{ axfb"/ sfsL{ 2076.09.25 clgjfo{ l;Gw"kfNrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|
151 svu 1263 3 O{n]lS^l;og a"w} b/fO{ 2076.09.28 clgjfo{ e/tk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
152 uw 3392 4 kmf]/d]g b|f])f{/fh /]UdL 2076.09.29 clgjfo{ b"xjL ljt/)f s]Gb|

!!) jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

 :j]lR5s cjsfz k|fKt sd{rf/Lsf] gfdfjnL
cjsfzsf]
l;=g+= qm=;+=g+= tx kb gfd÷y/ cjsfz ldlt ldlt sfof{no
;xfos k|zf;sLo
1 b#ªk 5775 6 clws[t dfwj k|;fb b"nfn 2076.04.05 :j]lR%s sfe|] ljt/)f s]Gb|
2 b#ª 6124 5 jl/i& ;xfos l^sf /fh sfsL{ 2076.04.06 :j]lR%s lu|* ljsf; ljefu
3 uwg 2912 5 ;"k/efOh/ /Tg k|;fb rf}nfuf¤O{ 2076.04.10 :j]lR%s kgf}lt hnljB"t s]Gb|
4 b#ª 6116 5 j=;=÷ld=l/=;"=ef= cf]d s[i)f t)*"sf/ 2076.04.16 :j}lR%s cy{ dxfzfvf
of]hgf tyf k|fljlws ;]
5 tyb 4994 3 ld^/ l/*/ bn axfb"/ du/ 2076.04.24 :j]lR%s jf ljefu
6 svu1555 3 O{n]lS^l;og d"g axfb"/ v*\sf 2076.04.26 :j]lR%s sf&df)*f} lu|* dxfzfvf
8 vuwg 1686 5 ;"k/efOh/ kf/; s"df/ s]=;L= 2076.05.01 :j]lR%s ;"gsf]zL hnljB"t s]Gb|
;xfos k|zf;sLo
7 #ªk 3332 6 clws[t /fh]zd)fL (sfn 2076.05.01 :j]lR%s b"xjL lu|* zfvf
9 wgr 7081 6 ;xfos O{lGhlgo/ k/z"/fd jfUn] 2076.05.02 :j]lR%s l;Gw"kfNrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|
10 svu 986 3 O{n]lS^l;og ;"/]z dfg kf+}h" 2076.05.06 :j]lR%s kgf}tL hnljB"t s]Gb|
11 b#ª 5517 5 jl/i& ;xfos x]d nIdL >]i& 2076.05.17 :j]lR%s cy{ dxfzfvf, lj=u|f=;]=lg=
z"idf ltlD;gf -uf}
12 b#ª 6301 5 sDKo"^/ ck/]^/ td_ 2076.05.17 :j]lR%s afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
13 vuwg 1316 5 ;"k/efOh/ ch"{g s"df/ Kofs"/]n 2076.05.17 :j]lR%s l;d/f ljt/)f s]Gb|
14 uwg 2771 5 ;"k/efOh/ ;"jfs/ dn]s" 2076.05.20 :j]lR%s sf&df)*f} lu|* dxfzfvf
15 uwg 2692 5 ;"k/efOh/ /fd ;"Gb/ rf}w/L 2076.05.25 :j]lR%s s~rgk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
b"xjL dlN^km\o'n l*h]n s]
16 vuwg 1167 5 ;"k/efOh/ u+uf/fd s"¤j/ 2076.05.26 :j]lR%s Gb|
k|b]z g+=3, k|fb]lzs
17 ty 4578 2 sfof{no ;xof]uL s]zj k|;fb e§/fO{ 2076.06.01 :j]lR%s sfof{no, sf&df)*F}
18 b#ª 5770 5 n]vfkfn gfgL/fd Gof}kfg] 2076.06.01 :j]lR%s ;+:yfut ljlQo ljefu
;xfos n]vf
19 #ªk 3380 6 clws[t /fh" /Tg >]i& 2076.06.01 :j]lR%s s]Gb|Lo n]vf dxfzfvf
;xfos k|zf;g
20 #ªk 3044 6 clws[t /fwf k/fh"nL 2076.06.01 :j]lR%s afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
sfj]nL sf]l/*f]/ 132
;xfos k|fljlws s]=le= k|zf/)f nfO{g cfof]
22 wgk 7189 6 clws[t /fh]Gb| s"df/ k|;fO{ 2076.06.01 :j]lR%s hgf
gf/fo)f axfb"/ v*\ ljt/)f tyf u|fxs ;]jf
21 #ªkkm 3204 7 k|zf;sLo clws[t sf 2076.06.01 :j]lR%s lgb]{zgfno
;xfos k|zf;sLo g]kfn ef/t ljB"t k|zf/)f
24 #ªk 3421 6 clws[t tg"hf pk|]tL k/fh"nL 2076.06.02 :j]lR%s tyf Jofkf/ cfof]hgf
cjsfz sf]if Joj:yfkg
23 #ªk 3235 7 n]vf clws[t dLgf af:tf]nf (sfn 2076.06.02 :j]lR%s dxfzfvf
25 b#ª 6338 5 n]vfkfn sfGtf s"df/L ("+u]n 2076.06.05 :j]lR%s /Tgkfs{ ljt/)f s]Gb|
26 svu 929 3 O{n]lS^l;og ci^ gf/fo)f dxh{g 2076.06.06 :j]lR%s bf]nvf ljt/)f s]Gb|
;xfos n]vf k|b]z g+=3, k|fb]lzs
27 #ªk 3452 6 clws[t ;jgd d"lvof 2076.06.13 :j]lR%s sfof{no sf&df)*F}
k|b]z g+=3, k|fb]lzs
28 ªkkm 8685 7 k|zf;sLo clws[t zf/bf df]lxgL *+uf]n 2076.06.15 :j]lR%s sfof{no sf&df)*F}
29 gr% 7878 7 O{lGhlgo/ /égfy kl)*t 2076.06.17 :j]lR%s d:of{ébL hn ljB"t s]Gb|
;xfos k|zf;sLo
30 #ªk 3721 6 clws[t afn s[i)f >]i& 2076.07.01 :j]lR%s a}t*L ljt/)f s]Gb|
32 vuw 1736 4 kmf]/d]g dg axfb"/ s"dfn 2076.07.03 :j]lR%s g"jfsf]^ ljt/)f s]Gb|
k|b]z g+=1, k|fb]lzs
31 #ªkkm 3260 7 n]vf clws[t /]jtL k|;fb clwsf/L 2076.07.03 :j]lR%s sfof{no lj/f^gu/
33 vwg 1805 5 ;"k/efOh/ z+s/ k|;fb kf]v/]n 2076.07.05 :j]lR%s sf&df)*f} lu|* dxfzfvf

