Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 342 – 354

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3UHVVXUH9HVVHO7HFKQRORJ\

$)RUWUDQ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRI,VRJHRPHWULF$QDO\VLVZLWK
6XSHULRULW\LQ&RQYHUJHQFHDQG$FFXUDF\
)&KDQJDEF:4:DQJDEF </LXDEF
a
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China;
b
Engineering and Technology Research Center for Special Equipment Safety of Shandong Province, Jinan 250061, China;
c
Research Center of Safety Guarantee and Assessment to Special Equipment, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China

$EVWUDFW

(IILFLHQF\KDVEHHQVDFULILFHGLQH[LVWLQJWRROVIRUWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIQHZ,VRJHRPHWULF$QDO\VLV,*$PHWKRGV$VZLGHO\

DSSOLHG LQ WKH ILHOGV RI VFLHQFH DQG HQJLQHHULQJ FDOFXODWLRQ )RUWUDQ ZLWK LQKHUHQW VXSHULRULW\ LQ HDV\ DFFHVVLELOLW\ DQG
FRPSXWDWLRQDOHIILFLHQF\LVLQWHQGHGWRRSWLPL]HWKHLVVXH7KH)RUWUDQSURJUDPPLQJLQWKLVSDSHUPDLQO\EDVHGRQ1RQ8QLIRUP
5DWLRQDO%6SOLQHV185%6LVLPSOHPHQWHGLQPRGXODUL]DWLRQZKLOHEHLQJIOH[LEOHWREHWUDQVSODQWHGPRGLILHGDQGH[WHQGHG
7ZR.LUFKKRII/RYHVKHOOH[DPSOHVZLWKVPDOOGHIRUPDWLRQDUHJLYHQLQRUGHUWRYHULI\WKHDFFXUDF\RIWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQLQ
FRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHWKHRUHWLFDOVROXWLRQVDQGWKHHIILFLHQF\ZKLFKLVWHVWHGLQFRQWUDVWWRD0DWODEVRIWZDUHXVHGIRU,*$
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,&397
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPVT-14
Keywords:,VRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLV185%6)RUWUDQ&RQYHUJHQFH)LQLWHHOHPHQWPHWKRG

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KH LGHD RI LVRJHRPHWULF DQDO\VLV ,*$ LV ILUVW SURSRVHG E\ +XJKHV HW DO >@ ZLWK DQ DLP RI EULGJLQJ WKH
H[LVWLQJJDSEHWZHHQWKHZRUOGVRIILQLWHHOHPHQWDQDO\VLV)($DQGFRPSXWHUDLGHGGHVLJQ&$'7KHURRWLGHD
EHKLQG,*$LVWKDWWKHEDVLVIXQFWLRQVXVHGWRH[DFWO\PRGHOWKHJHRPHWU\ZLOODOVRVHUYHDVWKHEDVLVIXQFWLRQVIRU
WKH VROXWLRQ VSDFH RI WKH QXPHULFDO PHWKRG )RU WKH LQLWLDO LQVWDQWLDWLRQ RI ,*$ QRQXQLIRUP UDWLRQDO %VSOLQHV
185%6DUHFKRVHQDVWKHEDVLVIXQFWLRQVGXHWRWKHLUIOH[LELOLW\DQGSUHFLVLRQ


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
E-mail address:ZTZDQJ#VGXHGXFQ

1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPVT-14
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.227
 F. Chang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 342 – 354 343

)RUWUDQ WKH HDUOLHVW KLJK OHYHO SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH LV ZLGHO\ HPSOR\HG LQ WKH ILHOGV RI QXPHULFDO DQDO\VLV
VFLHQWLILF VWXGLHV HQJLQHHULQJ FDOFXODWLRQ HWF $ PDVV RI )RUWUDQ SURJUDPV DFFXPXODWHG GXULQJ WKH SDVW VHYHUDO
GHFDGHV VWLOO SOD\ D SRVLWLYH UROH LQ PDQ\ DSSOLFDWLRQV HVSHFLDOO\ LQ VRPH H[FHOOHQW HQJLQHHULQJ VRIWZDUH HJ
$16<60$5&%DVHGRQWKLVZHFKRRVH)RUWUDQDVWKHWRROWRLPSOHPHQW,*$
0DQ\DYDLODEOHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQVRI,*$KDYHEHHQLQWURGXFHGVLQFHWKHPHWKRGZDVERUQ&RWWUHOOHWDO>@ZULWH
DERRNWRHODERUDWHRQZKDWLV,*$DQGKRZWRXVHLW,Q5HI>@WKURXJKDFOHDUDQGVLPSOH0DWODELPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
DQLQWURGXFWLRQWR,*$DSSOLHGWRWKH)LQLWH(OHPHQW0HWKRG)(0DQGUHODWHGFRPSXWHULPSOHPHQWDWLRQDVSHFWVLV
SUHVHQWHG$VXLWHRIIUHHDQGRSHQVRIWZDUHWRROV*HR3'(VLVIOH[LEOHWRDOORZXVHUVWRLPSOHPHQWQHZDQGPRUH
JHQHUDOPHWKRGVZLWKDUHODWLYHO\VPDOOHIIRUW>@$WXWRULDO',*$0DWODEFRGHIRUVROYLQJHOOLSWLFGLIIXVLRQW\SH
SUREOHPVLVGHVFULEHGLQ>@5\SOHWDO>@VKRZKRZWKH,*$FRQFHSWPD\EHLPSOHPHQWHGLQWRDQH[LVWLQJREMHFW
RULHQWHGILQLWHHOHPHQWHQYLURQPHQW6RPHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQVXWLOL]HH[LVWLQJPDWXUHVRIWZDUHHJ/6'<1$>@
5KLQR>@$IUDPHZRUNIRUKLJKSHUIRUPDQFH,*$LVJLYHQLQ5HIV>@ZKLFKLVKHDYLO\EDVHGRQ3(76F
ZULWWHQLQODQJXDJH&7(OJXHGMHWDOSURYLGHDIUHHVRIWZDUHSDFNDJHQDPHG$ETQXUEVIRUXVDJHDQGGHYHORSPHQW
LQ$EDTXV>@
$VWKHDPRXQWRIUHODWHGDUWLFOHVLQFUHDVHVHYHU\\HDU,*$KDVGUDZQJUHDWDWWHQWLRQDQGEHHQSXWLQWRSUDFWLFH
UDSLGO\E\UHVHDUFKHUV,*$LVQRWUHVWULFWHGWR185%6VRPHRWKHUVSOLQHVDUHDOVRVXFFHVVIXOO\HPSOR\HGLQWKH
DQDO\VLV>@$VHULHVRIQHZPHWKRGVIRU,*$ERXQGDU\SUREOHPVDUHVWXGLHGLQ5HIV>@%HDPVKHOODQG
SODWHSUREOHPVDUHKRWILHOGVZKHUH,*$KDVGHPRQVWUDWHGLWVDGYDQWDJHV>@,Q5HIV>@,*$LV
SHUIHFWHGWKHRUHWLFDOO\LQHIILFLHQF\VWDELOLW\DQGDFFXUDF\,QWKHFRQWHVWRIPRGHOFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGRSWLPL]DWLRQ
,*$KDVVKRZQDGYDQWDJHV>@0HDQZKLOHUHVHDUFKHUVZRUNRQWKH,*$GRPDLQWUHDWPHQWLQ5HIV>
@,*$LVQRWRQO\HPSOR\HGLQFRQYHQWLRQDOPHFKDQLFDODSSOLFDWLRQVHJFRQWDFWIOXLGVYLEUDWLRQ>@EXW
KDVDOVRVSUHDGWRWKHQHZWRXJKDQGFRPSOH[ILHOGV>@

