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Lubricant Reference Manual
Lubricant Reference Manual
Lubricant Reference Manual
Operating Temperature:
Operating conditions:
Speed:
Estimated Load:
Sudden starts/stops:
Vibration:
Method of application:
Additional Comments:
INTRODUCTION: FUNCTION OF A LUBRICANT
3
LUBRICANT REFERENCE MANUAL
4
LUBRICANT CHARACTERISTICS
IN THE SELECTION of a lubri- VISCOSITY Heavy oils are used at The main point to remem-
cant, one must be sure to lower speeds and heavier ber is that viscosity, no
match the characteristic of Viscosity is the resistance loads. The higher viscosity matter how it is measured, is
the lubricant to operating of a fluid to flow. It is proba- prevents oil from being dependent on temperature
conditions. The major proper- bly the single most important squeezed out of the contact and any comparison of vis-
ties to consider are listed property of a lubricant. The area under heavy loads. High cosities should be done with
below: viscosity of a lubricant varies operating temperatures will measurements at the same
significantly with tempera- often require a heavier oil so temperature. It is absolutely
• Viscosity/Viscosity Index
ture, so when specifying or that a lubricating film can be necessary to be aware of
• Antiwear Properties comparing a lubricant viscos- maintained. This is because the units used to measure
• Extreme Pressure (EP) ity, care must be taken to the viscosity of a lubricant viscosity and to be able to
• Lubricity note the temperature at will tend to decrease as convert between systems to
which the viscosity was temperature rises. match viscosity requirements.
• Oxidation Resistance
measured. Oils are loosely The viscosity of an oil is
Other characteristics of classified as light, medium, measured using a wide vari-
note include: or heavy. Light oils flow ety of instruments with an
freely, while the heavy oils annoying number of systems
• Water Washout Resistance
flow slowly, if at all. Light oils for rating and classification
• Specific Gravity
are typically used under con- of any given oil. This can lead
• Foaming ditions of higher speeds and to much confusion when
• Penetration (greases) lower loads. Lighter oils are selecting the right viscosity
• Dropping Point (greases) also useful at lower environ- lubricant for an application.
mental temperatures where A convenient conversion
• Shear Stability
a heavier oil may congeal chart is given on page 6
• Grease Pumpability and fail to flow freely into the (Figure 3) and a more exten-
• Other Properties contact area. An oil can be a sive discussion of viscosity
• Pour Point mixture of heavy and light measurement can be found
• Flash and Fire Points oils blended to achieve the in the appendix.
Finally, it should be noted desired weight.
that good lubricants are
made not born. The final
product performance will be
determined by its additives.
A well refined and formulated
petroleum product can be
made to outperform an
unmodified synthetic.
5
LUBRICANT REFERENCE MANUAL
CRANKCASE OILS
KINEMATIC SAYBOLT
AGMA GRADES
VISCOSITIES VISCOSITIES
SAE GRADES
SAE GRADES
GEAR OILS
cSt/ cSt/ SUS SUS
40°C 100°C 98.9°C 37.8°C
ISO VG
(104°F) (212°F) (210°F) (100°F)
2000 70 10000
1500 300 8000
60
250 6000
1000 50 1000 8A
800 200 4000
40 680 8
600 3000
140
500 30 460 7
400 2000
320 6
300 1500
100
20 50
220 5 90 90
200 1000
80
150 4 40 800
70
85W 600
100 100 3 30 500
60
80 10
9 400
68 2 80W 55
60 8 300
20 50
50 7
46 1
40 6 200
45
32 10W 75W
30 5 150
22 5W 40
20 4 100
15 80
Viscosities can be related horizontally only. 70
10 10 Viscosities based on 95 VI single-grade oils. 60
8
ISO are specified at 40°C (104°F).
7 50
6 AGMA are specified at 37.8°C (100°F).
5 SAE 75W, 80W, 85W and 5W & 10W specified
5 40
4 at low temperatures. Equivalent Viscosities for
100 & 210°F are shown.
3 3
SAE 90 to 250 and 20 to 50 specified at 35
2 98.9° (210°F).
