Saint Jude College

College of Education

Submitted by:
BARROQUINA,WENDELYN C.
BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION MAJOR FILIPINO

Submitted to:
Sir DARYL S. MANANSALA
 Validity refers to the degree to which a test score can be interpreted and used for its
intended purpose and pertains to the connection between the purpose of the research and which
data the researcher chooses to quantify that purpose. Reliability refers to the degree to which scores
from a particular test are consistent from one use of the test to the next and also the other hand, is
not at all concerned with intent, instead asking whether the test used to collect data produces
accurate results.

Table of Specifications (TOS) is a two way chart that relates the learning outcomes to the
course content It enables the teacher to prepare a test containing a representative sample of student
knowledge in each of the areas tested. The validity of teacher-made assessment remains debatable
in the educational assessment process. The analysis revealed that the majority of them never
attended courses concerning table of specification and were unable to build a comprehensive table
of specification for the subjects they teach. The test item validity was determined through difficulty
and discrimination indices. Classroom tests provide teachers with essential information used to
make decisions about instruction and student grades. The table of specifications (TOS) is a tool
used to ensure that a test or assessment measures the content and thinking skills that the test intends
to measure. A TOS, sometimes called a test blueprint, is a table that helps teachers align objectives,
instruction, and assessment. This strategy can be used for a variety of assessment methods but is
most commonly associated with constructing traditional summative tests. The TOS can help
teachers map the amount of class time spent on each objective with the cognitive level at which
each objective was taught thereby helping teachers to identify the types of items they need to
include on their tests. Decisions taken within and by schools influence the prospects and
opportunities of their pupils and of even greater importance are their results of national tests and
examinations. Some of article a describe one approach to using a TOS developed for practical
classroom application. TOS is help to classroom teachers develop summative assessments that are
well aligned to the subject matter studied and the cognitive processes used during instruction. This
strategy to be helpful in teaching practice, we need to make it own. I think this tool can be
simplified or complicated to best meet your needs in developing classroom tests.
 This is important to understand the goal of this strategy to improved validity of a teachers
evaluations based on a given assessment. TOS it is a foundational tool in designing tests or
measures for research and educational purposes.

TOS has a primary purpose to ensure alignment between the items or elements of an
assessment and the content, skills, or constructs that the assessment intends to assess. It a
undeniable fact that teachers often evaluate student performance based on students test scores. A
students test scores are often cumulative of scores of different assessment on contents that they go
through during a particular time frame. These assessments determine the career directions of
different individual learners, teachers must ensure that the assessment instruments are valid and
relevant. Once the instructional objectives and the subject matter have been clearly identified, a
table of specification is then prepared to link both and also indicate the number of test items to be
written for each level of the objective and each subject matter area so it is a concluded by
instructing us how to prepare a table of specifications. The results showed that teachers exhibited
a low understanding of the table of specification. The analysis revealed that the majority of them
never attended courses concerning table of specification and were unable to build a comprehensive
table of specification for the subjects they teach.
Validity of Teacher-Made Assessment: A Table of Specification Approach

Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education

Online Published: February 12, 2015

https://www.academia.edu/25121666/Validity_of_Teacher_Made_Assessment_A_Table_of_Spe
cification_Approach?fbclid=IwAR2LpGfwqQGCUQRSd4pQNZogNa1jsG3kUvPwy-k-
csfEMEA5n2MLOdIl1pA

Classroom Test Construction: The Power of a Table of Specifications

Helenrose Fives & Nicole DiDonato-Barnes /2013

https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1300&context=pare&fbclid=IwAR0
nADXMnwP28ZXvAa0gY-harEKV2hrtq0Id7LBqEoRHVEQ7EQQsujU8Qrk

Table of Specifications (TOS) and Test Construction Review

Rivera Arnel /Jun. 06, 2016

https://www.slideshare.net/sirarnelPHhistory/table-of-specifications-tos-and-test-construction-
review?fbclid=IwAR2ZmBpPglQOSb6FsKbXFP3ADmHqu8m1ck_qDJytpT-
QxeOTt0ffDNMlIts

The role of teachers in the assessment of learning

Wynne Harlen /September 2003

https://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/files/The-role-of-teachers-in-the-
assessment-of-
learning.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2WN9k7SCcR62ZnoMHpDc9mD8C7pVQzHZuUUCa2eDN0UUp7
VD8Bm43DiUM
An Inquiry on the Roles of Personal Test Item Banking (PTIB) and Table ofSpecifications (TOS)
in the Construction and Utilization of Classroom Tests

Richard R. Jugar/ December 2013

https://www.ijern.com/journal/December-
2013/11.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0XI7b9dwWF2McHiZ2vNIdF5QvC5Hq1bb8wBa7aZCXUZs34eZml
ZmDx5JY