$EULHIUHYLHZRQ%VSOLQHVDQG185%6

185%6DUHREWDLQHGIURP%VSOLQHVZKLFKDUHSLHFHZLVHSRO\QRPLDOFXUYHVFRPSRVHGRIOLQHDUFRPELQDWLRQV
RI%VSOLQHEDVLVIXQFWLRQV,QWKLVVHFWLRQZHJLYHDEULHIUHYLHZRQ%VSOLQHVDQG185%66HH>@IRUPRUH
GHWDLOVRI%VSOLQHVDQG185%6
%VSOLQH EDVLV IXQFWLRQV DUH FRQVWUXFWHG IURP D VHW RI QRQGHFUHDVLQJ VHTXHQFH RI UHDO QXPEHUV
^ `
; [  [  [m[  LH ȟj İȟjˈj «mȟ 7KH ȟj DUH FDOOHG NQRWV DQG Ȅ LV WKH NQRW YHFWRU 7KH LQWHUYDO
> [   [ m[ @LVFDOOHGDSDWFKpLVWKHSRO\QRPLDOGHJUHHDQGnLVWKHQXPEHURIEDVLVIXQFWLRQVZKLOHnp mȟ
7KHiWK%VSOLQHEDVLVIXQFWLRQRIpGHJUHHGHQRWHGE\ Nip [  LVFRQVWUXFWHGE\WKHIROORZLQJUHFXUVLYHIRUPXOD

­ if [ i d [ d [ i 
N i [  ®
¯ otherwise
 
p [  [i p 
[ i  p   [ p 
N i [  N i [   N i  [ 
[i  p  [i [ i  p   [ i 

$pWKGHJUHH%VSOLQHFXUYHLVGHILQHGE\

n
p
&[  ¦N
i 
i [ 3i   

ZKHUHWKH^3i`DUHWKHFRQWUROSRLQWV
*LYHQDELGLUHFWLRQDOQHWRIFRQWUROSRLQWV^3ij`WZRNQRWYHFWRU ; ^[ [  [ ` DQG + ^K K K ` DQG
  m[   mK

WZRSRO\QRPLDOGHJUHHVpDQGq$WHQVRUSURGXFW%VSOLQHVXUIDFHLVGHILQHGE\
344 F. Chang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 342 – 354

n m
p
6 [ K  ¦¦N i [  N qj K  3ij   
i  j 

$ 185%6 VXUIDFH RI GHJUHH p LQ WKH ȟ GLUHFWLRQ DQG GHJUHH q LQ WKH Ș GLUHFWLRQ LV D ELYDULDWH YHFWRUYDOXHG
SLHFHZLVHUDWLRQDOIXQFWLRQRIWKHIRUP

n m
pq
6[ K  ¦¦ R
i  j 
ij [ K  3ij   

ZLWKWKH185%6EDVLV 

N ip [  N qj K Ȧij
Rijpq [ K  n m
p   
¦¦ N iÖ
[  N Öqj K ȦijÖÖ
iÖ  Öj 

ZKHUH^Ȧi`DUHWKHZHLJKWV

7KH.LUFKKRII/RYHVKHOOWKHRU\

,QWKH.LUFKKRII/RYHVKHOOWKHRU\WKHPLGVXUIDFHLVDVVXPHGWREHXVHGWRUHSUHVHQWDWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOVKHOO
LQ WZRGLPHQVLRQDO IRUP DQG WUDQVYHUVH QRUPDO VWUHVVHV DUH QHJOHFWHG )XUWKHUPRUH WKH GLUHFWRU UHPDLQV VWUDLJKW
DQG QRUPDO WR WKH PLGVXUIDFH LQ WKH GHIRUPHG FRQILJXUDWLRQ 7KH GLVSODFHPHQW X RI WKH SRLQWV LV GHILQHG E\ LWV
SRVLWLRQYHFWRUVLQWKHGHIRUPHGJHRPHWU\DQGPLGVXUIDFHGHQRWHGE\[DQG;UHVSHFWLYHO\