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ !!!

 ;xfos n]vf t"n;L k|;fb
34 #ªk 3561 6 clws[t clwsf/L 2076.07.07 :j]lR%s sLlt{k"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
;xfos k|zf;sLo
35 #ªk 3454 6 clws[t /Tg axfb"/ yfkf 2076.07.13 :j]lR%s dxf/fhu~h ljt/)f s]Gb|
36 svu 37 3 On]lS^«l;og lzjx/L vqL 2076.07.20 :j]lR%s nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|
37 uwg 3128 5 ;"k/efOh/ an/fd yfkf 2076.07.26 :j]lR%s afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
38 svu 10 3 O{n]lS^l;og /Tg nfn >]i& 2076.08.01 :j]lR%s ^«fG;kmd{/ js{zk zfvf
43 tyb 4751 3 ld^/ l/*/ dl)f/fh af:tf]nf 2076.08.01 :j]lR%s /fd]%fk ljt/)f s]Gb|
40 vuw 1921 4 kmf]/d]g e/t k|;fb kg]? 2076.08.01 :j]lR%s lqz"nL hn ljB"t s]Gb|
44 vuw 1659 4 kmf]/d]g nId)f vqL 2076.08.01 :j]lR%s sLlt{k"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
l;lgo/ x]eL dflyNnf] df]bL hnljB"t
42 uwg 3105 5 OSo"Kd]G^ ck/]^/ s]zj *+uf]n 2076.08.01 :j]lR%s cfof]hgf
;xfos n]vf tfdfsf]zL hnljB"t sDkgL
39 #ªk 3589 6 clws[t tg"hf k/fh"nL v/]n 2076.08.01 :j]lR%s lnld^]*
cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf)f
41 ªkkm 8811 7 k|zf;sLo clws[t b"uf{ /fO{ 2076.08.01 :j]lR%s ljefu
d:of{ébL sf&df)*F} 220
tyvuw s]=le= k|zf/)f nfO{g cfof]
45 4536 4 kmf]/d]g wd{bQ kGt 2076.08.06 :j]lR%s hgf
s"n]vfgL k|yd hnljB"t
46 wgr 7127 6 ;xfos O{lGhlgo/ k"is/ axfb"/ sfsL{ 2076.08.10 :j]lR%s s]Gb|
47 svu 1046 3 O{n]lS^l;og lht s"df/ Gofs";L 2076.08.25 :j]lR%s lbQm]n ljt/)f s]Gb|
49 tyb 4896 3 ld^/ l/*/ gdL sfsL{ 2076.09.01 :j]lR%s cfof]hgf ljsf; ljefu
;xfos n]vf
48 #ªk 3263 6 clws[t k|df]b ("+u]n 2076.09.01 :j]lR%s sLlt{k"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
50 %hem 11588 9 pk-k|jGws /fh]z /fo 2076.09.01 :j]lR%s k|)ffnL of]hgf ljefu
51 ªkkm 8803 7 k|zf;sLo clws[t b]j/fh e§ 2076.09.11 :j]lR%s sf&df)*F} u|L* dxfzfvf
ljho s"df/ d/ lj:tfl/t ljB"t ljt/)f
52 gr%h 7931 8 ;xfos k|jGws fl;gL 2076.09.16 :j]lR%s cfof]hgf
of]hgf tyf k|fljlws ;]
53 svu 1201 3 O{n]lS^l;og aRr"/fd v*\sf 2076.09.20 :j]lR%s jf ljefu
54 uwg 2776 5 ;"k/efOh/ k"ik /Tg sf]gfhf] 2076.09.20 :j]lR%s l&dL ljt/)f s]Gb|