2
32
FIGURE 3
Viscosity Equivalents
6
LUBRICANT CHARACTERISTICS
7
LUBRICANT REFERENCE MANUAL
STATIONARY SURFACE
FIGURE 6
Timken EP Test – Federal Test Method Standard 791, Method 6505T
WHAT IS THE
FOUR BALL EP TEST?
The determination of the
Scar load-carrying capacity of a
diameters
are lubricant in kilograms applied
measured to a system of four steel balls
horizontally
and vertically in the form of a tetrahedron.
FIGURE 5
Four Ball Wear Test
8
LUBRICANT CHARACTERISTICS
9
LUBRICANT REFERENCE MANUAL
SPECIFIC GRAVITY come into play when pur- FOAMING OTHER PROPERTIES
chasing or storing material.
Specific gravity of a API gravity is put forth by A lubricant that is used in The pour point of a
lubricant is the ratio of the the American Petroleum high speed conditions, such lubricant is the lowest tem-
density (weight per unit vol- Institute and it is a different as in gearboxes, should have perature at which the oil will
ume) of the lubricant to the numbering system to mea- good resistance to foaming. flow. The pour point can
density of water at the same sure the same thing. With Antifoaming can be incorpo- provide an estimate of the
specific temperature. this scale, water is assigned rated into a lubricant, but it low temperature properties
Therefore the specific gravity a specific gravity of 10. If a should be noted that foaming of an oil.
of water is 1. Materials with lubricant is more dense than is usually indicative of a Flash and fire points yield
a specific gravity lower than water, the API gravity will be mechanical or design fire safety data for storage,
1 will float on water, materi- less than 10. Materials less problem. In pressurized and in use. The flash point is
als with specific gravities dense than water will have lubrication systems, an air the minimum temperature at
greater than 1 will sink. values greater than 10. leak at the inlet can cause which the lubricant will give
Specific gravity will likely air to be beaten in under off vapors that will ignite
pressure and dissolved into when a small flame is
the lubricant at the pump. passed over the surface of
When the pressure is the lubricant. The fire point is
released, the entrained air the lowest temperature
will bubble out, resulting in where an oil ignites and
foam. burns for at least 5 seconds.
10
LUBRICANT TYPES
LIQUIDS Synthetic oils are the • Broader temperature Lubricants from animal
result of reacting lower mole- range and particularly vegetable
By far the most common cular weight compounds and • Chemical resistance base stocks are the oldest
liquid lubricant is petroleum turning them into larger mole- lubricants known to man.
• Oxidative stability
or mineral oil. The main rea- cules of desired properties. They were widely used in the
son for this is its availability. Because synthetics have a • Service life industrial revolution for lubri-
Petroleum base oil stocks uniform and controlled • High viscosity index cating steam engines, textile
are refined from crude oil chemical structure, their equipment, and many other
The main disadvantage of
deposits found beneath the properties are predictable. applications. Until petroleum
synthetic lubricants is their
earth’s surface. Main advan- Some properties such as vis- based products became
higher cost. In some cases,
tages are: cosity index and oxidation available in the volume
a synthetic lubricant can
stability, are greatly required for the growing
• Ready availability have a cost as much as ten
improved. There are several industry worldwide, animal
• Low cost times that of a petroleum
different synthetic lubricants and vegetable based
based lubricant. Synthetic
• Many excellent additives which are derived from materials provided excellent
lubricants are not generally
are available various basic molecules: lubricity and extreme
available in the volumes that
• Seal compatibility pressure characteristics with
• Polyalphaolefins petroleum based products
low toxicity. Petroleum oils
In many cases, mineral- • Organic esters are. Depending on the type
could be produced more
based lubricants continue of synthetic lubricant seals
• Polyols economically because of
to be an excellent low cost may be attacked, causing
• Silicones the quantities available. The
answer to lubricating leaks. The additives used in
main advantage of animal/
problems. In recent years, synthetic synthetic lubricants are usu-
vegetable products is that
The main disadvantages lubricants have seen increas- ally adopted from petroleum
they provide excellent natural
to mineral oils are: ing use. The advantages to based technology and these
lubricity and are readily
using synthetic lubricants additives may not be as solu-
• Tendency to varnish biodegradable. This is advan-
become evident under condi- ble or compatible in synthetic
tageous in areas sensitive to
• Lower viscosity index, tions of high speeds or base stocks.
lubricant contamination.
necessitates changing oils extremes of temperature.
and fluids with varying The main advantages of
environmental and operat- synthetic lubricants are:
ing conditions.