X [  [   [ [  [    ; [  [     

ZKHUH [   [  DUHWKHFRQYHFWLYHFXUYLOLQHDUFRRUGLQDWHVRIWKHVKHOO
7KHFRYDULDQWEDVHYHFWRUVDUHGHILQHGDV

w; w[
*D ;D JD [D   
w[ D w[ D

ZKHUH(LQVWHLQ¶VVXPPDWLRQFRQYHQWLRQLVXVHGDQGLQGH[YDOXHVLQ*UHHNOHWWHUVDUH^`ZKLOHLQ/DWLQOHWWHUVDUH
^`
7KHFRYDULDQWPHWULFFRHIILFLHQWVRIWKHVXUIDFHDUHJLYHQE\

GDE *D ˜ * E
  
gDE JD ˜ J E

DQGWKHFRQWUDYDULDQWEDVHYHFWRUVDUHREWDLQHGE\

*D GDE * E  ZLWK^GDE ` ^GDE `   

7KHXQLWQRUPDOYHFWRUVRIWKHPLGVXUIDFHDUHFDOFXODWHGE\

* u *  J u J 
*  J    
* u *  J u J 
 F. Chang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 342 – 354 345

7KHPHPEUDQHDQGEHQGLQJVWUHVVDUH

ª n º ª H º
«n » Eh
Q «  » ' « H  »»   
 Q  «
«¬ n »¼ «¬ H »¼

ª m º ª N º
«m » Eh
P «  » ' « N  »»   
 Q   «
«¬ m »¼ ¬« N ¼»

ZKHUH H DE  N DE DUH WKH PHPEUDQH DQG EHQGLQJ VWUDLQV h LV WKH WKLFNQHVV E LV WKH <RXQJ¶V PRGXOXV DQG v LV WKH
3RLVVRQ¶VUDWLR7KHFRQVWLWXWLYHPDWUL['LVJLYHQE\

ª a   Q aa   Q  a   aa º

« »
' «  a    a  a » 
« sym > Q aa     Q a   @»¼
¬

ZLWK aDE ;D ˜ ; E 

7KHGLVSODFHPHQWILHOGXFDQEHGLVFUHWL]HGDV

n
X[  [   ¦ R [ [
i 
i
 
G i   

ZKHUH G LVWKHQRGDOGLVSODFHPHQWYHFWRU7KHQWKHPHPEUDQHDQGEHQGLQJVWUDLQFDQEHFRPSXWHGDV

n n
i i
H [  [   ¦%i 
n [  [  G i  N [  [   ¦%
i 
m [  [  G i  

7KHPHPEUDQHDQGEHQGLQJVWUDLQPDWULFHVDUHJLYHQE\

ª Ri G ˜ H  Ri G ˜ H   Ri G ˜ H  º

i « i »
% n « R G ˜ H  Ri G ˜ H   Ri G ˜ H  » 
«  Ri G  Ri G  ˜ H  Ri G  Ri G  ˜ H i i
 R G  RG  ˜ H »¼
¬

ª %im ˜ H %im ˜ H %im ˜ H º

« i »
%im i
«% m  ˜ H % m  ˜ H  %im  ˜ H »   
« %im ˜ H %im  ˜ H %im ˜ H »¼
¬

ZKHUHHHHDUHWKHEDVLVYHFWRUVRIDQRUWKRQRUPDOFRRUGLQDWHV\VWHP$QG


%im i
 R ˜ G  > Ri ˜ G u G   Ri ˜ G u G @
G
G ˜ G
  
 > Ri ˜ G u G   Ri ˜ G u G @
G
346 F. Chang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 342 – 354


%im  i
 R ˜ G  > Ri ˜ G u G   Ri ˜ G u G @
G
G ˜ G
  
 > Ri ˜ G u G   Ri ˜ G u G @
G


%im  i
 R ˜ G   > Ri ˜ G u G   Ri ˜ G u G @
G
G ˜ G
  
 > Ri ˜ G u G   Ri ˜ G u G @
G

ZLWK G * u *  $QG RiDE DUHWKHGHULYDWLYHVRI185%6EDVLVLQ9RLJWQRWDWLRQ

7KHOLQHDUV\VWHPIRUWKHXQNQRZQQRGDOYHFWRU G LV

.G I  

ZKHUHWKHJOREDOVWLIIQHVVPDWUL[.LV

Et Et 
. ij ³  
%in 7 '% nj  %im 7 '% mj GG[ G[   
A  Q   Q  

$QGWKHIRUFHFRQWULEXWLRQRIWKHiWKQRGHFDQEHZULWWHQDV

Ii ³ T f Ri GG[ G[   ³ S f Ri X c  t Gl[   

A wA

ZKHUHTfLVWKHERG\IRUFHSHUXQLWDUHDDQGSfLVWKHIRUFHVSHUXQLWOHQJWKRQWKHERXQGDU\RIWKHPLGVXUIDFHXcLV
WKHPDWHULDOFRRUGLQDWHVDWWLPHt Gl[ LVWKHOLQHHOHPHQW

7KHSURFHVVRILPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

4.1. Coordinates mapping and numerical integration

)LJ0DSSLQJRIFRRUGLQDWHVIURPGLIIHUHQWGRPDLQV>@
 F. Chang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 342 – 354 347