/fhLgfdf lbPsf sd{rf/Lsf] gfdfjnL

cjsfzsf]
l;=g+= qm=;+=g+= tx kb gfd÷y/ cjsfz ldlt lsld; sfof{no
1 w 140563 4 kmf]/d]g ljho s"df/ zfx 2076.04.12 /flhgfdf ;f]n"v"Dj" ljt/)f s]Gb|
ejg tyf ef}lts ;+/rgf
2 gr% 8235 7 OlGhlgo/ sf}zn eQm >]i& 2076.05.04 /flhgfdf lgdf{)f cfof]hgf
#
3 340588 4 l;=ld=/L= gljg axfb"/ ad 2076.08.09 /flhgfdf ^Lsfk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
4 vu 1515 3 O{n]lS^l;og s[i)f axfb"/ jfO{jf 2076.09.01 /flhgfdf x]^F}+*f lu|* dxfzfvf
s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L k|zf;g zfvf,
5 # 340350 4 l;=ld=/L= /f]ldsf /fO{ 2076.09.01 /flhgfdf clen]v
6 w140272 4 kmf]/d]g h+u axfb"/ zfxL 2076.09.04 /flhgfdf n]vgfy ljt/)f s]Gb|
7 ª 350256 5 ld=l/=;"=ef= cfo{g uf]l*of 2076.09.04 /flhgfdf ndxL ljt/)f s]Gb|
8 # 340361 4 l;=ld=/L= gj/fh v*\sf 2076.09.04 /flhgfdf sfe|] ljt/)f s]Gb|
9 svu 1393 3 O{n]lS^l;og /Tg axfb"/ lyé 2076.09.07 /flhgfdf s"n]vfgL k|yd hnljB"t s]Gb|
10 # 340860 4 l;=ld=/L= /fh]Gb| uf}td 2076.09.09 /flhgfdf sfe|] ljt/)f s]Gb|
11 b 330273 3 ld^/ l/*/ /fh]Gb| k|;fb hf]zL 2076.09.13 /flhgfdf dxf/fhu~h ljt/)f s]]Gb|
gr% /fh]Gb| s"df/
12 7882 7 O{lGhlgo/ >Ljf:tj 2076.09.26 /flhgfdf k/f;L ljt/)f s]Gb|

!!@ jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
hg;fwg ljefu
sd{rf/L sNof0f dxfzfvf
sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf b'3{6gfdf kl/ pkrf/ u/fpFbfsf] pkrf/ vr{ dfu ug]{ sd{rf/L
l;=g+ s=;=g+ kb÷tx gfd y/ sfof{no ldlt s}lkmot
!   Hofnfbf/L >L ;/f]h s'df/ d08n /+u]nL ljt/0f s]Gb| )&^.)$.@#  

sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf b'3{6gfdf k/L d[To' ePsf sd{rf/L

l;=g+ s=;=g+ kb÷tx gfd y/ sfof{no ldlt s}lkmot

! 3!$)!$$ kmf]/d]g÷$ >L lxSdt axfb'/ a'9f bds ljt/0f s]Gb| )&^.)$.@#  
@ u !#)@!( O{=l;÷# >L ;+lht s'df/ ld> lj/u~h ljt/0f s]Gb| )&^.)$.@(  
# b3 ^$^@ ;=n]=kf=÷$ >L ;'lbk/fh kf}8]n tgx'F ljt/0f s]Gb| )&^.)%.)!  