• Not as biodegradable as
natural products or some
synthetics.
• Can contain hazardous
ingredients not removed in
the refining process.
11
LUBRICANT REFERENCE MANUAL
• Mica
• Zinc oxide
• Lead
• Copper
12
SELECTION OF A LUBRICANT
THERE ARE SEVERAL factors as far as lubrication needs Although when you are should be considered severe
to consider in the selection (exclusive of temperature talking about extremely large service. It can be assumed
of the proper lubricant. A considerations) is in the bearings (over 10cm [4 in]) that larger bearings (over 5
manufacturer’s recommenda- method of lubrication. Slower other factors come into play, cm or 2 in.) are carrying
tion should always be the moving chains can be lubri- in general greases are rec- heavy loads, otherwise there
starting point. The most cated manually or by drip ommended for velocities up would not be the need for a
important things you need to oilers. Chains running at a to 19050 cm/min (7500 very large bearing.
know if you do not have this moderate speed should be in/min) with lighter i.e. NLGI The molybdenum disulfide
are listed below. run through an oil bath. 1, 0, being recommended at in moly greases provides that
Chains moving at a high velocities over 16510 solid, high EP film in instances
• Operating speed of bear-
speed should have pressur- cm/min (6500 in/min). where the grease may get
ing, chain, or equipment
ized oil misting systems Generally, velocities ranging squeezed out upon startup.
• Load (type and magnitude) providing frequent lubrica- from 19050 to 29210
• Bearing type (if applicable) tion. These recommenda- cm/min (7500 to 11500 TEMPERATURE
• Temperature tions are general and not in/min) should be bathed in
absolute. It is understood oil to ensure proper lubrica- The operating temperature
• Method of lubrication of the mechanism to be lubri-
that each application is tion, and finally, velocities in
• Operating Environment unique and there are excess of 29210 cm/min cated is important for two
(is there dirt?, water?, etc.) exceptions to every rule. (11500 in/min) are best reasons. First, because the
For a bearing, you also lubricated with circulating oil viscosity of a lubricant will go
SPEED need to know both the size systems, with a cooler being down under increasing tem-
of the bearing and the speed installed at speeds peratures, it is important
Speed as it relates to lubri- that the one chosen will
in rpm. Rollers in a 12.5cm approaching 48260 cm/min
cation is actually composed (5 in) bearing operating at (19,000 in/min). In general, retain a sufficient film to ade-
of both the revolutions per quately reduce the friction.
1200 rpm are moving a lot higher speeds require thinner
minute and the size of the Second, there are definite
faster than those in a 2.5cm greases and thinner base
chain, bearing or moving part. (1 in) bearing at the same temperature limitations to
oils to prevent channeling
A chain is considered slow different base stocks and if
speed. So, to calculate linear and resultant lubricant star-
moving if the chain is running exceeded, you will form
velocity which takes into vation or excessive heat
at speeds up to 24.4m (80 varnishes which can actually
consideration both, use the generation due to fluid fric-
ft) per minute for a large do more harm than good.
following equation (this is tion. Table A on the following
chain (over 25mm (1 in) dis- Generally, petroleum
actually an approximation of page is included as a quick
tance between links) and up based lubricants should not
a more complicated guideline.
to 106.7 m (350 ft) per be used above 150°C
equation)*:
minute for a small chain LOAD (300°F ) on a regular basis.
(similar in size to a bicycle Linear Velocity = ([D] x rpm) Ester based synthetic lubri-
chain). A fast moving chain Assume loads of 14 cants can be used to 230°C
The diameter (D) is the
would be running at speeds kg/cm2 (200 psi) or less to (450°F ) and polyol esters to
outside diameter of the inner
greater than 260m (850 ft) be light and loads of 35 270°C (520°F ). Silicones can
race or cone (see Figure 9).*
per minute for a large chain kg/cm2 (500 psi) or more to be used to 205°C (400°F ).