&RRUGLQDWHVPDSSLQJLVWKHILUVWWKLQJ\RXQHHGWRJHWXVHGWRLQRUGHUWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZWRLPSOHPHQW185%6
EDVHG,*$DVFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJ,QWHJUDOVRYHUWKHSK\VLFDOGRPDLQ : DUHVSOLWLQWRHOHPHQWDOLQWHJUDOVRYHUD
GRPDLQ : e ZKLFKWKHQWXUQVWRSDUDPHWULFGRPDLQ :Ö YLD(T)LQDOO\LQWHJUDOVRYHUWKHSDUDPHWULFGRPDLQDUH
SXOOHGEDFNWRWKHSDUHQWGRPDLQ : 7KHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGUHODWLRQVKLSFDQEHZULWWHQDVWDNHWZRYDULDEOHVxyDV
H[DPSOH

n n
f  x y G: ¦³ f  x y G: e ¦³ Ö
f  x[  y K  J [ K G:
³:
e 
:e
e 
Ö
: e
e

n  
 
 ¦³ ³ f [ K  J [ K J [ K G[GK
 
e 

ZKHUH J[ K  J[ K DUHWKHGHWHUPLQDQWVRI-DFRELDQ$QGWKHILQDOLQWHJUDOLVFRPSXWHGE\XVLQJVWDQGDUG*DXVVLDQ

TXDGUDWXUH
:LWK : Ö IURP [K :
Ö >[  [ @ u >K K @ ZHFDQFDOFXODWH [ K   :  E\
i i  i i 

[i   [i  [i   [i [  [i   [i 
[ [i  [  
 
 
K j   K j  K j   K j K  K j   K j 
K K j  K  
 

4.2. Code architecture


)LJ)ORZFKDUWRID,*$FRGH
348 F. Chang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 342 – 354

$VFDQEHREVHUYHGLQ)LJWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI,*$SURJUDPLVLQWHUSUHWHG7KH,*$DOJRULWKPQXPHULFDO
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ LV VWURQJO\ VXSSRUWHG LQ WKH %6SOLQH185%6 HYDOXDWLQJ DOJRULWKP URXWLQHV )RUWXQDWHO\ ZH FDQ
WKLQNRIWKHVHURXWLQHVDVEODFNER[HVLQ)RUWUDQRQO\ZKHQZHNQRZWKHLQSXWSDUDPHWHUV,QRWKHUZRUGVLWLVQRW
LPSRUWDQWZKDWWKRVHIXQFWLRQVDUHRUKRZWKH\DUHHYDOXDWHG,WLVRQO\LPSRUWDQWWKDWZHKDYHDURXWLQHIURPZKLFK
ZH FDQ REWDLQ WKRVH YDOXHV ZKHQ WKH\ DUH QHHGHG $QG PDQ\ DQDORJRXV PRGXODU URXWLQHV KDYH EHHQ FRPSLOHG LQ
)RUWUDQE\WKHDXWKRUVZLWKWKHSXUSRVHRIFRQYHQLHQFHDQGUDSLGQHVV

4.3. Solving linear equations

,Q(TGXHWRWKHODUJHDQGVSDUVHPDWUL[.VROYLQJWKHV\VWHPRIOLQHDUHTXDWLRQVWXUQVWREHDFRUHSUREOHP
RIQXPHULFDOFDOFXODWLRQ6RPHFRPPRQO\XVHGDQGHIIHFWLYHDOJRULWKPVVXFKDV*DXVV-RUGDQ(OLPLQDWLRQ0HWKRG
&RQMXJDWH *UDGLHQW 0HWKRG DQG -DFREL ,WHUDWLRQ 0HWKRG DUH DSSOLHG WR WU\ WR JHW WKH VROXWLRQ +RZHYHU WKH
FRPSXWDWLRQDO HIILFLHQF\ DQG DFFXUDF\ RI WKHVH PHWKRGV DUH XQVDWLVIDFWRU\ *66 KWWSZZZJUXVRIWFRP LV DQ
DGDSWLYHSDUDOOHOGLUHFWVROYHU7KHKLJKSHUIRUPDQFHUREXVWQHVVDQGJHQHUDOLW\RI*66KDYHEHHQYHULILHGE\PDQ\
FRPPHUFLDO XVHUV DQG WHVWLQJ VHWV :H KDYH PDGH *66 DV D VXEURXWLQH LQ )RUWUDQ SURJUDP ZKLFK DFKLHYHV
SURVSHFWLYHUHVXOWV

([DPSOHV

7RH[DPLQHDQGGHPRQVWUDWHWKHDFFXUDF\DQGHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIWKHVROXWLRQSURFHGXUHVWZREHQFKPDUNSUREOHPV
DUHDSSOLHG2QHLVWKH6FRUGHOLV/RURRIWKHRWKHULVWKHSLQFKHGF\OLQGHUZLWKGLDSKUDJPV)RUWKHWZRSUREOHPV
FRQYHUJHQFHDQGWLPHFRQVXPSWLRQDUHSHUIRUPHGZKHUHGLIIHUHQWPHVKUHILQHPHQWVDQGGLIIHUHQWSRO\QRPLDORUGHUV
DUH XVHG 6PDOO GHIRUPDWLRQ RFFXUV DQG WKHUHIRUH JHRPHWULFDOO\ OLQHDU FRPSXWDWLRQV DUH SHUIRUPHG LQ WKH WZR
SUREOHPV