d[To' ePsf sd{rf/Lsf] gfdfjnL

cjsfzsf]
l;=g+= qm=;+=g+= tx kb gfd÷y/ cjsfz ldlt lsld; sfof{no
1 ty 5394 2 sfof{no ;xof]uL g]qaxfb"/ /f]Ssf 2076.04.26 d[To" w/fg ljt/)f s]Gb|
2 w 140144 4 kmf]/d]g lxSdt axfb"/ a"(f 2076.04.27 d[To" bds ljt/)f s]Gb|
3 s110195 1 h"lgo/ x]Nk/ >L/fd uf]tfd] 2076.05.11 d[To" sLlt{k"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|
l;lgo/ x]eL
4 wg 7536 5 OSo"Kd]G^ ck/]^/ /fh]Gb|k|;fb kf}*]n 2076.06.05 d[To" s]Gb|Lo js{zk, x]^f}*f
sfnLu)*sL P
5 ª 8890 5 x]* uf*{ sdf)*/ e"jgaxfb"/ If]qL 2076.07.04 d[To" hnljB"t s]Gb|
6 sv 110067 2 x]Nk/ k|]d clwsf/L 2076.07.09 d[To" dxf/fhu~h ljt/)f s]Gb|
ledaxfb"/ ?rfn s"n]vfgL bf];|f]
7 sv 1825 2 x]Nk/ du/ 2076.07.11 d[To" hnljB"t s]Gb|
8 uwg 3142 5 ;"k/efOh/ s[i)fk|sfz dNn 2076.08.14 d[To" sf&df)*f} lu|* dxfzfvf
9 #ª 3860 5 n]vfkfn ;+lhjs"df/ sfsL{ 2076.08.15 d[To" kfn"ª ljt/)f s]Gb|

yk cfly{s ;xfotf
cf=j= @)&^÷)&& sf] kf}if d;fGt;Dd yk cfly{s ;xof]u lng] sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0f

l;=g+= kb sd{rf/Lsf] gfd y/ sfo{/t sfo{fno /f]usf] k|sf/

!= O{=l;= kf/; lu/L lj/u+h ljt/0f s]Gb| d[uf}nf k|Tof/f]k0f
@= n]vfkfn ;+lhj s'df/ sfsL{ kfn'Ë ljt/0f s]Gb| a+uf/fdf SofG;/
#= l;=ld=l/= t]h s'df/ >]i7 l7dL ljt/0f s]Gb| SofG;/
$= sf=;= /fw]Zofd t]nL g]kfnu+h lj=s]= d'6'sf] ck/]zg
%= ;=n]=c= k|sfz l3ld/] ;+:yfut ljlQo ljefu luhfsf] SofG;/
^= O{=l;= kml0fGb| 7fs'/ 9Ns]a/ u|L8 zfvf d[uf}nf v/fa
&= l;=x]=O{=c ;Gt axfb'/ tfdfª phf{ bIftf tyf r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ljefu ls8\gLdf kTy/Lsf] ck/]zg

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^ !!#

 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
sd{rf/L sNof0f dxfzfvf
@)&^ kf}if d;fGt;Ddsf] cfly{s sfo{ ljj/0f

l;=g+ ljj/0f lsl;d ;+Vof /sd hDdf /sd s}lkmot

! cg'bfg sfhs[of !$( !%,$),))).    
@ cf}ifwL pkrf/   ^$& ,@,%%,$),%%&.    
# ;fjlws ljdf          
    ljdf ;+:yfgaf6 k|fKt e'QmfgL   !,&#,#),)#^.*&  
@),$@,%#,)(@.*&
    g]=lj=k|f= af6 yk e'QmfgL   !*,@(,@#,)%$.))  
$ ;fk6L cf}ifwL pkrf/ ;fk6L !@( !@,(),))).    
    ;fdflhs Jojxf/ ;fk6L !@$ ,@^,*),))).    
    3/ dd{t ;fk6L !$) &),)),))).    
    3/ hUuf vl/b tyf 3/ lgdf{0f !#& %,%$,)),))).    
% ;fk6L ;+sng     !!,)#,)$,((@.    

cf=j= @)&^÷)&& sf] kf}if d;fGt;Dd cfly{s ;xfotf cg'bfg lng] sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0f

l;=g+= ljj/0f cg'bfg lng] sd{rf/Lx?sf] ljj/0f hDdf /sd ?=

!#( hgf sd{Rff/Lsf] kl/jf/nfO{ !) xhf/sf b/n] / !) hgf
!= sfhlqmof cg'bfg sd{Rff/L :j+dsf] d[To' ePsf]n] !% xhf/sf b/n] u/L hDdf !%,$),))).))
!$( hgfnfO{ sfhlqmof cg'bfg pknQw u/fO{Psf] .

!!$ jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^

jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu''g @)&^
jif{ #) l cª\s @ l kmfu'g @)&^