After calculating the linear
and over 808m (2650 ft) per be extreme duty service. Any Other specialty synthetics
velocity, you can use the fol-
minute for a small chain. shock loading at all or sud- such as fluorosilicones can
lowing approximation:
Anything in between would be den stopping and starting go as high as 230°C (450°F).
considered to be running at a Slow = less than 4572
moderate speed. A large cm/min (1800 in/min)
manufacturer of chains has Moderate = 4572-25400
traditionally given the follow- cm/min (1800-10,000
ing recommendations. Chain in/min)
lubrication is almost always
Fast = greater than 25400
done with oils rather than
cm/min (10,000 in/min)
greases, the main difference
* The more accurate roller rib velocity is used by bearing manufacturers and is reported in feet (or meters) per minute. This number is calculated as D x π x rpm/12.
13
LUBRICANT REFERENCE MANUAL
14
APPLICATIONS: A BRIEF TOUR
15
LUBRICANT REFERENCE MANUAL
BEARINGS Plain bearings are the Rolling element bearings, Rolling element bearings
simplest type of bearing. are precision units manufac- are the most commonly
A bearing is a mechanical They look like a sleeve along tured to close tolerances. found in the industrial appli-
element which supports a the shaft (Figure 10). Their Examples include ball bear- cations you will encounter.
rotating shaft and controls large contact area provides a ings and needle bearings. A No matter what the
its motion. The other func- high load capacity, and if rolling element bearing con- bearing or application, the
tions of a bearing are: hydrodynamic lubrication sists of two raceways or bearing will fail eventually.
• Distribution of load conditions can be maintained races, separated by a set of The metal work hardens,
the frictional resistance and rolling elements. These becoming increasingly brittle
• Friction control
bearing life can be excellent. rolling elements can be balls, until the surface material
• Lubricant film mainte- The main disadvantage of needles, or cylinders. Some flakes off or spalls. Other
nance in contact area this bearing is that it can be examples of rolling elements factors include improper
Bearings represent one of difficult to maintain adequate are shown on the next page installation, excessive tem-
the largest uses of lubricants oil supply to the bearing. in Figure 11. These bearings peratures, shock loading,
in the industrial environment. Once a plain bearing is oil can typically support greater etc. It is interesting to note
They come in many sizes and starved, it wears rapidly to loads than journal bearings. that about 64% of bearing
configurations, but most failure. Rolling element bearings are failures are lubrication
generally, they are either plain commonly found in lower related.
or antifriction type. Plain speeds and higher loads
bearings are often called than journal bearings.
journal bearings, while
antifriction bearings are more
often referred to as rolling
element bearings (Figure 9).
16
APPLICATIONS
FIGURE 10
Split Plain Bearing Assembly
17
LUBRICANT REFERENCE MANUAL
In successfully lubricating Figure 13 illustrates each How far does the chain
ROLLER
a chain, one must consider method and indicates where travel (chain length)?
ASSEMBLY
the type of chain as well as each is commonly found. As Long chains may require
the operating conditions mentioned in the body of the idler gears for support of the
(load, sliding surfaces, manual, the speed of the chain. These assemblies
speed, etc.) and environmen- chain coupled with its size may require additional
tal factors such as dust, dirt, usually determines the lubri- lubrication.
moisture. cation method.
What is the maximum oper-
BUSHING The most important parts Where to lubricate a chain
ating temperature for the
PIN of the chain to lubricate are is an important factor in
chain and how long is the
the pins and bushings. This chain life. Where an oven is
chain seeing this tempera-
FIGURE 12 is where the chain flexes and involved, the best locations
A typical drive chain and its ture? If the chain goes into
is also where the load is car- for lubricating are before the
critical contact areas an oven, what is its resi-
ried. These parts are fit to chain enters the oven, and
dence time? A chain
close tolerances and a good once again just outside the
Bushings are pressed into subjected to elevated tem-
lubricant must: oven. If only one lubrication
the rollers and these roller peratures for prolonged
point can be used, lubricat-
assemblies fit over the pins • Be of low enough viscosity periods is more likely to cook
ing just after the chain exits
at each end of the side or to penetrate the narrow the lubricant than one that
the oven has the advantage
link plates. For proper lubri- spaces between pins, sees high temperatures
of cooling the chain. The
cation, the load bearing rollers, and links. for only a few seconds.