5.1. Scordelis-Lo roof

7KH 6FRUGHOLV/R URRI LV VXSSRUWHG E\ ULJLG GLDSKUDJPV DQG WKH VLGH HGJHV DUH IUHH 7KH URRI LV VXEMHFWHG WR
JUDYLW\ORDGLQJVHH)LJ7KHYHUWLFDOGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHPLGSRLQWRIWKHVLGHHGJHLVJLYHQDVWKHUHIHUHQFH
VROXWLRQ 'XH WR V\PPHWU\ RQO\ RQH TXDGUDQW LV PRGHOHG &RQYHUJHQFH RI WKH GLVSODFHPHQW IRU WKH GLIIHUHQW
SRO\QRPLDO RUGHUV WR WKH EHQFKPDUN YDOXH >@ LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  ,Q DOO FDVHV WKH FRQYHUJHQFH LV IDVW )RU WKH
KLJKHURUGHU TXDUWLF DQG TXLQWLF FDVHV HYHQ WKH VHFRQG UHILQHPHQW VWHS SURYLGHV WKH FRQYHUJHG VROXWLRQ 7KH
FRPSDULVRQ RI &38 WLPH FRQVXPSWLRQ EHWZHHQ )RUWUDQ DQG 0DWODE KWWSVRXUFHIRUJHQHW SURMHFWVFPFRGHV IRU
WKH 6FRUGHOLV/R URRI SUREOHP ZLWK WKH VDPH QXPEHU RI HOHPHQWV DQG SRO\QRPLDO RUGHUV LV SUHVHQWHG LQ )LJ 
&RPSXWHU FRQILJXUDWLRQ ,QWHO &RUH L &38 DQG *% 5$0 7KHFRPSXWDWLRQDO VSHHGRI)RUWUDQ LV REYLRXVO\
IDVWWKDQ0DWODE7KHUHVXOWLQJRIGHIRUPDWLRQRIURRILVVKRZQLQ)LJ



)LJ6FRUGHOLV/RURRIVXEMHFWHGWRVHOIZHLJKWRISHUXQLWDUHD
 F. Chang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 342 – 354 349

)LJ6FRUGHOLV/RURRIGLVSODFHPHQWFRQYHUJHQFH

)LJ'LIIHUHQWWLPHFRQVXPSWLRQRI)RUWUDQDQG0DWODEIRU6FRUGHOLV/RURRI
350 F. Chang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 342 – 354

)LJ'HIRUPDWLRQRI6FRUGHOLV/RURRI

5.2. Pinched cylinder


)LJ3LQFKHGF\OLQGULFDOVKHOOPRXQWHGRQULJLGHQGGLDSKUDJPV

)LJ3LQFKHGF\OLQGHUGLVSODFHPHQWFRQYHUJHQFH
 F. Chang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 342 – 354 351

7KHSLQFKHGF\OLQGHULVVXEMHFWHGWRWZRRSSRVLWHSRLQWORDGVLQWKHPLGGOHDQGVXSSRUWHGE\ULJLGGLDSKUDJPVDW
WKH HQGVDV VKRZQ LQ )LJ 2QO\RQHRFWDQWRI WKH JHRPHWU\ LV PRGHOOHG GXH WR V\PPHWU\ &RQYHUJHQFH RI WKH
GLVSODFHPHQW LV SUHVHQWHG LQ)LJ'XH WR WUDQVYHUVHVKHDU HIIHFWV WKHUHVXOWV FRQYHUJH WR DYHU\ VRIWHUVROXWLRQ
WKDQ WKH EHQFKPDUN VROXWLRQ 'LIIHUHQW WLPH FRQVXPSWLRQ LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  DQG WKH UHVXOWV IXUWKHU LOOXVWUDWH WKH
HIILFLHQF\ RI )RUWUDQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ )LJ  VKRZV WKH GHIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH  SLQFKHG F\OLQGHU DQG WKH
GLVSODFHPHQWVDUHVFDOHGE\DIDFWRURIî

)LJ'LIIHUHQWWLPHFRQVXPSWLRQRI)RUWUDQDQG0DWODEIRU3LQFKHGF\OLQGHU

)LJ'HIRUPDWLRQRI3LQFKHGF\OLQGHU
352 F. Chang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 342 – 354

&RQFOXVLRQV

:HKDYHGHYHORSHGD)RUWUDQLPSOHPHQWDWLRQIRU185%6EDVHG,*$185%6KDVVKRZQDJUHDWDGYDQWDJHRI
H[DFW JHRPHWU\ UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ DQG WR EH D JRRG FKRLFH IRU PRGHOOLQJ .LUFKKRII/RYH VKHOO HOHPHQWV $ EDVLF
IUDPHZRUNRI)RUWUDQIRU,*$KDVEHHQSUHVHQWHGDQGDKLJKSHUIRUPDQFHRIVROYHUKDVEHHQJLYHQ7KHPRGXODU
QDWXUHRI)RUWUDQURXWLQHSURYLGHVJUHDWFRQYHQLHQFHWRWKHDSSOLFDWLRQLQGLIIHUHQWVKHOOH[DPSOHVLQZKLFKZHKDYH
VKRZQ WKH FRQYHUJHQFH DQG HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH )RUWUDQ SURJUDPPLQJ )XUWKHU UHVHDUFK ZLOO KDYH WR EH GRQH
FRQFHUQLQJLPSOHPHQWLQJRI)RUWUDQLQPRUHFRPSOH[VWUXFWXUHVDQGWKHRULHVIRU,*$

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ 7-5 +XJKHV -$ &RWWUHOO < %D]LOHYV ,VRJHRPHWULF DQDO\VLV &$' ILQLWH HOHPHQWV 185%6 H[DFW JHRPHWU\ DQG PHVK UHILQHPHQW
&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ -$&RWWUHOO7-5+XJKHV,VRJHRPHWULF$QDO\VLV7RZDUG,QWHJUDWLRQRI&$'DQG)($:LOH\
>@ 93 1JX\HQ 6 %RUGDV 7 5DEF]XN ,VRJHRPHWULF DQDO\VLV DQ RYHUYLHZ DQG FRPSXWHU LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DVSHFWV DU;LY SUHSULQW
DU;LY
>@ &GH)DOFR$5HDOL59D]TXH]*HR3'(V$UHVHDUFKWRROIRU,VRJHRPHWULF$QDO\VLVRI3'(V$GY(QJ6RIWZ
>@ $99XRQJ&+HLQULFK%6LPHRQ,62*$7$'WXWRULDO0$7/$%FRGHIRU,VRJHRPHWULF$QDO\VLV&RPSXW$LGHG*HRP'

>@ '5\SO%3DW]DN)URPWKHILQLWHHOHPHQWDQDO\VLVWRWKHLVRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLVLQDQREMHFWRULHQWHGFRPSXWLQJHQYLURQPHQW$GY(QJ
6RIWZ
>@ '-%HQVRQ<%D]LOHYV('H/X\FNHU0&+VX06FRWW7-5+XJKHV7%HO\WVFKNR$JHQHUDOL]HGILQLWHHOHPHQWIRUPXODWLRQIRU
DUELWUDU\EDVLVIXQFWLRQV)URPLVRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLVWR;)(0,QW-1XPHU0HWK(QJ
>@ =.DFSU]\N.2VWDSVNDàXF]NRZVND,VRJHRPHWULF$QDO\VLVDVD1HZ)(0)RUPXODWLRQ6LPSOH3UREOHPVRI6WHDG\6WDWH7KHUPDO
$QDO\VLV3URFHGLD(QJLQHHULQJ
>@ -.LHQGO.8%OHW]LQJHU-/LQKDUG5:XFKQHU,VRJHRPHWULFVKHOODQDO\VLVZLWK.LUFKKRII/RYHHOHPHQWV&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0

>@ 5KLQR&$'PRGHOLQJDQGGHVLJQWRRONLWZZZUKLQRGFRP
>@ 39LJQDO/'DOFLQ12&ROOLHU90&DOR0RGHOLQJ3KDVHWUDQVLWLRQV8VLQJD+LJKSHUIRUPDQFH,VRJHRPHWULF$QDO\VLV)UDPHZRUN
3URFHGLD&RPSXWHU6FLHQFH
>@ /'1&ROOLHU90&DOR3HW,*$$IUDPHZRUNIRUKLJKSHUIRUPDQFH,VRJHRPHWULF$QDO\VLVKWWSVELWEXFNHWRUJGDOFLQOSHWLJD
>@ $'7(OJXHGM)0DXULQ+$O$NKUDV$QLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI185%6EDVHG,VRJHRPHWULF$QDO\VLVIRU$EDTXVKWWSDETQXUEVLQVD
O\RQIU
>@ 3:DQJ-;X-'HQJ)&KHQ$GDSWLYHLVRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLVXVLQJUDWLRQDO3+7VSOLQHV&RPSXW$LGHG'HVLJQ

>@ '&7KRPDV0$6FRWW-$(YDQV.7HZ(-(YDQV%p]LHUSURMHFWLRQ$XQLILHGDSSURDFKIRUORFDOSURMHFWLRQDQGTXDGUDWXUHIUHH
UHILQHPHQW DQG FRDUVHQLQJ RI 185%6 DQG 7VSOLQHV ZLWK SDUWLFXODU DSSOLFDWLRQ WR LVRJHRPHWULF GHVLJQ DQG DQDO\VLV &RPSXW 0HWKRG
$SSO0
>@ *.XUX&99HUKRRVHO.*9DQGHU=HH(+YDQ%UXPPHOHQ*RDODGDSWLYH,VRJHRPHWULF$QDO\VLVZLWKKLHUDUFKLFDOVSOLQHV&RPSXW
0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ (-(YDQV0$6FRWW;/L'&7KRPDV+LHUDUFKLFDO7VSOLQHV$QDO\VLVVXLWDELOLW\%p]LHUH[WUDFWLRQDQGDSSOLFDWLRQDVDQDGDSWLYH
EDVLVIRULVRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLV&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ &$GDP6%RXDEGDOODK0=DUURXJ+0DLWRXUQDP,PSURYHGQXPHULFDOLQWHJUDWLRQIRUORFNLQJWUHDWPHQWLQLVRJHRPHWULFVWUXFWXUDO
HOHPHQWV3DUW,%HDPV&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ /%GD9HLJD$%XIID'&KR*6DQJDOOL,VR*HRPHWULFDQDO\VLVXVLQJ7VSOLQHVRQWZRSDWFKJHRPHWULHV&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0

>@ ;< <XDQ :< 0D 0DSSHG %VSOLQH EDVLV IXQFWLRQV IRU VKDSH GHVLJQ DQG LVRJHRPHWULF DQDO\VLV RYHU DQ DUELWUDU\ SDUDPHWHUL]DWLRQ
&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ %.RR0<RRQ6&KR,VRJHRPHWULFVKDSHGHVLJQVHQVLWLYLW\DQDO\VLVXVLQJWUDQVIRUPHGEDVLVIXQFWLRQVIRU.URQHFNHUGHOWDSURSHUW\
&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ 61DWDUDMDQ-:DQJ&6RQJ&%LUN,VRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLVHQKDQFHGE\WKHVFDOHGERXQGDU\ILQLWHHOHPHQWPHWKRG&RPSXW0HWKRG
$SSO0
>@ ./L;34LDQ,VRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLVDQGVKDSHRSWLPL]DWLRQYLDERXQGDU\LQWHJUDO&RPSXW$LGHG'HVLJQ
>@ '' :DQJ -& ;XDQ $Q LPSURYHG 185%6EDVHG LVRJHRPHWULF DQDO\VLV ZLWK HQKDQFHG WUHDWPHQW RI HVVHQWLDO ERXQGDU\ FRQGLWLRQV
&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ % 0DUXVVLJ - =HFKQHU * %HHU 73 )ULHV )DVW LVRJHRPHWULF ERXQGDU\ HOHPHQW PHWKRG EDVHG RQ LQGHSHQGHQW ILHOG DSSUR[LPDWLRQ
&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
 F. Chang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 342 – 354 353