chain also should be lubri-
surfaces and moving parts • Have sufficient film Continuous temperatures in
cated wherever there are
must be coated. If pins and strength or EP capability excess of 150°C (300°F ) will
sliding tracks.
bushings are unlubricated, to prevent pin wear under require the use of a synthetic
Some other considera-
they begin to wear. As these load. material.
tions in the lubrication and
parts wear, the effective pin • Resist sling off and, if troubleshooting of chain Where is lubricant to be
to pin distance increases, required, water washout. drive applications are listed applied? Application should
resulting in the “chain below. be performed on a sprocket
• Be stable at the tempera-
stretch” so commonly or sheave because this is
ture of application. What is the condition of the
encountered. Chain stretch where the chain flexes most.
of 2.5 to 3% is generally • Be able to clean built up chain? The best lubricant in
This will allow lubricant to
considered the limit; at this residues from the inside the world will not renew a
work into the pin and bushing
point, the chain should be and outside of the chain. badly worn chain.
area.
replaced. Chains, however, Lubrication methods Is the chain running at the
are often repaired by adjust- What is the load on the
for chains fall into three right tension? (i.e. Is the
ment of tensioning chain? Extremely high loads
categories: chain tight or loose?) An
mechanisms or in extreme may require more frequent
improperly adjusted chain
cases by removal of links. • Manual lubrication or a high EP lubri-
can place excessive loads on
This is not a true repair, • Semi-automatic cant.
bearings and cause bearing
because the pins continue to • Automatic failure as well as premature
wear and in time become too stretching of the chain.
thin to support the encoun-
tered working loads. The
chain then breaks, which can
be inconvenient due to the
unexpected down time.
18
METHOD OF SEMI-
NON-AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC
LUBRICATION AUTOMATIC
FORCED
MANUAL MANUAL DRIP CUP SPLASH OIL DISC
LUBRICATION
OIL DISC
BRUSH OR PRESSURE CONTACT BRUSH, CHAIN DIPS PUMP SPRAYS
THROWS LUBE
OIL CAN LUBRICATION DIRECT DIP INTO OIL OIL ON CHAIN
UP ON CHAIN
APPLICATION
OF LUBRICANT
FIGURE 13
Chain Lubrication Methods
19
APPLICATIONS
LUBRICANT REFERENCE MANUAL
20
APPENDIX
BASE STOCKS Naphthenic base stocks B. Synthetics Organic esters are the
have a higher content of Synthetics are formed in a earliest synthetic lubricants,
As mentioned in the body cyclic hydrocarbons such reaction process. There are developed during World War II.
of the manual, base stocks as naphthalene and several different types. There are two types of
alone do not create a good cyclohexane. Polyalphaolefins (PAOs) esters, based on the number
lubricant. That being said, The characteristics of are pure hydrocarbons of acids substituted on the
there are pros and cons naphthenic base stocks are: made by the reaction of an alcohol base unit. Diesters
associated with the general alphaolefin with ethylene, are made by reacting a diba-
NAPHTHENIC
use of each. followed by polymerization sic acid (two reactive sites)
Advantages
A. Petroleum with additional ethylene with two alcohol molecules.
Solubility of additives units. PAOs are closest in Polyolesters react a number
Crude oil is, by itself, use- Good detergency of monobasic acid molecules
less as a lubricant and must chemistry to paraffinic lubri-
Low carbon residue cating stocks. As such, this with alcohols of two (glycol)
be refined in order to obtain Low pour points or more (polyol) reactive
base stocks. Petroleum base material offers excellent
viscosity indices (130-150 sites. The main advantages
stocks are typically classified Disadvantages
typical) and good oxidative of esters are:
as either paraffinic or naph- Low viscosity index
thenic. It should be noted and thermal stability. Their • Good oxidative stability
Lower oxidation stability
that while there are two dis- limitations, other than cost,
Low flash point • Good thermal stability
tinct types of base stock, all are poor detergency and
Wettability to metals • Good antiwear
base oils are a mixture of possible seal incompatibility.