>@ +:/LQ44+X<<;LRQJ&RQVLVWHQF\DQGFRQYHUJHQFHSURSHUWLHVRIWKHLVRJHRPHWULFFROORFDWLRQPHWKRG&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO
0
>@ 11JX\HQ7KDQK19DOL]DGHK011JX\HQ+1JX\HQ;XDQ;=KXDQJ3$UHLDV*=L<%D]LOHYV/'H/RUHQ]LV75DEF]XN
$QH[WHQGHGLVRJHRPHWULFWKLQVKHOODQDO\VLVEDVHGRQ.LUFKKRII±/RYHWKHRU\&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ 17'XQJ*1:HOOV*HRPHWULFDOO\QRQOLQHDUIRUPXODWLRQIRUWKLQVKHOOVZLWKRXWURWDWLRQGHJUHHVRIIUHHGRP&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO
0
>@ ; 'HQJ $ .RUREHQNR - <DQ < %D]LOHYV ,VRJHRPHWULF DQDO\VLV RI FRQWLQXXP GDPDJH LQ URWDWLRQIUHH FRPSRVLWH VKHOOV &RPSXW
0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ 0/H]J\1D]DUJDK$QLVRJHRPHWULFDSSURDFKIRUWKHDQDO\VLVRIFRPSRVLWHVWHHO±FRQFUHWHEHDPV7KLQ:DOO6WUXFW
>@ '-%HQVRQ<%D]LOHYV0&+VX7-5+XJKHV,VRJHRPHWULFVKHOODQDO\VLV7KH5HLVVQHU0LQGOLQVKHOO&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0

>@ + -DUL +5 $WUL 6 6KRMDHH 1RQOLQHDU WKHUPDO DQDO\VLV RI IXQFWLRQDOO\ JUDGHG PDWHULDO SODWHV XVLQJ D 185%6 EDVHG LVRJHRPHWULF
DSSURDFK&RPSRV6WUXFW
>@ $7 /XX 1, .LP - /HH 185%6EDVHG LVRJHRPHWULF YLEUDWLRQ DQDO\VLV RI JHQHUDOO\ ODPLQDWHG GHHS FXUYHG EHDPV ZLWK YDULDEOH
FXUYDWXUH&RPSRV6WUXFW
>@ 77 <X 6 <LQ 74 %XL 6 +LURVH $ VLPSOH )6'7EDVHG LVRJHRPHWULF DQDO\VLV IRU JHRPHWULFDOO\ QRQOLQHDU DQDO\VLV RI IXQFWLRQDOO\
JUDGHGSODWHV)LQLWH(OHP$QDO'HV
>@ 3 3KXQJ9DQ / 'H /RUHQ]LV &+ 7KDL 0 $EGHO:DKDE + 1JX\HQ;XDQ $QDO\VLV RI ODPLQDWHG FRPSRVLWH SODWHV LQWHJUDWHG ZLWK
SLH]RHOHFWULFVHQVRUVDQGDFWXDWRUVXVLQJKLJKHURUGHUVKHDUGHIRUPDWLRQWKHRU\DQGLVRJHRPHWULFILQLWHHOHPHQWV&RPS0DWHU6FL
3DUW%
>@ ( 3LOJHUVWRUIHU % -XWWOHU %RXQGLQJ WKH LQIOXHQFH RI GRPDLQ SDUDPHWHUL]DWLRQ DQG NQRW VSDFLQJ RQ QXPHULFDO VWDELOLW\ LQ ,VRJHRPHWULF
$QDO\VLV&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ $0DQW]DIODULV%-WWOHU,QWHJUDWLRQE\LQWHUSRODWLRQDQGORRNXSIRU*DOHUNLQEDVHGLVRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLV&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0

>@ /'HGq$4XDUWHURQL,VRJHRPHWULF$QDO\VLVIRUVHFRQGRUGHU3DUWLDO'LIIHUHQWLDO(TXDWLRQVRQVXUIDFHV&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0

>@ 3 3KXQJ9DQ 0 $EGHO:DKDE .0 /LHZ 63$ %RUGDV + 1JX\HQ;XDQ ,VRJHRPHWULF DQDO\VLV RI IXQFWLRQDOO\ JUDGHG FDUERQ
QDQRWXEHUHLQIRUFHGFRPSRVLWHSODWHVXVLQJKLJKHURUGHUVKHDUGHIRUPDWLRQWKHRU\&RPSRV6WUXFW
>@ <%D]LOHYV/%'D9HLJD-$&RWWUHOO7-5+XJKHV*6DQJDOOL,VRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLV$SSUR[LPDWLRQVWDELOLW\DQGHUURUHVWLPDWHV
IRUKUHILQHGPHVKHV0DWK0RG0HWK$SSO6
>@ =M :X =G +XDQJ 4K /LX %T =XR $ ORFDO VROXWLRQ DSSURDFK IRU DGDSWLYH KLHUDUFKLFDO UHILQHPHQW LQ LVRJHRPHWULF DQDO\VLV
&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ $31DJ\'-%HQVRQ2QWKHQXPHULFDOLQWHJUDWLRQRIWULPPHGLVRJHRPHWULFHOHPHQWV&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ ; <XDQ : 0D 3DUDPHWULF PHVK UHJXODUL]DWLRQ IRU LQWHUSRODWRU\ VKDSH GHVLJQ DQG LVRJHRPHWULF DQDO\VLV RYHU D PHVK RI DUELWUDU\
WRSRORJ\&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ ' 6FKLOOLQJHU 6- +RVVDLQ 7-5 +XJKHV 5HGXFHG %H]LHU HOHPHQW TXDGUDWXUH UXOHV IRU TXDGUDWLF DQG FXELF VSOLQHV LQ LVRJHRPHWULF
DQDO\VLV&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ %+DVVDQL607DYDNNROL1=0RJKDGDP$SSOLFDWLRQRILVRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLVLQVWUXFWXUDOVKDSHRSWLPL]DWLRQ6FLHQWLD,UDQLFD

>@ %4=XR='+XDQJ<::DQJ=-:X,VRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLVIRU&6*PRGHOV&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ /'HGH0-%RUGHQ7-5+XJKHV,VRJHRPHWULF$QDO\VLVIRU7RSRORJ\2SWLPL]DWLRQZLWKD3KDVH)LHOG0RGHO$UFK&RPSXW0HWKRG
(
>@ -.LHQGO56FKPLGW5:XFKQHU.8%OHW]LQJHU,VRJHRPHWULFVKDSHRSWLPL]DWLRQRIVKHOOVXVLQJVHPLDQDO\WLFDOVHQVLWLYLW\DQDO\VLV
DQGVHQVLWLYLW\ZHLJKWLQJ&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ 6 0RUJDQWL ) $XULFFKLR '- %HQVRQ ), *DPEDULQ 6 +DUWPDQQ 7-5 +XJKHV $ 5HDOL 3DWLHQWVSHFLILF LVRJHRPHWULF VWUXFWXUDO
DQDO\VLVRIDRUWLFYDOYHFORVXUH&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ <'6HR+-.LP6.<RXQ6KDSHRSWLPL]DWLRQDQGLWVH[WHQVLRQWRWRSRORJLFDOGHVLJQEDVHGRQLVRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLV,QW-6ROLGV
6WUXFW
>@ &+HVFK3%HWVFK,VRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLVDQGGRPDLQGHFRPSRVLWLRQPHWKRGV&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0±
>@ 1-D[RQ;34LDQ,VRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLVRQWULDQJXODWLRQV&RPSXW$LGHG'HVLJQ
>@ -;X)&KHQ-'HQJ7ZRGLPHQVLRQDOGRPDLQGHFRPSRVLWLRQEDVHGRQVNHOHWRQFRPSXWDWLRQIRUSDUDPHWHUL]DWLRQDQGLVRJHRPHWULF
DQDO\VLV&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ 0+LOOPDQ-6&KHQ<%D]LOHYV9DULDWLRQDOO\FRQVLVWHQWGRPDLQLQWHJUDWLRQIRULVRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLV&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0

>@ ,7HPL]HU3:ULJJHUV7-5+XJKHV&RQWDFWWUHDWPHQWLQLVRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLVZLWK185%6&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0

>@ 311LHOVHQ$5*HUVERUJ-*UDYHVHQ1/3HGHUVHQ'LVFUHWL]DWLRQVLQLVRJHRPHWULFDQDO\VLVRI1DYLHU6WRNHVIORZ&RPSXW0HWKRG
$SSO0
>@ ,7HPL]HU00$EGDOOD=*XUGDO$QLQWHULRUSRLQWPHWKRGIRULVRJHRPHWULFFRQWDFW&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ / 'HGq & -lJJOL $ 4XDUWHURQL ,VRJHRPHWULF QXPHULFDO GLVSHUVLRQ DQDO\VLV IRU WZRGLPHQVLRQDO HODVWLF ZDYH SURSDJDWLRQ &RPSXW
0HWKRG$SSO0
354 F. Chang et al. / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 342 – 354

>@ 0-&KRL6&KR,VRJHRPHWULFVKDSHGHVLJQVHQVLWLYLW\DQDO\VLVRIVWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUVIRUFXUYHGFUDFNSUREOHPV&RPSXW0HWKRG
$SSO0
>@ +%D\HVWHK$$IVKDU60RKDPPGL7KHUPRPHFKDQLFDOIUDFWXUHVWXG\RILQKRPRJHQHRXVFUDFNHGVROLGVE\WKHH[WHQGHGLVRJHRPHWULF
DQDO\VLVPHWKRG(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORI0HFKDQLFV$6ROLGV
>@ $% 7HSROH 0 *DUW $. *RVDLQ ( .XKO &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI OLYLQJ VNLQ XVLQJ PXOWLYLHZ VWHUHR DQG LVRJHRPHWULF DQDO\VLV $FWD
%LRPDWHULDOLD
>@ &9 9HUKRRVHO *- YDQ =ZLHWHQ % YDQ 5LHWEHUJHQ 5 GH %RUVW ,PDJHEDVHG JRDORULHQWHG DGDSWLYH LVRJHRPHWULF DQDO\VLV ZLWK
DSSOLFDWLRQWRWKHPLFURPHFKDQLFDOPRGHOLQJRIWUDEHFXODUERQH&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0
>@ '*URVVPDQQ%-XWWOHU+6FKOXVQXV-%DUQHU$99XRQJ,VRJHRPHWULFVLPXODWLRQRIWXUELQHEODGHVIRUDLUFUDIWHQJLQHV&RPSXW
$LGHG*HRP'
>@ 3/HV7:D\QH7KH185%6%RRNVHFRQGHG6SULQJHU
>@ 7 %HO\WVFKNR + 6WRODUVNL : /LX 1 &DUSHQWHU - 2QJ 6WUHVV SURMHFWLRQ IRU PHPEUDQH DQG VKHDU ORFNLQJ LQ VKHOO ILQLWH HOHPHQWV
&RPSXW0HWKRG$SSO0