Seal swell properties
both. A particular oil may be The most widespread use of
predominantly one type or Uses PAOs is as automotive • Low vapor pressure
the other, but it is not General purpose lubricants engine oils. In industrial • Excellent detergency
paraffinic or naphthenic 2-cycle oils applications, they are used
• Low residue (varnish)
exclusively. Way oils as wide temperature range
formation
Paraffinic oils are com- Chain oils gear and circulating fluids or
greases. • Good Lubricity
posed primarily of straight Pneumatic oils
chain hydrocarbons. These The main disadvantage of
materials have certain char- these materials is the possi-
acteristics due to their ble attack of materials used
structure: in seals and sealing devices.
Beside being used as jet
PARAFFINIC engine and turbine oils, their
Advantages main usage in industry is
High viscosity index for the lubrication of chain
High flash points drives, compressors, and
Good film strength wide temperature range oils
Good oxidation stability and greases.
Disadvantages
High wax content
Carbon residue (varnish)
Low wettability to metal
High pour points
Uses
Gear oils
Hydraulic oils
Engine oils
Circulating oils
21
LUBRICANT REFERENCE MANUAL
22
APPENDIX
MODES OF Elastohydrodynamic
LUBRICATION lubrication is not as obvious
HYDRODYNAMIC a mode of lubrication, but it
There are a few different is an important factor in the
modes of lubrication: lubrication of rolling element
bearings and sliding surfaces
• Hydrodynamic under very heavy loads.
• Mixed film There are two main
• Boundary mechanisms by which
elastohydrodynamic lubrica-
• Elastohydrodynamic
tion (EHD) works. The first is
(EHD, EHL)
that the apparent viscosity of
Hydrodynamic lubrication a fluid increases as the
is the preferred method of pressure on it rises. Under
lubrication because there is extremely high pressures,
no asperity contact in this some fluids can actually
mode. There is therefore solidify. This mechanism
virtually no wear in this serves to reduce lubricant
lubrication mode. In this squeeze out and maintain
region, the moving parts are the film between the moving
kept totally apart. Friction is elements, thereby preventing
lowest in this mode. asperity contact. The second
As loads increase how- mechanism is the elastic
ever, lubricant is squeezed deformation of the metal to
from between the parts and increase the surface area
the film is discontinuous. and spread the load. The sur-
This regime is one of Mixed face returns to its original
Film Lubrication. There is configuration when the load
asperity contact, and a BOUNDARY MIXED FILM is released. These two mech-
lubricant with good extreme anisms combine to reduce
pressure characteristics will wear and extend the service
prolong bearing life. FIGURE 15 life of bearings and gears.
Regimes of lubrication in a plain bearing
23
LUBRICANT REFERENCE MANUAL
24
APPENDIX
60 ML
FIGURE 16
Saybolt Universal Seconds (S.S.U. and S.U.S.)
25
LUBRICANT REFERENCE MANUAL
GREASE CHEMISTRY Polyurea based greases In general, the complex Of the calcium based
are a newer technology in greases have highest drop- greases, the calcium
In general, greases con- thickening agents. These ping points, with calcium and complex greases have the
tain between 70-90% oil, greases offer high dropping aluminum at the high end. best resistance to heat and
5-15% thickeners, and up to points and good resistance For metallic soaps, calcium water washout. The wear
10% additives. The oils and to water washout, but they is highest in dropping point, resistance and shelf life are
additives are essentially the are marginally compatible with sodium and lithium at improved at higher thickener
same products used through- with some soap based successively lower dropping levels.
out the industry and previous greases. points. The sodium based Anhydrous calcium
discussions apply to the oil Soap based greases use greases are often incompati- greases have good heat
fraction of a grease as to oils a wide array of metallic ble with other thickeners. resistance, but not as good
in general. The thickeners, soaps. Soaps are more often Sodium greases offer less as that for lithium. The water
however, will affect the tem- identified by the metal water resistance than other resistance is fair to good.
perature and water resistant because it is the metal that greases. This along with The least temperature
properties of a grease and determines the soap charac- lower dropping points has resistance is obtained with
therefore an understanding teristics. A list of soaps is made sodium greases less calcium hydrated greases,
of thickening agents is shown below: common of late. because the thickener incor-
necessary. Lithium greases are by far porates up to 2% water in
Lithium stearate
The thickener in a grease the most common of all its chemical makeup. The
is usually a metallic soap, Lithium 12-hydroxystearate greases and represent more grease is compromised when
but nonsoap thickeners are Lithium complex than half of all greases used. the water begins to cook off
used as well. The soaps Hydrated calcium Initially, lithium stearate was at 80°C (about 175°F). Water
used are made by the the most popular grease on washout resistance and low
Anhydrous calcium
saponification of animal fat the market, but it is being temperature handling are
or the neutralization of fatty Calcium complex supplanted by lithium very good, however.
acids. Soap-thickened Aluminum 12-hydroxystearate. The Aluminum based greases,
greases comprise about 85% Sodium hydroxystearate soap although not very common,
of all greases in use. They imparts a higher dropping have good stability over a
Barium
are economical and offer point. Lithium complex high temperature range,
good lubricity. The nonsoap greases typically have with high (260°C/500°F)
thickeners are less fre- dropping points of about dropping points. The water
quently used. While they 260°C (500°F). resistance is excellent, but
usually offer high melting the lithium complex greases
temperatures, some (ben- offer comparable perfor-
tonite clays and silica gels) mance at a lower cost.
can leave a residue that can
be abrasive to metal parts,
particularly if the grease is
not manufactured carefully.
26
GLOSSARY
API – American Petroleum Coefficient of Friction – Hydrodynamic Lubrication – Rib-roller velocity – the
Institute The coefficient of friction is That condition of lubrication velocity of the rollers in an
the ratio of the force required in which a continuous film antifriction bearing which
AGMA – American Gear
to move an object and the separates the moving parts. will help determine the
Manufacturers Association
normal force or weight of an lubrication requirements
Idler – A rotating element
Asperities – The irregular object. The coefficient of of a bearing.
neither driving nor driven.
features in a contact friction is dependent upon
It is simply used as a low Shock Loading – A condition
surface. the nature of the material.
friction support for a chain caused by sudden startup or
Some coefficients of friction
ASTM – American Society for or belt. stoppage of equipment.
for various materials are:
Testing and Materials Change in loading is rapid
Kinematic – Refers to
Bronze on bronze 0.20 and places added sites on
Axial – Referring to the viscosity measured by its
Tool steel on tool steel 0.42 bearing and other parts.
length of an object, for rate of flow due to its mass.
example an axial load on a Mild steel on mild steel 0.57 Spalling – A condition of
Lubricity – A property of a
shaft is parallel to the length Hard steel on metal fatigue in which the
lubricant to reduce friction
(axis) of that shaft. babbit metal 0.34 surface of the metal flakes
beyond that expected by
off.
Boundary Lubrication – Cone – The inner part of an viscosity alone.
That condition in which antifriction bearing SAE – Society of Automotive
Naphthenic – Composed of
the lubricant film is Engineers
Elastohydrodynamic compounds of a more cyclic
discontinuous.
Lubrication – A mode of and/or aromatic nature; low Stoke – A unit of measure-
Babbit – An alloy, or mixture lubrication which relies on ashing. ment for kinematic viscosity
of metals that is softer than the deformation of the in units m2/sec
Paraffinic – Composed of
the metal used in the contact surfaces in long straight chains of SUS – Saybolt Universal
rotating components. It has a conjunction with the viscosity hydrocarbons. Second; yet another unit for
lower coefficient of friction of an oil at high speeds to measurement of fluid
and acts as a sacrificial establish a protective film. Poise – A unit of dynamic
viscosity.
component in the moving (sheared between moving
assembly; it will not gall or Fretting – A condition of surfaces) viscosity SSU – See SUS
score the shaft. It is named wear characterized by measurement.
grooving or lines spaced at Timken – Test Method
for its inventor.
intervals around a shaft. It Race – The outer contact named for bearing
can be caused by oscillating surface of a rolling element manufacturer of the
motion with small amounts bearing. same name (see Figure 6,
of play (approx. 1 micron) in page 8).
Radial – Referring to
the assembly. Usually design something perpendicular to a
related. rotating assembly; A Radial
Galling – Destructive wear of load is at 90° to the shaft.
a metal surface characterized
by large chunks of metal
being removed.
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